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Constraints and Opportunities for Detecting Land Surface Phenology in Drylands

Journal of Remote Sensing 2021年第1期2021卷 332-346页

作者： Shawn D.taylor Dawn m.Browning Ruben A.Baca Feng Gao US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceJornada Experimental RangeNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico 88003USA Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education(ORISE) Oak RidgeTennessee 37830USA US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceHydrology and Remote Sensing LaboratoryBeltsvilleMaryland 20705USA

Land surface phenology(LSP)enables global-scale tracking of ecosystem processes,but its utility is limited in drylands due to low vegetation cover and resulting low annual amplitudes of vegetation indices(VIs).Due to the importance of drylands for biodiversity,food security,and the carbon cycle,it is necessary to understand the limitations in measuring dryland ***,using simulated data and multitemporal unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)imagery of a desert shrubland,we explore the feasibility of detecting LSP with respect to fractional vegetation cover,plant functional types,VI uncertainty,and two different detection *** simulated data,we found that plants with distinct VI signals,such as deciduous shrubs,can require up to 60%fractional cover to consistently detect *** plants,with lower seasonal VI amplitude,require considerably higher cover and can have undetectable phenology even with 100%vegetation *** evaluation of two algorithms showed that neither performed the best in all *** with adequate cover,biases in phenological metrics can still exceed 20 days and can never be 100%accurate due to VI uncertainty from shadows,sensor view angle,and atmospheric *** showed how high-resolution UAV imagery enables LSP studies in drylands and highlighted important scale effects driven by within-canopy VI *** high-resolution imagery,the open canopies of drylands are beneficial as they allow for straightforward identification of individual plants,enabling the tracking of phenology at the individual *** thus have the potential to become an exemplary environment for future LSP research.

关键词： fractional straight imagery

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Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer’s disease

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2022年第2期12卷 496-510页

作者： Benjamin R.Troutwine Laylan Hamid Colton R.Lysaker taylor A.Strope Heather m.Wilkins Department of Neurology University of Kansas medical Center Kansas CityKS 66160USA University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center Kansas CityKS 66160USA Department of Biochemistry and molecular Biology University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA

Genetic variation in apolipoprotein E(APOE)influences Alzheimer’s disease(AD)***ε4 alleles are the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset sporadic *** AD risk is dose dependent,as those carrying one APOEε4 allele have a 2-3-fold increased risk,while those carrying twoε4 alleles have a 10-15-fold increased *** carrying APOEε2 alleles have lower AD risk and those carrying APOEε3 alleles have neutral *** is a lipoprotein which functions in lipid transport,metabolism,and inflammatory *** specific effects of APOE within the brain include alterations to Aβ,tau,neuroinflammation,and *** we review the association of APOE with AD,the APOE isoform specific effects within brain and periphery,and potential therapeutics.

关键词： Apolipoprotein E Alzheimer’s disease mitochondria Neuroinflammation Amyloid beta Tau

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Adaptation in brain structure and respiratory and olfactory structures across environmental gradients in African and North American muroid rodents

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第1期19卷 165-181页

作者： Peter J.taylor Aluwani NENGOVHELA Christiane DENYS Graham R.SCOTT Catherine m.IVY Department of Zoology School of Natural and Mathematical SciencesUniversity of VendaThohoyandouSouth Africa Afromontane Unit Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of the Free StatePhuthaditjhabaSouth Africa Department of mammalogy National MuseumBloemfonteinSouth Africa Institut de Systématique EvolutionBiodiversité(ISYEB)Muséum National d’Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne UniversitéEPHEUniversitéDes AntillesParisFrance Department of Biology McMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada Guglielmo and Shoemaker Labs Advanced Facility for Avian ResearchUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada

morphometric studies of 3D micro CT-scanned images can provide insights into the evolution of the brain and sensory structures but such data are still scarce for the most diverse mammalian order of *** reviewed and new data,we tested for convergence to extreme aridity and high elevation in the sensory and brain morphology of rodents,from morphometric data from micro-CT X-ray scans of 174 crania of 16 species of three distantly re-lated African murid(soft-furred mice,Praomyini,laminate-toothed rats,Otomyini,and gerbils,Gerbillinae)clades and one North American cricetid(deer mice and white-footed mice,Peromyscus)*** studies demon-strated convergent evolution acting on the oval window area of the cochlea(enlarged in extremely arid-adapted species of Otomyini and Gerbillinae)and on endocranial volume(reduced in high elevation taxa of Otomyini and Peromyscus).However,contrary to our predictions,we did notfind evidence of convergence in brain struc-ture to aridity,or in the olfactory/respiratory system(turbinate bones)to high *** structure differed,particularly in the petrosal lobules of the cerebellum and the olfactory bulbs,between Otomyini and Gerbillinae,with extreme arid-adapted species in each clade being highly divergent(not convergent)from other species in the same *** observed greater“packing”of the maxillary turbinate bones,which have important respiratory functions,in Peromyscus mice from high and low elevations compared to the high-elevation African Praomyini,but more complex patterns within Peromyscus,probably related to trade-offs in respiratory physiology and heat exchange in the nasal epithelium associated with high-elevation adaptation.

关键词： 3D morphometrics Africa brain size North America Rodentia sensory evolution

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magnetospheric Boundary Layer Structure and Dynamics as Seen From Cluster and Double Star measurements

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空间科学学报 2013年第6期33卷 577-603页

作者： Y V Bogdanova C J Owen m W Dunlop m G G T taylor A N Fazakerley Space Science and Technology Department RALChiltonDidcotOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK mullard Space Science Laboratory University College LondonHolmbury St.MaryDorkingSurreyRH5 6NTUK Science and Robotic Exploration Directorate ESA/ESTECNoordwijkThe Netherlands

In this review,we discuss the structure and dynamics of the magnetospheric LowLatitude Boundary Layer(LLBL)based on recent results from multi-satellite missions Cluster and Double *** boundary layer,adjacent to the magnetopause on the magnetospheric side,usually consists of a mixture of plasma of magnetospheric and magnetosheath origins,and plays an important role in the transfer of mass and energy from the solar wind into the magnetosphere and subsequent magnetospheric *** southward Interplanetary magnetic Field(ImF)conditions,this boundary layer is generally considered to be formed as a result of the reconnection process between the ImF and magnetospheric magnetic field lines at the dayside magnetopause,and the structure and plasma properties inside the LLBL can be understood in terms of the time history since the reconnection *** northward ImF conditions,the LLBL is usually thicker,and has more complex structure and *** observations confirm that the LLBL observed at the dayside can be formed by single lobe reconnection,dual lobe reconnection,or by sequential dual lobe reconnection,as well as partially by localized cross-field *** LLBL magnetic topology and plasma signatures inside the different sub-layers formed by these processes are discussed in this *** role of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the formation of the LLBL at the flank magnetopause is also ***,we conclude that the LLBL observed at the flanks can be formed by the combination of processes,(dual)lobe reconnection and plasma mixing due to non-linear Kelvin-Helmholtz waves.

关键词：边界层结构磁层顶双星群集国际货币基金组织等离子体特性测量拓扑结构

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Anti-adhesion capacities of selected cranberry polyphenols and metabolites against P-type and Type-1 fimbriated uropathogenic *** using a fluorometric method

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Food Bioscience 2022年第5期49卷 924-932页

作者： Shuhan Li Shaomin Zhao Lindsey m.Christman taylor L.Washington Liwei Gu Food Science and Human Nutrition Department Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611United States

Adhesion of P-type and type-1 fimbriated uropathogenic ***(UPEC)to uroepithelial cells initiates urinary tract infections(UTIs).This research aimed to evaluate the capacities of selected cranberry polyphenols and their microbial metabolites to inhibit such adhesion in vitro using a modified fluorometric *** showed that the inhibition capacity of myricetin increased with concentration and plateaued at 70%.It had IC50 values of 13.2μm against P-type *** and 5.50μm against type-1 *** showed similar anti-adhesion capacities to *** A2 and B2 had weaker anti-adhesion activities than myricetin and quercetin,with maximal inhibition capacities of 20%-30%against *** acid,a major metabolite of cranberry polyphenols in human urine,showed a maximal inhibition of 20%at 558μm against type-1 *** adhesion,whereas no anti-adhesion activity against P-type *** was *** fractions of cranberry fruit powder enriched with proanthocyanidin polymers showed the highest anti-adhesion activities compared to the fractions enriched with anthocyanins,flavonols,or proanthocyanidin ***,the anti-adhesion activities of cranberry polyphenols and metabolites depend on their structures and the types of fimbriae on ***.

