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Localized relax.tion theory of circuits and its applications in electro-thermal analyses

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2012年第4期55卷 938-950页

作者： GORDON Joseph A. tan Sheldon x.-D. Department of Electrical Engineering University of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA

In the high-performance IC design with increasing design complex.ty,it is a very important design content to efficiently analyze IC ***,the electro-thermal (ET) analyses including power/ground (P/G) analysis and thermal analysis are hot topics in today's IC *** ET analysis equation has a sparse,positive definite and strictly diagonally dominant coefficient-matrix.we prove that the ET analysis has the advantage of *** to this advantage,localized relax.tion method is formally proposed,which has the same accuracy as the global relax.tion done with the constraint of the same truncation error *** on the localized relax.tion theory,an efficient and practical localized successive over-relax.tion algorithm (LSOR2) is introduced and applied to solve the following three ET analysis problems.(1) Single-node statistical voltage analysis for over-IR-drop nodes in P/G networks;(2) single-node statistical temperature analysis for hot spots in 3D thermal analysis;(3) fast single open-defect analysis for P/G networks.A large amount of ex.erimental data demonstrates that compared with the global successive over-relax.tion (SOR) algorithm,LSOR2 can speed up 1-2 orders of magnitudes with the same accuracy in ET analyses.

关键词： integrated circuit electro-thermal analysis SOR algorithm power/ground network

Hierarchical OptimizationMethod for Federated Learning with Feature Alignment and Decision Fusion

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Computers, Materials and Continua 2024年第1期81卷 1391-1407页

作者： Li K. Wang x. Wang H. College of Computer Science and Engineering North Minzu University Yinchuan 750021 China The Key Laboratory of Images & Graphics Intelligent Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission North Minzu University Yinchuan 750021 China

In the realm of data privacy protection, federated learning aims to collaboratively train a global model. However, heterogeneous data between clients presents challenges, often resulting in slow convergence and inadequate accuracy of the *** shared feature representations alongside customized classifiers for individual clients emerges as a promising personalized solution. Nonetheless, previous research has frequently neglected the integration of global knowledge into local representation learning and the synergy between global and local classifiers, thereby limiting model performance. To tackle these issues, this study proposes a hierarchical optimization method for federated learning with feature alignment and the fusion of classification decisions (FedFCD). FedFCD regularizes the relationship between global and local feature representations to achieve alignment and incorporates decision information from the global classifier, facilitating the late fusion of decision outputs from both global and local classifiers. Additionally, FedFCD employs a hierarchical optimization strategy to flex.bly optimizemodel parameters. Through ex.eriments on the Fashion-MNIST, CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets, we demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of FedFCD. For instance, on the CIFAR-100 dataset, FedFCD ex.ibited a significant improvement in average test accuracy by 6.83% compared to four outstanding personalized federated learning approaches. Furthermore, ex.ended ex.eriments confirmthe robustness of FedFCD across various hyperparameter values. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Tech Science Press.

关键词： data heterogeneity decision fusion feature alignment Federated learning hierarchical optimization

NCCMF: Non-Collaborative ContinuousMonitoring Framework for Container-Based Cloud Runtime Status

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Computers, Materials and Continua 2024年第1期81卷 1687-1701页

作者： Zheng T. tang W. Chen x. Shen C. School of Cyber Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China Intelligent Policing and National Security Risk Management Laboratory Luzhou 646000 China Key Laboratory of Data Protection and Intelligent Management (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education Chengdu 610065 China Cyber Science Research Institute Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China

The security performance of cloud services is a key factor influencing users' selection of Cloud Service Providers (CSPs). Continuous monitoring of the security status of cloud services is critical. However, ex.sting research lacks a practical framework for such ongoing monitoring. To address this gap, this paper proposes the first Non- Collaborative Container-Based Cloud Service Operation State Continuous Monitoring Framework (NCCMF), based on relevant standards. NCCMF operates without the CSP's collaboration by: 1) establishing a scalable supervisory index.system through the identification of security responsibilities for each role, and 2) designing a Continuous Metrics Supervision Protocol (CMA) to automate the negotiation of supervisory metrics. The framework also outlines the supervision process for cloud services across different deployment models. Ex.erimental results demonstrate that NCCMF effectively monitors the operational state of two real-world IoT (Internet of Things) cloud services, with an average supervision error of less than 15%. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Tech Science Press.

