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长期生态研究的目的

国土与自然资源研究 1992年第S1期 1-2页

作者： Taylor L.R 王向宏黑龙江省科学院自然资源研究所

在Mary Flager植物园,我无意中提到这个观点:创造一种理论(假说)来调整实验方法,并不能加强长期研究的客观性。这—观点是我个人的经验,偶然的观察和对rothamsted的长期或称经典实验的了解而提出的。达尔文的同时代人——劳斯,创立了rot... 详细信息

在Mary Flager植物园,我无意中提到这个观点:创造一种理论(假说)来调整实验方法,并不能加强长期研究的客观性。这—观点是我个人的经验,偶然的观察和对rothamsted的长期或称经典实验的了解而提出的。达尔文的同时代人——劳斯,创立了rothamsted实验,他和Gilbert都没有对自己的解释感到满意。我和这一实验打了40年的交道,开始认识到,他们成功地将该实验继续下去,并非是实验科学性方面的必然结果,而是在某种程度上依赖于他们俩的性格。同时,我也意识到,随着时间的推移,某些原始实验最终失败了。

关键词：长期生态研究 Gilbert 同时代人定量研究劳斯终结性生态系统生态学理论定量的人类生态学

Use of donepezil for neurocognitive recovery after brain injury in adult and pediatric populations:a scoping review

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Neural.regeneration research 2024年第8期19卷 1686-1695页

作者： Avery l.Mill.r Nathan K.Evanson J.Michael taylor University of Cincinnati College of Medicine CincinnatiOHUSA Department of Pediatrics University of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA Department of Neurology and rehabilitation Medicine University of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA Division of Pediatric rehabilitation Medicine Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA Division of Neurology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA

There are few pharmacologic options for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury in pediatric patients.Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil have been evaluated in adult patients after traumatic brain injury,but relatively less is known about the effect in pediatric populations.The goal of this review is to identify knowledge gaps in the efficacy and safety of acetylcholinesterase inhibito rs as a potential a djuvant treatment fo r neurocognitive decline in pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury.Investigators queried PubMed to identify literature published from database inception thro ugh June 2023 desc ribing the use of donepezil in young adult traumatic brain injury and pediatric patients with predefined conditions.Based on preselected search criteria,340 unique papers we re selected for title and abstra ct screening.Thirty-two reco rds were reviewed in full after eliminating preclinical studies and pape rs outside the scope of the project.In adult traumatic brain injury,we review results from 14 papers detailing 227 subjects where evidence suggests donepezil is well tole rated and shows both objective and patient-reported efficacy for reducing cognitive impairment.In chil.ren,3 pape rs report on 5 chil.ren recovering from traumatic brain injury,showing limited efficacy.An additional 15 pediatric studies conducted in populations at risk for cognitive dysfunction provide a broader look at safety and efficacy in 210 patients in the pediatric age group.Given its promise for efficacy in adults with traumatic brain injury and tole rability in pediatric patients,we believe further study of donepezil for chil.ren and adolescents with traumatic brain injury is warranted.

关键词： acetylcholinesterase inhibitor adult cognition donepezil pediatrics traumatic brain injury

Gait analysis in swine,sheep,and goats after neurologic injury:a literature review

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Neural.regeneration research 2023年第9期18卷 1917-1924页

作者： Jacob W.Sveum raveena r.Mishra taylor l.Marti Jalon M.Jones Daniel J.Hellenbrand Amgad S.Hanna Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health(UWSMPH)MadisonWIUSA

Medical.research on neurologic ailments requires representative animal models to validate treatments before they are translated to human clinical trials.rodents are the predominant animal model used in neurological.research despite limited anatomic and physiologic simil.rities to humans.As a result,functional testing designed to assess locomotor recovery after neurologic impairment is well established in rodent models.Comparatively,l.rge r,more clinically relevant models have not been as well studied.To achieve simil.r locomotor testing standardization in l.rger animals,the models must be accessible to a wide array of researchers.Non-human primates are the most relevant animal model fo r translational.research,however ethical and financial barriers limit their accessibility.This review focuses on swine,sheep,and goats as l.rge animal alternatives for transitional studies between rodents and non-human primates.The objective of this review is to compare motor testing and data collection methods used in swine,sheep,and goats to encourage testing standardization in these l.rger animal models.The PubMed database was analyzed by searching combinations of swine,sheep,and goats,neurologic injuries,and functional assessments.Findings were categorized by animal model,data collection method,and assessment design.Swine and sheep were used in the majority of the studies,while only two studies were found using goats.The functional assessments included open pen analysis,treadmill walking,and guided free walking.Data collection methods included subjective behavioral.rating scales and objective tools such as pressure-sensitive mats and image-based analysis software.Overall,swine and sheep were well-suited for a variety of assessment designs,with treadmill walking and guided free walking offering the most consistency across multiple trials.Data collection methods varied,but image-based gait analysis software provided the most robust analysis.Future studies should be conducted to standardize functional testing methods after neurolo

