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The Characterization of Damage of the Pipes Made from Stainless Steel

Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 2012年第4期6卷 346-350页

作者： Vjera Novosel-Radovic Nikol Radovl tanja soucie Ana Iharos Ana Belinic Steel and Pipe Works Sisak 44000 Croatia Faculty of Geodesy University of Zagreb Zagreb 10000 Croatia Elementary School Gustav Krklec Zagreb I0000 Croatia Fertiliser Factory Kutina 44320 Croatia

The damage was noted during the usage of the pipe system which was made out of austenite steel 316L on the assembly line for the production of urea. In order to find out the cause of such damage, the samples of pipes were taken at the places where the most damage took place. Samples were taken in the form of film, sediment and/or sludge from inner and the outer surface of the pipes. As well as each pieces of pipes were further cut into 10 mm x 10 mm plates. The prepared samples were studied using X-ray diffraction, X-ray emission spectrometry, scanning electron microscope and microanalysis as well as a light microscope. The results implicate microstructural changes within the inner wall of the pipe which was caused by intercrystalline corrosion. Such corrosion in the investigated samples of sediment and/or sludge appeared due to the damage of the protective film during the aggressive phases,

关键词： Damage pipe system austetnite steel intercrystalline corrosion.

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伴随胎龄增加的足月双胎新生儿的发病率和死亡率

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（妇产科学分册） 2006年第10期2卷 10-11页

作者： soucie J.E. 张新艳 OMNI Research Group Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ottawa Ont. Canada

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the gestational age with the lowest morbidity and mortality rates for twin pregnancies that reach term. Study design: A retrospective cohort study carried out with 60,443 twin pairs from the United States(1995-1997). Analysis was restricted to pregnancies that had reached at least 37 weeks of gestation; groups were created on the basis of the gestational ages of 37, 38, 39, and ≥40 weeks. The incidence of death and morbidity were calculated; multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the independent effect of gestational age for twin A and B. Results: The neonatal mortality rate increased significantly after 40 weeks of gestation(twin A: odds ratio, 3.47 [95%CI, 2.29, 5.38]; twin B, odds ratio, 2.52 [95%CI, 1.75, 3.67]). There was also an increased risk of neonatal morbidity in the ≥40 weeks of gestation group for twin A and B(Apgar score, ≤3; odds ratio, 1.88 [95%CI, 1.18, 3.02], 1.74 [95%CI, 1.21, 2.52], respectively). There was a decreased risk of assisted ventilation in the 38 and 39 weeks of gestation group for twin A(odds ratio, 0.86 [95%CI, 0.77, 0.97], odds ratio, 0.83 [95%CI, 0.72, 0.95], respectively) and a decreased risk in the 39 and ≥40 weeks of gestation groups for twin B(assisted ventilation: odds ratio, 0.83 [95%CI, 0.73, 0.93], odds ratio, 0.81 [95%CI, 0.72, 0.92], respectively). Conclusion: This study suggests that the optimal date of delivery for twins should be< 40 weeks of gestation; there was no compelling evidence for delivering at< 38 weeks of gestation.

关键词：辅助通气回顾性队列研究分娩时间风险降低回归模型分析周和研究设计

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