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Liquefaction and post-liquefaction behaviors of sands affected by immersion-induced degradation of crushed mudstone

Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第5期16卷 1799-1812页

作者： tadao enomoto Graduate School of Science and Engineering Ibaraki University4-12-1Naka-narusawa-choHitachiIbaraki316-8511Japan

A series of undrained triaxial tests was conducted to investigate the effect of crushed mudstone with the immersion-induced degradation on the liquefaction and post-liquefaction properties,and the undrained shearing behavior without precedent cyclic-loading histories of sands containing crushed *** tested materials with a main particle diameter of 2-0.85 mm were prepared by mixing sands and crushed mudstone to reach the prescribed mudstone content defined by dry mass ranging from 0% to 50%.The mixtures were subjected to immersion under a certain stress level and were subsequently *** addition,one-dimensional compression tests were also supplementally performed to visually observe the immersion-induced degradation of crushed *** test results mainly showed that: (1) the liquefaction resistance,the post-liquefaction undrained strength,and the undrained strength without a precedent cyclic-loading history decreased significantly with increasing mudstone content,M c ,up to 20%;(2) even a small amount of crushed mudstone affected these strengths;(3) the above-mentioned large reductions in the strengths were attributed to the immersion-induced degradation of crushed mudstone;(4) at M_(c) >20%,the liquefaction resistance increased while the significant increase in the undrained static strengths with and without precedent cyclic-loading histories was not observed;and (5) the increase in the liquefaction resistance at M_(c) >20% may have been attributed to both the gradual increase in the plasticity and the formation of the soil aggregates among deteriorated crushed mudstone,while the increase in the specimen density did not play an important role in such behavior.

关键词： Liquefaction Post-liquefaction behavior Triaxial test Sands containing crushed mudstone

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Effects of lysedEnterococcus faecalis FK-23 on experimental allergic rhinitis in a murine model

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The Journal of Biomedical Research 2012年第3期26卷 226-234页

作者： Luping Zhu Takashi Shimada Ruoxi Chen Meiping Lu Qingzhao Zhang Wenmin Lu Min Yin tadao enomoto Lei Cheng Department of Otorhinolaryngology the First Affiliated Hospital Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu 210029 China International Centre for Allergy Research Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu 210029 China Central Research Laboratories Niehiniehi Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd Mie 518-1417 Japan NPO Japan Health Promotion Supporting Network Wakayama 640-8558 Japan

In the current study, we sought to investigate whether lysed Enterococcus faecalis FK-23 （LFK）, a heat-killed probiotic preparation, attenuated eosinophil influx into the upper airway and had immunomodulatory activity in a murine allergic rhinitis model. Eighteen BALB/c mice were divided into three groups; the ovalbumin （OVA）-sen- sitized/challenged group, which received saline orally for 6 weeks （OVA group）, the OVA-sensitized/challenged group, which received LFK orally for 6 weeks （LFK-fed group）, and the non-sensitized group, which received saline for 6 weeks （saline control group）. Nasal rubbing and sneezing were monitored during the study. After the final challenge, interleukin （IL）-4, interferon （IFN）-y, and OVA-specific IgE levels in the sera and splenocyte culture supernatants were determined, eosinophilic infiltrate into the upper airway was quantified, and splenic CD4~CD25＋ regulatory T cells （Tregs） were examined by flow cytometry. We found that nasal rubbing was sig- nificantly reduced in LFK-fed mice compared to the OVA group on d 27 and 35, and sneezing was significantly inhibited by LFK administration for 35 d. LFK-fed mice had significantly less eosinophil influx into the nasal mucosa than the OVA group. There were no significant differences between the LFK-fed group and OVA group in the serum and splenocyte culture supernatant levels of IL-4, IFN-y, and OVA-specific IgE. Interestingly, the LFK-fed mice had a significantly greater percentage of splenic CD4＋CD25＋ Tregs than OVA group. Our results indicate that oral administration of LFK may alleviate nasal symptoms, reduce nasal eosinophilia, and increase the percentage of CD4＋CD25＋ Tregs in experimental allergic rhinitis.