关键词： Cranberry Polyphenols Urinary tract infections Uropathogenic E.coli

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Stem cell therapy for the treatment of Leydig cell dysfunction in primary hypogonadism

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World Journal of Stem Cells 2016年第10期8卷 306-315页

作者： taylor C Peak Nora m Haney William Wang Kenneth J DeLay Wayne J Hellstrom Department of Urology School of MedicineTulane University

The production of testosterone occurs within the Leydig cells of the testes. When production fails at this level from either congenital, acquired, or systemic disorders,the result is primary hypogonadism. While numerous testosterone formulations have been developed, none are yet fully capable of replicating the physiological patterns of testosterone secretion. multiple stem cell therapies to restore androgenic function of the testes are under investigation. Leydig cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and the testes have shown promise for future therapy for primary hypogonadism. In particular, the discovery and utilization of a group of progenitor stem cells within the testes, known as stem Leydig cells(SLCs), has led not only to a better understanding of testicular development, but of treatment as well. When combining this with an understanding of the mechanisms that lead to Leydig cell dysfunction, researchers and physicians will be able to develop stem cell therapies that target the specific step in the steroidogenic process that is deficient. The current preclinical studies highlight the complex nature of regenerating this steroidogenic process and the problems remain unresolved. In summary, there appears to be two current directions for stem cell therapy in male primary hypogonadism. The first method involves differentiating adult Leydig cells from stem cells of various origins from bone marrow, adipose, or embryonic sources. The second method involves isolating, identifying, and transplanting stem Leydig cells into testicular tissue. Theoretically, in-vivo re-activation of SLCs in men with primary hypogonadism due to age would be another alternative method to treat hypogonadism while eliminating the need for transplantation.

关键词： Stem cell therapy Leydig cells Primary hypogonadism Stem Leydig cells Testosterone Bone marrow-derived stem cells Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

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Insights into the role of jasmonic acid-mediated defenses against necrotrophic and biotrophic fungal pathogens

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Frontiers in Biology 2012年第1期7卷 48-56页

作者： Christopher J. ANTICO Chad COLON taylor BANKS Katrina m. RAmONELL Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA

Jasmonic acid （JA） is a natural hormone regulator involved in development, responses against woundingand pathogen attack. Upon perception of pathogens, JA is synthesized and mediates a signaling cascade initiating various defense responses. Traditionally, necrotrophic fungi have been shown to be the primary activators of JA- dependent defenses through the JA-receptor, COIl. Conversely, plants infected with biotrophic fungi have classically been associated with suppressing JA-mediated responses. However, recent evidence has shown that certain biotrophic fungal species also trigger activation of JA-mediated responses and mutants deficient in JA signaling show an increase in susceptibility to certain biotrophic fungal pathogens. These findings suggest a new role for JA in defense against fungal biotrophs. This review will focus on recent research advancing our knowledge of JA-dependant responses involved in defense against both biotrophic and necrotrophic fungi.

关键词： jasmonic acid (JA) methyl jasmonate (meJA) biotrophic fungi necrotrophic fungi COIl

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Challenges of liver cancer:Future emerging tools in imaging and urinary biomarkers

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World Journal of Hepatology 2015年第26期7卷 2664-2675页

作者： Francesca m Trovato Joshua m Tognarelli mary mE Crossey Daniela Catalano Simon D taylor-Robinson Guglielmo m Trovato Dipartimento di medicina Clinica e Sperimentale Scuola di Medicina Università di Catania Department of medicine Imperial College London St Mary’s Campus