关键词： functional testing gait analysis goats l.rge animals neurologic injury sheep spinal cord injury swine

In vivo mouse models to study bile acid synthesis and signaling

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国际肝胆胰疾病杂志:英文版 2023年第5期22卷 466-473页

作者： Anisha Bhattacharya rulaiha E taylor Grace l Guo Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of PharmacyRutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA rutgers Center for lipid research RutgersThe State University of New JerseyNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA VA New Jersey Health Care System Veterans Administration Medical CenterEast OrangeNew JerseyUSA

The synthesis of bile acids(BAs)is carried out by complex pathways characterized by sequential chemical.reactions in the liver through various cytochromes P450(CYP)and other enzymes.Maintaining the integrity of these pathways is crucial for normal physiological function in mammals,encompassing hepatic and neurological processes.Studying on the deficiencies in BA synthesis genes offers valuable insights into the significance of BAs in modulating farnesoid X receptor(FXr)signaling and metabolic homeostasis.By creating mouse knockout(KO)models,researchers can manipulate deficiencies in genes involved in BA synthesis,which can be used to study human diseases with BA dysregulation.These KO mouse models allow for a more profound understanding of the functions and regulations of genes responsible for BA synthesis.Furthermore,KO mouse models shed light on the distinct characteristics of individual BA and their roles in nuclear receptor signaling.Notably,alterations of BA synthesis genes in mouse models have distinct differences when compared to human diseases caused by the same BA synthesis gene deficiencies.This review summarizes several mouse KO models used to study BA synthesis and related human diseases,including mice deficient in Cyp7a1,Cyp27a1,Cyp7a1/Cyp27a1,Cyp8b1,Cyp7b1,Cyp2c70,Cyp2a12,and Cyp2c70/Cyp2a12,as well as germ-free mice.

关键词： Bile acid Species difference Farnesoid X receptor liver diseases

Eigenvalues of Elliptic Systems for the Mixed Problem in Perturbations of lipschitz Domains with Nonhomogeneous Neumann Boundary Conditions

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Journal of Partial Differential Equations 2020年第1期33卷 48-63页

作者： MIYAZAKI Kohei taylor Justin l. Department of Mathematics&Statistics Murray State UniversityMurrayKentuckyU.S.A

We study eigenvalues of an elliptic operator with mixed boundary conditions on very general decompositions of the boundary.We impose nonhomogeneous conditions on the part of the boundary where the Neumann term lies in a certain Sobolev or lp space.Our work compares the behavior of and gives a relationship between the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions on the unperturbed and perturbed domains,respectively.

关键词： Eigenvalues elliptic systems mixed problem perturbed domains

Exposure to dietary mercury alters cognition and behavior of zebra finches

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Current Zoology 2017年第2期63卷 213-219页

作者： John r SWADDlE Tessa r. DIEHl Capwell E, taylor Aaron S. FANAEE Jessica l. BENSON Neil.r. HUCKSTEP Daniel A. CrISTOl Biology Department College of William and Mary Institute for Integrative Bird Behavior Studies Williamsburg VA 23187-8795 USA Biological Sciences Virginia Tech 1405 Perry Street Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

Environmental stressors can negatively affect avian cognitive abilities, potentially reducing fitness, for example by altering response to predators, display to mates, or memory of locations of food. We expand on current knowledge by investigating the effects of dietary mercury, a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and known neurotoxin, on avian cognition. Zebra finches were dosed for their entire lives with sub-lethal levels of mercury, at the environmentally relevant dose of 1.2 parts per million. In our first study, we compared the dosed birds with controls of the same age using tests of three cognitive abilities: spatial memory, inhibitory control, and col.r association. In the spatial memory assay, birds were tested on their ability to learn and remember the location of hidden food in their cage. The inhibitory control assay measured their ability to ignore visible but inaccessible food in favor of a learned behavior that provided the same reward. Finally, the col.r association task tested each bird's ability to associate a specific col.r with the presence of hidden food. Dietary mercury negatively affected spatial memory ability but not inhibitory control or col.r association. Our second study focused on three behavioral assays not tied to a specific skill or problem-solving: activity level, neophobia, and social dominance. Zebra finches exposed to dietary mercury throughout their lives were subordinate to, and more active than, control birds. We found no evidence that mercury exposure influenced our metric of neophobia. Together, these results suggest that sub-lethal exposure to environmental mercury selectively harms neurological pathways that control different cognitive abilities, with complex effects on behavior and fitness.

