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Colonoscopic evaluation in ulcerative colitis

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Gastroenterology Report 2014年第3期2卷 161-168页

作者： Elizabeth R.paine G.V.(Sonny)Montgomery VA Medical Center and Division of Digestive Diseases Department of MedicineUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA

Colonoscopic evaluation is an important tool in the evaluation of ulcerative colitis(UC).UC is divided by disease extent into proctitis,proctosigmoiditis,left-sided colitis,and pan-colitis.In addition,a cecal or peri-appendiceal patch and backwash ileitis are associated with UC.The extent and behavior of UC has been characterized further using various indices and scoring systems;among these systems is the Mayo Score,which is widely used in current clinical trials for new medications.As these medical therapies for UC have developed,achieving mucosal healing with medications has become an important therapeutic objective.

关键词： ulcerative colitis colonoscopic evaluation disease activity mucosal healing

River Cultures in World History——Rescuing a Neglected Resource

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Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2019年第3期12卷 457-472页

作者： Lincoln paine Portland USA

This paper argues that historians have all but ignored the study of rivers and their impact on the development of human society. Apart from a somewhat terse acknowledgment of the importance of rivers in the development of ancient civilizations, from the Huang He to the Ganges, the Nile, and the Amazon, historians have by and large limited themselves to studying individual rivers, while ignoring the potential of comparative analysis of rivers. I call for a broader engagement by historians of all aspects of rivers, including their role in transportation, fishing, agriculture, industry, recreation, and the environment, peopled cultural response to rivers, and the legal regimes that have grown up around them, with special reference to the role of rivers as political boundaries.

关键词： Rivers River boundaries Environment River people Canals

New technologies to investigate the brain-gut axis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第2期15卷 182-191页

作者： Abhishek Sharma Dina Lelic Christina Brock Peter paine Qasim Aziz Department of Gastrointestinal Science University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL United Kingdom Neurogastro-enterology Group Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry London E1 2AJ United Kingdom Mech-Sense Department of Gastroenterology Aalborg Hospital Boulevarden 13 DK-9000 Aalborg Denmark

Functional gastrointestinal disorders are commonly encountered in clinical practice, and pain is their commonest presenting symptom. In addition, patients with these disorders often demonstrate a heightened sensitivity to experimental visceral stimulation, termed visceral pain hypersensitivity that is likely to be important in their pathophysiology. Knowledge of how the brain processes sensory information from visceral structures is still in its infancy. However, our understanding has been propelled by technological imaging advances such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission To-mography, Magnetoencephalography, and Electroen-cephalography (EEG). Numerous human studies have non-invasively demonstrated the complexity involved in functional pain processing, and highlighted a number of subcortical and cortical regions involved. This review will focus on the neurophysiological pathways (primary afferents, spinal and supraspinal transmission), brain- imaging techniques and the influence of endogenous and psychological processes in healthy controls and patients suffering from functional gastrointestinal dis- orders. Special attention will be paid to the newer EEG source analysis techniques. Understanding the pheno- typic differences that determine an individual's response to injurious stimuli could be the key to understanding why some patients develop pain and hyperalgesia in response to inflammation/injury while others do not. For future studies, an integrated approach is required incorporating an individual's psychological, autonomic, neuroendocrine, neurophysiological, and genetic prof ile to def ine phenotypic traits that may be at greater risk of developing sensitised states in response to gut in? am- mation or injury.

关键词：胃肠无序脑中枢神经系统神经生理学

Spatial Discrimination of Complex, Low-Relief Quaternary Siliciclastic Strata Using Airborne Lidar and Near-Surface Geophysics： An Example from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

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Engineering 2018年第5期4卷 676-684页

作者： Jeffrey G. paine Edward W. Collins Lucie Costard Bureau of Economic Geology Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78713 USA

保存在全球滨海平原上的沉积单元控制着浅地层岩性分布,这对基础设施的设计和建设至关重要,同时也是许多第四纪冰期—间冰期循环中发生大规模气候变化的重要信息库。我们对这些沉积单元的横纵向岩性、地层复杂性及其对气候和海平面变化... 详细信息