Chronic liver disease has become a global health problem as a result of the increasing incidence of viral hepatitis, obesity and alcohol misuse. Over the past three decades, in the United Kingdom alone, deaths from chronic liver disease have increased both in men and in women. Currently, 2.5% of deaths worldwide are attributed to liver disease and projected figures suggest a doubling in hospitalisation and associated mortality by 2020. Chronic liver diseases vary for clinical manifestations and natural history, with some individuals having relatively indolent disease and others with a rapidly progressive course. About 30% of patients affected by hepatitis C has a progressive disease and develop cirrhosis over a 20 years period from the infection, usually 5-10 years after initial medical presentation. The aim of the current therapeutic strategies is preventing the progression from hepatitis to fibrosis and subsequently, cirrhosis. Hepatic steatosis is a risk factor for chronic liver disease and is affecting about the half of patients who abuse alcohol. moreover non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is part of the metabolic syndrome, associated with obesity, hypertension, type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia, and a subgroup of patients develops non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis with subsequent cirrhosis. The strengths and pitfalls of liver biopsy are discussed and a variety of new techniques to assess liver damage from transient elastography to experimental techniques, such as in vitro urinary nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Some of the techniques and tests described are already suitable for more widespread clinical application, as is the case with ultrasound-based liver diagnostics, but others, such as urinary metabonomics, requires a period of critical evaluation or development to take them from the research arena to clinical practice.

关键词： Virus hepatitis Liver cancer Ultrasound Fibrosis U

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A systematic literature review of blockchain cyber security

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Digital Communications and Networks 2020年第2期6卷 147-156页

作者： Paul J.taylor Tooska Dargahi Ali Dehghantanha Reza m.Parizi Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo School of Computing Science&EngineeringUniversity of SalfordManchesterUK Cyber Science Lab School of Computer ScienceUniversity of GuelphOntarioCanada Department of Software Engineering and Game Development Kennesaw State UniversityMariettaGA30060USA Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security University of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78249USA

Since the publication of Satoshi Nakamoto's white paper on Bitcoin in 2008,blockchain has(slowly)become one of the most frequently discussed methods for securing data storage and transfer through decentralized,trustless,peer-to-peer *** research identifies peer-reviewed literature that seeks to utilize blockchain for cyber security purposes and presents a systematic analysis of the most frequently adopted blockchain security *** findings show that the Internet of Things(IoT)lends itself well to novel blockchain applications,as do networks and machine visualization,public-key cryptography,web applications,certification schemes and the secure storage of Personally Identifiable Information(PII).This timely systematic review also sheds light on future directions of research,education and practices in the blockchain and cyber security space,such as security of blockchain in IoT,security of blockchain for AI data,and sidechain security.

关键词： Blockchain Smart contracts Cyber security Distributed ledger technology IoT Cryptocurrency Bitcoin

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Using potential distributions to explore environmental correlates of bat species richness in southern Africa： Effects of model selection and taxonomy

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Current Zoology 2013年第3期59卷 279-293页

作者： m. Corrie SCHOEmAN F. P. D. (Woody) COTTERILL Peter J. taylor Ara mONADJEm School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa Africa Earth Observatory Network (AEON) Geoecodynamics Research Hub c/o Department of Botany and Zoology University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa Department of Ecology and Resource management School of Environmental Sciences University of Venda Thohoyandou 0950 South Africa All Out Africa Research Unit Department of Biological Sciences University of Swaziland Private Bag 4 Kwaluseni Swaziland mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Private Bag 20 Hatfield 0028 Pretoria South Africa

We tested the prediction that at coarse spatial scales, variables associated with climate, energy, and productivity hy- potheses should be better predictor（s） of bat species richness than those associated with environmental heterogeneity. Distribution ranges of 64 bat species were estimated with niche-based models informed by 3629 verified museum specimens. The influence of environmental correlates on bat richness was assessed using ordinary least squares regression （OLS）, simultaneous autoregressive models （SAR）, conditional autoregressive models （CAR）, spatial eigenvector-based filtering models （SEVm）, and Classification and Regression Trees （CART）. To test the assumption of stationarity, Geographically Weighted Regression （GWR） was used. Bat species richness was highest in the eastern parts of southern Africa, particularly in central Zimbabwe and along the western border of mozambique. We found support for the predictions of both the habitat heterogeneity and climate/productivity/energy hypothe- ses, and as we expected, support varied among bat families and model selection. Richness patterns and predictors of miniopteridae and Pteropodidae clearly differed from those of other bat families. Altitude range was the only independent variable that was sig- nificant in all models and it was most often the best predictor of bat richness. Standard coefficients of SAR and CAR models were similar to those of OLS models, while those of SEVm models differed. Although GWR indicated that the assumption of stationa- rity was violated, the CART analysis corroborated the findings of the curve-fitting models. Our results identify where additional data on current species ranges, and future conservation action and ecological work are needed.

关键词： Chiroptera macroecology Niche-based models Spatial models Species richness

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