关键词： animal behavior cognition ecotoxicology mercury spatial memory zebra finch.

In situ selective laser gas nitriding for composite TiN/Ti-6Al-4V fabrication via laser powder bed fusion

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2020年第10期42卷 98-107页

作者： P.A.Morton H.C.taylor l.E.Murr O.G.Delgado C.A.Terrazas r.B.Wicker W.M.Keck Center for 3D Innovation The University of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTX79968USA Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at El PasoTX 79968USA Department of Metall.rgical Materials and Biomedical EngineeringThe University of Texas at El PasoTX 79968USA

laser-assisted gas nitriding of selective Ti-6Al-4V surfaces has been achieved during laser powder bed fusion fabrication by exchanging the argon build gas environment with nitrogen.Systematic variation of processing parameters allowed microdendritic Ti N surface coatings to be formed having thicknesses ranging from a few tens of microns to several hundred microns,with TiN dendrite microstructure volume fractions ranging from 0.6 to 0.75;and corresponding Vickers microindentation hardness values ranging from^7.5 GPa–9.5 GPa.Embedded TiN hard layers ranging from 50μm to 150μm thick were also fabricated in the laser-beam additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy producing prototype,hybrid,planar composites having alternating,ductile Ti-6Al-4V layers with a hardness of^4.5 GPa and a stiff,TiN layer with a hardness of^8.5 GPa.The results demonstrate prospects for fabricating novel,additively manufactured components having selective,hard,wear and corrosion resistant coatings along with periodic,planar or complex metal matrix composite regimes exhibiting superior toughness and related mechanical properties.

关键词： Ti-6Al-4V TiN ceramic coatings and embedded layers Dendritic microstructures Selective laser melting Additive manufacturing Metal matrix composites Selective nitriding

Owner-Intruder contests with correlated resource values

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International Journal of Biomathematics 2021年第4期14卷 121-129页

作者： Polina A.Bukina Mehtab S.Khara Haider H.Nadhem Patrick l.Woolley Jan rychtár Dewey taylor Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University RichmondVA 23284-2012USA Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics Virginia Commonwealth University richmond VA 23284-2014USA

We study a conflict of two individuals over a valuable resource.We construct a sequential game where the first individual,the Owner,decides whether to defend the resource and the other individual,the Intruder,decides whether to attack and try to steal the resource.Individuals know the value of the resource to themselves.This provides the individuals an estimate of the value of the resource to the opponent.We build a mathematical model that allows us to quantify and vary the accuracy of this estimate.We study how the outcomes of the game depend on the accuracy.We show that,in our setting,the accuracy does not matter to the Intruder but it does to the Owner.For resources of a l.rge value,the Owner benefits from a small.r accuracy.However,for resources of a small value,the Owner benefits from a bigger accuracy.

关键词： Kleptoparasitism Owner-Intruder resource valuation game theory incom-plete information

Mate assessment behavior is correlated to learning ability in female threespine sticklebacks

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Current Zoology 2019年第3期65卷 295-304页

作者： Taylor L.RYSTrOM Theo C.M.BAKKEr Ingolf P.rICK Department of Behavioural Biology University of Munster Badestrasse 13 Munster 48149 Germany Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology University of Bonn An der Immenburg 153121 Bonn Germany

In many species, males signal quality with elaborate traits, but females often show inter-individual variation in pref ere nee for these traits. Choosi ng a mate requires multiple cog nitive steps;therefore, cog nitive style (how an in dividual processes information) likely in fluences the perception of sexual signals and ability to choose a high-quality mate. An important component of cognitive style is flexibility;cognitively flexible individuals are more perceptive to shifts in cues. We hypothesized that cognitively flexible individuals would acquire more information about potential mates, better discern between two quality-signaling traits, and thus be more discriminatory. Here, we show that mate assessment is correlated to other cognitive traits. Although we did not detect an effect of cogn itive style on mate pref ere nee or discriminatio n, we found that female threespi ne sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus that spent more time assessing potential mates (more responsive) in a dichotomous mate choice task reached both the initial and reversal learning criterion in a spatial learning task with fewer errors. However, these highly responsive females made more consecutive mistakes immediately at the beginning of the reversal phase, suggest!ng that they did not quickly adapt to the en vironmental cha nge but in stead rapidly formed strict routi nes duri ng the learning task that were eventually reversible after repeated errors. Furthermore, we found evidenee for condition-dependent mate pref ere nee, with l.rger females preferring the high-quality male. These are among the first results that illustrate how cog nitive traits might in flue nee mate choice, which has implicati ons for the st re ngth and di recti on of sexual selection.

关键词： cognition cognitive flexibility choosiness computer animation mate choice sexual selection