保存在全球滨海平原上的沉积单元控制着浅地层岩性分布,这对基础设施的设计和建设至关重要,同时也是许多第四纪冰期—间冰期循环中发生大规模气候变化的重要信息库。我们对这些沉积单元的横纵向岩性、地层复杂性及其对气候和海平面变化的响应知之甚少,因此很难预测岩性分布,以及将发展历史、未来气候和海平面变化置于同一自然地质环境中。传统上在低幅度滨海平原上描绘的第四纪硅质碎屑沉积单元建立在航拍图和低分辨率地形图的基础上。低幅度和低曝光率影响了观测的准确性和精确性。高分辨率机载激光雷达探测、地表地球物理勘探和地球物理测井正被用于识别得克萨斯州滨海平原上第四纪地层岩性单元的精确横纵向边界。地表和井中电导率测量能从泥质泛滥平原、三角洲平原和河道沉积中区分出砂质障壁岛、河流和三角洲河道沉积物。井中电导率和自然伽马测井记录同样可以区分地下不同的岩性单元,并识别出可能在不同冰期-间冰期阶段分离的沉积单元的侵蚀不整合面。从机载激光雷达探测获得的高分辨率数字高程模型揭示了以前不为人知的地形细节,有助于识别地表特征,如砂质通道、富含黏土的河间沉积和更新世障壁岛上的堆积特征。在低幅度滨海平原环境中识别岩性和地层分布的最佳方法是:(1)首先使用激光雷达探测生成详细的高程模型;(2)基于激光雷达数据和航拍图的初步定位,选择性进行地表采样和地球物理探测;(3)在激光雷达和地表探测完成后,选择关键位置进行钻孔取样、测井和分析。

关键词：岩性地质学地层第四纪

Obeticholic acid for severe bile acid diarrhea with intestinal failure:A case report and review of the literature

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2018年第21期24卷 2320-2326页

作者： Christian Lodberg Hvas Peter Ott Peter paine Simon Lal Soren Peter Jorgensen Jens Frederik Dahlerup Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Aarhus University HospitalAarhus C 8000Denmark Department of Gastroenterology Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordManchester M6 8HDUnited Kingdom

Bile acid diarrhea results from excessive amounts of bile acids entering the colon due to hepatic overexcretion of bile acids or bile acid malabsorption in the terminal ileum. The main therapies include bile acid sequestrants, such as colestyramine and colesevelam, which may be given in combination with the opioid receptor agonist loperamide. Some patients are refractory to conventional treatments. We report the use of the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid in a patient with refractory bile acid diarrhea and subsequent intestinal failure. A 32-year-old woman with quiescent colonic Crohn's disease and a normal terminal ileum had been diagnosed with severe bile acid malabsorption and complained of watery diarrhea and fatigue. The diarrhea resulted in hypokalemia and sodium depletion that made her dependent on twice weekly intravenous fluid and electrolyte infusions. Conventional therapies with colestyramine, colesevelam, and loperamide had no effect. Second-line antisecretory therapies with pantoprazole, liraglutide, and octreotide also failed. Third-line treatment with obeticholic acid reduced the number of stools from an average of 13 to an average of 7 per 24h and improved the patient's quality of life. The fluid and electrolyte balances normalized. The effect was sustained during follow-up for 6 mo with treatment at a daily dosage of 25 mg. The diarrhea worsened shortly after cessation of obeticholic acid. This case report supports the initial report that obeticholic acid may reduce bile acid production and improve symptoms in patients with bile acid diarrhea.

关键词： Bile acid malabsorption Diarrhea Farnesoid X-activated receptor Crohn’s disease

Assessment of the Bemisia tabaci C YP6CM l vQ transcript and protein levels in laboratory and field-derived imidacloprid-resistant insects and cross-metabolism potential of the recombinant enzyme

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Insect Science 2011年第1期18卷 23-29页

作者： Emmanouil Roditakis Evangelia Morou Anastasia Tsagkarakou Maria Riga Ralf Nauen Mark paine Shai Morin John Vontas Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion National Agricultural Research Foundation Heraklion (N.AG.RE.F.) Heraklio Greece Faculty of Applied Biology and Biotechnology Department of Biology University of Crete Heraklion Greece Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool UK Bayer CropScience AG Research Insecticides Insect Toxicology and Resistance Monheim Germany Department of Entomology Faculty of Agricultural Food and Environmental Quality Sciences Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel

Over-expression of the cytochrome P450 CYP6CM1 gene has been associated with imidacloprid resistance in a number of Q and B biotype Bemisia tabaci laboratory strains from distinct geographical origins worldwide. We recently demonstrated that the Q biotype version of the CYP6CM 1 protein （CYP6CMlvQ） is capable of metabolizing imida- cloprid. Here, we show that the levels of BtCYP6CMlvQ were also elevated in laboratory- resistant strains and field-derived populations, with variable imidacloprid resistance levels, collected in Crete. High levels of CYP6CMlvQ transcripts were also determined in survivors of a heterogeneous field population, after exposure to discriminating imidacloprid dosage. Using peptide antibody-based detection assays, we demonstrated that in line with transcriptional data, the CYP6CMlvQ protein levels were higher in imidacloprid-resistant insects, which further implicates the gene as the causal factor of resistance. Finally, assess- ment of the cross-metabolism potential of CYP6CMlvQ against additional neonicotinoid molecules used for B. tabaci control revealed that clothianidin and thiacloprid, but not acetamiprid or thiamethoxam, are metabolized by the recombinant enzyme in vitro.