关键词： allergic rhinitis probiotics Enterococcus faecalis cytokines eosinophils regulatory T-lymphocytes mice

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肠球菌属益生菌对实验性变应性鼻炎的抗变态反应作用研究

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中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志 2013年第7期48卷 555-562页

作者：朱鲁平张清照嶋田貴志榎本雅夫程雷南京医科大学第二附属医院耳鼻咽喉科 210011 南京医科大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉科南京医科大学国际变态反应研究中心日本Nichinichi制药株式会社中央研究所 NPO日本健康增进支援机构

目的探讨经热处理及酶裂解的肠球菌faecalis FK-23菌株（简称LFK）和经热处理的肠球菌***-3菌株（简称TN）对实验性变应性鼻炎（allergic rhinitis，AR）的抗变态反应作用。方法BALB／c小鼠24只完全随机分为4组：阳性对照组、LFK组、TN... 详细信息

目的探讨经热处理及酶裂解的肠球菌faecalis FK-23菌株（简称LFK）和经热处理的肠球菌***-3菌株（简称TN）对实验性变应性鼻炎（allergic rhinitis，AR）的抗变态反应作用。方法BALB／c小鼠24只完全随机分为4组：阳性对照组、LFK组、TN组、阴性对照组。采用卵清蛋白（ovalbumin，OVA）腹腔注射及鼻腔激发建立AR小鼠模型，阴性对照组以生理盐水代替OVA进行腹腔注射及鼻腔激发。LFK组和TN组分别给予相应的益生菌制品对小鼠进行经口灌胃，每次0．5ml（60mg），每日1次，共计42d；阳性和阴性对照组用生理盐水灌胃处理。观察经灌胃干预后第21、27、35天小鼠搔鼻和喷嚏次数。第42天取小鼠鼻部组织进行HE染色，观察鼻黏膜嗜酸粒细胞的浸润程度。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测小鼠血清和脾细胞培养液中^y干扰素（interferon，IFN）、白细胞介素（interleukin，IL）4和OVA特异性IgE水平。结果①在27d，LFK组小鼠的搔鼻次数与阳性对照组相比明显减少，差异有统计学意义（t=2．95，P=0．028）；在35d，LFK组、TN组小鼠的搔鼻次数（t值分别为3．75和3．06，P值分别为0．005和0．011）和喷嚏次数（t值分别为2．56和3．35，P值分别为0．038和0．01）均明显减少，与阳性对照组相比差异有统计学意义。②在42d，小鼠鼻黏膜组织切片HE染色显示，LFK组、TN组的嗜酸粒细胞计数与阳性对照组相比均明显减少（￡值分别为3。44和2．97，P值分别为0．014和0．025），但两组的嗜酸粒细胞计数仍明显高于阴性对照组（t值分别为2．54和3．39，P值分别为0．044和0．015）。③在42d，LFK组小鼠的血清IL_4和OVA特异性IgE水平、脾细胞培养液中IFN一1和IL-4水平与阳性对照组相比，差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。TN组小鼠血清IFN一1水平为（27．07±3．83）pg／ml，明显高于LFK组的（14．834-0．99）pg／ml，差异有统计学意义（Z=2．49，P=0．016），但与阴性对照组的（37．12±1．65）pg／ml相比差异无统计学意义（Z=1．18，P=0．343）。TN组小鼠血清IL4水平为（34．48±7．53）pg／ml，明显低于阳性对照组的（58．68±6．59）pg／ml，差异有统计学意义（Z=2．11，P=0．035），但明显高于阴性对照组的（20．22±1．75）pg／ml，差异有统计学意义（Z=2．31，P=0．021）。TN组小鼠脾细胞培养液中IFN-γ水平明显高于LFK组（Z=2．72，P=0．03）和阳性对照组（Z=2．30，P=0．029），而IL-4水平（Z=2．12，P=0．034）以及血清OVA特异性IgE水平（Z=2．31，P=0．021）明显低于阳性对照组，差异均有统计学意义。结论在AR小鼠模型，经口给予益生菌制品LFK或TN均可减轻鼻部变应性症状，减少鼻黏膜组织的嗜酸粒细胞浸润。TN具有显著的调节细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-4水平的作用，且对抗原特异性IgE水平具有明显的抑制作用。

关键词：常年性鼻炎变应性季节性有益菌种肠球菌属卵白蛋白嗜酸细胞细胞因子类小鼠

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