关键词： Container-based cloud continuous monitor non-collaborative runtime status

Re-Distributing Facial Features for Engagement Prediction with ModernTCN

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Computers, Materials and Continua 2024年第1期81卷 369-391页

作者： Li x. Zhu W. Li Q. Hou C. Zhang Y. College of Information and Artificial Intelligence Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology Nanchang 330108 China School of Electrical and Information Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 China School of Electronic Information Engineering Wuhan Donghu University Wuhan 430212 China

Automatically detecting learners’ engagement levels helps to develop more effective online teaching and assessment programs, allowing teachers to provide timely feedback and make personalized adjustments based on students’ needs to enhance teaching effectiveness. Traditional approaches mainly rely on single-frame multimodal facial spatial information, neglecting temporal emotional and behavioural features, with accuracy affected by significant pose variations. Additionally, convolutional padding can erode feature maps, affecting feature ex.raction’s representational capacity. To address these issues, we propose a hybrid neural network architecture, the redistributing facial features and temporal convolutional network (RefEIP). This network consists of three key components: first, utilizing the spatial attention mechanism large kernel attention (LKA) to automatically capture local patches and mitigate the effects of pose variations; second, employing the feature organization and weight distribution (FOWD) module to redistribute feature weights and eliminate the impact of white features and enhancing representation in facial feature maps. Finally, we analyse the temporal changes in video frames through the modern temporal convolutional network (ModernTCN) module to detect engagement levels. We constructed a near-infrared engagement video dataset (NEVD) to better validate the efficiency of the RefEIP network. Through ex.ensive ex.eriments and in-depth studies, we evaluated these methods on the NEVD and the Database for Affect in Situations of Elicitation (DAiSEE), achieving an accuracy of 90.8% on NEVD and 61.2% on DAiSEE in the four-class classification task, indicating significant advantages in addressing engagement video analysis problems. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Tech Science Press.

关键词： Engagement prediction re-distributing facial features spatiotemporal network temporal convolutional network

Digital Image Steganographer Identification: A Comprehensive Survey

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Computers, Materials and Continua 2024年第1期81卷 105-131页

作者： Zhang Q. Zhang Y. Ma Y. Liu Y. Luo x. Information Engineering University Zhengzhou 450001 China Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness of Henan Province Zhengzhou 450001 China College of Computer and Information Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China

The rapid development of the internet and digital media has provided convenience while also posing a potential risk of steganography abuse. Identifying steganographer is essential in tracing secret information origins and preventing illicit covert communication online. Accurately discerning a steganographer from many normal users is challenging due to various factors, such as the complex.ty in obtaining the steganography algorithm, ex.racting highly separability features, and modeling the cover data. After ex.ensive ex.loration, several methods have been proposed for steganographer identification. This paper presents a survey of ex.sting studies. Firstly, we provide a concise introduction to the research background and outline the issue of steganographer identification. Secondly, we present fundamental concepts and techniques that establish a general framework for identifying steganographers. Within this framework, state-of-the-art methods are summarized from five key aspects: data acquisition, feature ex.raction, feature optimization, identification paradigm, and performance evaluation. Furthermore, theoretical and ex.erimental analyses ex.mine the advantages and limitations of these ex.sting methods. Finally, the survey highlights outstanding issues in image steganographer identification that deserve further research. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Tech Science Press.

关键词： covert communication Information hiding steganalysis steganographer identification steganography survey

Efficient User Identity Linkage Based on Aligned Multimodal Features and Temporal Correlation

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Computers, Materials and Continua 2024年第1期81卷 251-270页

作者： Gao J. Zheng K. Wang x. Wu C. Wu B. School of Cyberspace Security Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing 100876 China Faculty of Information Technology Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China

User identity linkage (UIL) refers to identifying user accounts belonging to the same identity across different social media platforms. Most of the current research is based on tex. analysis, which fails to fully ex.lore the rich image resources generated by users, and the ex.sting attempts touch on the multimodal domain, but still face the challenge of semantic differences between tex. and images. Given this, we investigate the UIL task across different social media platforms based on multimodal user-generated contents (UGCs). We innovatively introduce the efficient user identity linkage via aligned multi-modal features and temporal correlation (EUIL) approach. The method first generates captions for user-posted images with the BLIP model, alleviating the problem of missing tex.ual information. Subsequently, we ex.ract aligned tex. and image features with the CLIP model, which closely aligns the two modalities and significantly reduces the semantic gap. Accordingly, we construct a set of adapter modules to integrate the multimodal features. Furthermore, we design a temporal weight assignment mechanism to incorporate the temporal dimension of user behavior. We evaluate the proposed scheme on the real-world social dataset TWIN, and the results show that our method reaches 86.39% accuracy, which demonstrates the ex.ellence in handling multimodal data, and provides strong algorithmic support for UIL. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Tech Science Press.

