We report a case of hepatic choriocarcinoma in a man diagnosed at autopsy after a rapid downhill clinical *** patient was a 49-year-old man who presented with acute right-sided abdominal *** were no masses palpable on...
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We report a case of hepatic choriocarcinoma in a man diagnosed at autopsy after a rapid downhill clinical *** patient was a 49-year-old man who presented with acute right-sided abdominal *** were no masses palpable on physical *** findings showed large multi-nodular tumors mainly in the right lobe of the *** emission tomography scan showed uptake only in the liver,and no uptake in the *** initially planned to perform a liver resection for the presumed diagnosis of intra-hepatic ***,the tumors grew rapidly and *** lung metastases rapidly developed resulting in respiratory failure,preventing liver resection or even *** died 60 d after initial presentation with no pathological *** studies included histopathological and immunohistological examinations which diagnosed a primary choriocarcinoma of the *** hepatic choriocarcinoma is very rare but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a liver tumor in a middle aged *** this diagnosis may enable treatment of the *** biopsy and evaluation of serum human chorionic gonadotropin are recommended in these patients.
Whether people tend to punish criminals in a socially-optimal manner (i.e., hyperbolic punishment) or not is unknown. By adopting mathematical models of probabilistic punishment behavior (i.e., exponential, hyperbolic...
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Whether people tend to punish criminals in a socially-optimal manner (i.e., hyperbolic punishment) or not is unknown. By adopting mathematical models of probabilistic punishment behavior (i.e., exponential, hyperbolic, and q-exponential probability discounting model based on Tsallis thermodynamics and neuroeconomics, Takahashi, 2007, Physica A;Takahashi et al., 2012, Applied Mathematics), we examined 1) fitness of the models to behavioral data of uncertain punishment, and 2) deviation from the socially optimal hyperbolic punishment function. Our results demonstrated that, the q-exponential punishment function best fits the behavioral data, and people overweigh the severity of punishment at small punishing probabilities and underweigh the severity of punishment at large punishing probabilities. In other words, people tend to punish crimes too severely and mildly with high and low arrest rate (e.g., homicide vs. excess of speed limit), respectively. Implications for neuroeconomics and neurolaw of crime and punishment (Takahashi, 2012, NeuroEndocrinology Letters) are discussed.
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