关键词： detoxification neonicotinoids peptide antibodies P450

Modification of tooth development by heat shock protein 60

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International Journal of Oral Science 2016年第1期8卷 24-31页

作者： Tamas Papp Angela Polyak Krisztina Papp Zoltan Meszar Roza Zakany Eva Meszar-Katona paine Terdik Tiinde Chang Hwa Ham Szabolcs Felszeghy Department of Anatomy Histologyand EmbryologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary Scoliosis Research Institute Korea University Guro HospitalSeoul Department of Oral Anatomy Faculty of DentistryUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary

several heat shock proteins have been investigated in relation to tooth development, no available information is available about the spatial and temporal expression pattern of heat shock protein 60 （Hsp 60）. To characterize Hsp 60 expression in the structures of the developing tooth germ, we used Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Hsp 60 was present in high amounts in the inner and outer enamel epithelia, enamel knot （EK） and stratum intermedium （SI）. Hsp 60 also appeared in odontoblasts beginning in the bell stage. To obtain data on the possible effect of Hsp 60 on isolated lower incisors from mice, we performed in vitro culturing. To investigate the effect of exogenous Hsp 60 on the cell cycle during culturing, we used the 5-bromo-2- deoxyuridine （BrdU） incorporation test on dental cells. Exogenously administered Hsp 60 caused bluntness at the apical part of the 16.5-day-old tooth germs, but it did not influence the proliferation rate of dental cells. We identified the expression of Hsp 60 in the developing tooth germ, which was present in high concentrations in the inner and outer enamel epithelia, EK, SI and odontoblasts. High concentration of exogenous Hsp 60 can cause abnormal morphology of the tooth germ, but it did not influence the proliferation rate of the dental cells. Our results suggest that increased levels of Hsp 60 may cause abnormalities in the morphological development of the tooth germ and support the data on the significance of Hsp during the developmental processes.

关键词： enamel organ heat shock protein 60 inhibitor of κB kinase morphology mouse tooth development

Stable isotope evidence for trophic niche partitioning in a South African savanna rodent community

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Current Zoology 2015年第3期61卷 397-411页

作者： Jacqueline CODRON Kevin J DUFFY Nico L AVENANT Matt SPONHEIMER Jennifer LEICHLITER Oliver paine Paul SANDBERG Daryl CODRON Institute of Systems Science Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa Karoo Palaeontology Deparlnaent National Museum PO Box 266 Bloemfontein 9301 RSA School of Mathematics Statistics and Computer Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 RSA Denartment of Mammalogv. National Museum. PO Box 266. Bloemfontein 9301. RSA Department of Anthropology University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder CO80309 USA Florisbad Quaternary Research Department National Museum PO Box 266 Bloemfontein 9301 RSA

Species’ partitioning of resources remains one of the most integral components for understanding community assembly. Analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in animal tissues has the potential to help resolve patterns of partitioning because these proxies represent the individual’s diet and trophic niche, respectively. Using free-ranging rodents in a southern African savanna as a model community, we find that syntopic species within habitats occupy distinct isotope niches. Moreover, species with strongly overlapping isotope niches did not overlap in their spatial distribution patterns, suggesting an underlying effect of competitive exclusion. Niche conservatism appears to characterize the behaviour of most species in our sample - with little or no observed changes across habitats - with the exception of one species,Mastomys coucha. This species displayed a generalist distribution, being found in similar abundances across a variety of habitats. This spatial pattern was coupled with a generalist isotope niche that shifted across habitats, likely in response to changes in species composition over the same spatial gradient. The case forM. couchasupports contentions that past competition effects played a significant evolutionary role in shaping community structures of today, including the absence of strong interspecific niche overlaps within particular habitats. Our study highlights the value of stable isotope approaches to help resolve key questions in community ecology, and moreover introduces novel analytical approaches to quantifying isotope niche breadths and niche overlaps that are easily comparable with traditional metrices.

关键词：稳定同位素方法营养生态位鼠类群落稀树草原生态位重叠物种组成证据南非

Common sense and other writings

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