关键词： attention mechanism multimodal models temporal correlation User identity linkage

Graph Attention Residual Network Based Routing and Fault-Tolerant SchedulingMechanism for Data Flow in Power Communication Network

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Computers, Materials and Continua 2024年第1期81卷 1641-1665页

作者： Lin Z. Zeng Z. Yu Y. Ren Y. Qiu x. Chen J. State Key Laboratory ofNetworking and Switching Technology Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing 100876 China State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co. Ltd Nanjing 210008 China

For permanent faults (PF) in the power communication network (PCN), such as link interruptions, the timesensitive networking (TSN) relied on by PCN, typically employs spatial redundancy fault-tolerance methods to keep service stability and reliability, which often limits TSN scheduling performance in fault-free ideal states. So this paper proposes a graph attention residual network-based routing and fault-tolerant scheduling mechanism (GRFS) for data flow in PCN, which specifically includes a communication system architecture for integrated terminals based on a cyclic queuing and forwarding (CQF) model and fault recovery method, which reduces the impact of faults by simplified scheduling configurations of CQF and fault-tolerance of prioritizing the rerouting of faulty time-sensitive (TS) flows; considering that PF leading to changes in network topology is more appropriately solved by doing routing and time slot injection decisions hop-by-hop, and that reasonable network load can reduce the damage caused by PF and reserve resources for the rerouting of faulty TS flows, an optimization model for joint routing and scheduling is constructed with scheduling success rate as the objective, and with traffic latency and network load as constraints; to catch changes in TSN topology and traffic load, a D3QN algorithm based on a multi-head graph attention residual network (MGAR) is designed to solve the problem model, where the MGAR based encoder reconstructs theTSNstatus into feature embedding vectors, and a dueling network decoder performs decoding tasks on the reconstructed feature embedding vectors. Simulation results show that GRFS outperforms heuristic fault-tolerance algorithms and other benchmark schemes by approx.mately 10%in routing and scheduling success rate in ideal states and 5% in rerouting and rescheduling success rate in fault states. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Tech Science Press.

关键词： deep reinforcement learning fault tolerance graph attention network Time-sensitive network

Internet Inter-Domain Path Inferring: Methods, Applications, and Future Directions

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Computers, Materials and Continua 2024年第1期81卷 53-78页

作者： Li x. Wang C. Yang Y. Hou C. Hou B. Cai Z. College of Computer National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410000 China

The global Internet is a complex.network of interconnected autonomous systems (ASes). Understanding Internet inter-domain path information is crucial for understanding, managing, and improving the Internet. The path information can also help protect user privacy and security. However, due to the complicated and heterogeneous structure of the Internet, path information is not publicly available. Obtaining path information is challenging due to the limited measurement probes and collectors. Therefore, inferring Internet inter-domain paths from the limited data is a supplementary approach to measure Internet inter-domain paths. The purpose of this survey is to provide an overview of techniques that have been conducted to infer Internet inter-domain paths from 2005 to 2023 and present the main lessons from these studies. To this end, we summarize the inter-domain path inference techniques based on the granularity of the paths, for each method, we describe the data sources, the key ideas, the advantages, and the limitations. To help readers understand the path inference techniques, we also summarize the background techniques for path inference, such as techniques to measure the Internet, infer AS relationships, resolve aliases, and map IP addresses to ASes. A case study of the ex.sting techniques is also presented to show the real-world applications of inter-domain path inference. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in inferring Internet inter-domain paths, the drawbacks of the state-of-the-art techniques, and the future directions. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Tech Science Press.

关键词： Internet inter-domain paths network measurement network modeling path inference

Therapy for benign rectal anastomotic stricture after surgery for colorectal cancer: A systematic review

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Laparoscopic, Endoscopic, and Robotic Surgery 2024年第4期7卷 166-173页

作者： Cao G. Wu S. Zhang L. Zhang x. Zhou W. Department of Colorectal Surgery Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310016 China Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310030 China Department of General Surgery Tan Tock Seng Hospital Singapore 308433 Singapore

Aim: To evaluate various treatment methods for benign rectal anastomotic stricture (AS) following surgery for colorectal cancer. Method: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, focusing on studies that reported outcomes of different treatment modalities for benign AS. The PubMed, Embase, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from January 2000 to December 2023. The inclusion criteria were studies involving human subjects, published in English, and reporting on therapeutic outcomes for benign AS. Results: A total of 19 papers identified a range of therapeutic strategies, including nonoperative anastomotic dilation, endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD), transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS), self-ex.andable metal stents (SEMS), endoscopic incision (EI) and newer techniques such as prostate resection instrumentation. Nonoperative anastomotic dilation can serve as an initial treatment for lower AS. EI demonstrated promise in cases where EBD was ineffective, providing an alternative method for managing AS. TAMIS and SEMS showed higher efficacy in refractory cases, with TAMIS being particularly effective for severe fibrotic or completely closed AS. The use of rigid instrumentation with an electric knife for transanal incisions demonstrated precision but lacked the flex.bility needed for complex.procedures. Conclusion: While traditional methods such as nonoperative anastomotic dilation and EBD remain first-line treatments for benign AS, advanced techniques such as EI, TAMIS, and SEMS offer promising alternatives, particularly in refractory cases. The choice of treatment should be tailored to individual patient conditions, with consideration for the technical ex.ertise required and the potential for complications. © 2024 Zhejiang University

关键词： Colorectal cancer Rectal anastomotic stricture Therapy