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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第5期88卷 1397-1408页

作者： tong haowen Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences

The recently discovered macaque fossils, including isolated teeth and mandible fragments, from Tianyuan Cave and the juvenile maxilla from Wanglaopu Cave near Zhoukoudian can be identified as Macaca mulatta; they represent the first recognized occurrence of fossil M. mulatta in the far north of China. Some previously unearthed but still unpublished Macaca specimens were also studied, including a cranium and the associated mandible from CKT Loc.13A, a maxilla and a mandible from Loc.1, a mandible from Loc.4, and a maxilla from Loc.20, as well as a mandible with complete toothrow from Zhoukoudian but without locality details, all of them can be referred to M. robusta. The study shows M. robusta is more closely related to M. mulatta than to M. anderssonL Zhoukoudian is the richest area of Macacina fossils in North China, totally 2 genera and 4 species were once recognized from 9 localities, namely, Procynocephalus wimani, M. cf. anderssoni, M. robusta and M. mulatta. The fossil records of Macacina in Zhoukoudian area were almost continuous through the Quaternary Period, and it＇s reasonable to assume that Zhoukoudian used to be an evolutionary center for macaques in North China. Therefore, the macaque population of M. mulatta once existed decades ago around Beijing probably originated from the Pleistocene ancestors in the local area, rather than being human-introduced as previously thought.

关键词： Macaca mulatta Macaca robusta Tianyuan Cave Zhoukoudian Pleistocene

Occurrences of warm-adapted mammals in north China over the Quaternary Period and their paleoenvironmental significance

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Science China Earth Sciences 2007年第9期50卷 1327-1340页

作者： tong haowen Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China

The north and south China faunas are subdivided along the line of Huaihe River-Qinling Mountains- Hengduan Mountains-Himalayas, to the north is the Palearctic Region, and to the south is the Oriental Region, which is the result of long-time evolution. Hundreds of Quaternary fossil localities have been known up to now, more than 60 of which contain warm-adapted elements which can be referred to 20 species. Among the warm-adapted elements appearing in north China, Hystrix, Macaca, Palaeoloxodon, Dicerorhinus and Bubalus are the most frequently recorded genera. There are three kinds of causal explanation about the frequent appearance of warm-adapted elements in north China: The first hy- pothesis attributed them to the dispersal events of warm-adapted mammals from the south during warm stages or warm seasons; the second scenario thinks that these warm-adapted mammals in north China were once derived there in situ and subsequently emigrated to the south with the cooling down of the global climate; the last hypothesis believes that these warm-adapted elements were not real warm-climate animals at that time. This study shows that almost none of the warm-adapted mammals in north China was recovered in the loess, and also almost all of the fossil localities which bear warm-adapted mammals fall within the warm temperate zone of nowadays. In fossil assemblage, those warm-adapted elements rarely co-exist with the cold-adapted mammals. All these evidences mentioned above indicate that the warm-adapted mammals in north China represent warm climate, but not hot one. Because all these warm-adapted mammals are widely distributed oriental elements, some of them even still exist north of the Huaihe River today. Up to now, no typical oriental elements have ever been re- covered in north China, such as pangolin, primitive primates (e.g. loris and tarsier), big apes (e.g. Gi- gantopithecus, Pongo and Hylobates), etc. The Late Pleistocene lasted a relatively shorter time, but the appeara

关键词： mammals,oriental elements,north China,Quaternary,paleoenvironment

Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis (Rhinocerotidae,Mammalia) from the Rhino Cave in Shennongjia,Hubei

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2010年第12期55卷 1157-1168页

作者： tong haowen WU XianZhu Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences 100044 Beijing China Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China

The Rhino Cave,a Paleolithic site in Shennongjia,is the highest altitude locality of rhinoceros in the Middle-South part of China,and it is also the southernmost and the richest locality in Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis fossils which include cranium,mandibles,isolated teeth and *** materials can be referred to the species Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis according to the following characters:incisorless,mandibular symphysis contracted,occiput high,subaural channel closed,with nasal and frontal horns,nasal septum partially ossified,premolars hypsodont and cheekteeth with smooth enamel surface,etc.;except its relatively shorter limb *** China,all the Pleistocene non-Coelodonta tandem-horned rhinoceroses were assigned to the genus Dicerorhinus in the past *** today's viewpoint,most of them should be included in the genus Stephanorhinus,because Dicerorhinus is quite different from Stephanorhinus in the following characters:smaller body size,generally unossified nasal septum,subaural channel open and with reduced incisors,*** is the first knowledge of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis associated with Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna,the typical Pleistocene mammalian fauna in South China.

关键词：神农架犀牛哺乳类哺乳动物群犀科湖北旧石器遗址表面光滑

Inter-Regional Comparisons on the Quaternary Large Mammalian Faunas between China and Sub-Saharan Africa

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2011年第1期85卷 91-106页

作者： tong haowen HU Nan LIU Jinyi Ronald CLARKE Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Institute for Human Evolution University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg 2193 South Africa

The current and dominant theory about the origin of modern humans is the out-of-Africa hypothesis, which asserts that populations of Homo sapiens left Africa 100,000 years ago and replaced indigenous populations of humans in Eurasia. Many scholars equated the out-of-Africa dispersal of humans with paleoenvironmental changes. However, until now, few have paid special attention to the faunal data and whether or not faunal patterns are supportive of the popular theory. Recent comparative study of the Chinese fauna shows that the communication of faunas between Africa and East Asia could have occurred during the Neogene, but it was very limited during the Pleistocene. In the Chinese Quaternary fauna, only 16% of the genera are also present in the sub-Saharan African fauna. There is also no element among the dominant taxa of the Chinese Quaternary fauna which can be related to the African fauna. There is no reliable proof for the existence of Hippopotamus and Giraffa, as well as Panthera leo, during the Quaternary in China. Two controversial taxa are Acinonyx and Crocuta, about which there is still argument concerning their species identification in Eurasia. It is possible that both of the genera have co-specific taxa in Africa and Eurasia. Although the two genera are confined to Africa today, they did have a long evolutionary history in China. For the Out of Africa hypothesis for Homo sapiens, the implications of the limited faunal interchanges between China and Africa are not completely clear yet.

关键词： large mammals faunal comparisons Quaternary out of Africa theory Sub-SaharanAfrica China

On fossil remains of Early Pleistocene tapir (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from Fanchang, Anhui

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第7期47卷 586-590页

作者： tong haowen Liu Jinyi Han Ligang Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences100044BeijingChina Anhui Institute of Archaeology and Relics 230061HefeiChina

The materials of Tapirus from Renzidong, Fanchang, Anhui Province, are the best ones among the early most Pleistocene findings in China up to now, not only in richness, but also in completeness. The fossils contain complete tooth rows of both the upper and the lower, as well as most parts of the postcranial skeletons. These materials are very helpful in understanding the evolutionary level of this kind of animal. In morphology, the materials from Fanchang appear to be very similar to Tapirus sanyuanensis, and can be placed within this species. The materials from Fanchang provided sound evidence to distinguish the Early Pleistocene tapirs and the living form Tapirus indicus, As to the geological distribution, it can be tentatively concluded that Tapirus sanyuanensis and Tapirus sinensis only appeared in Early Pleistocene, Megatapirus appeared after Early Pleistocene, and lasted until Holocene. The Early Pleistocene tapirs of South China resemble Megatapirus more closely than Tapirus indicus.

关键词： Tapiridae Mammalia Early Pleistocene Fanchang Anhui.

Continuing Diversifying the only Megatrend of Evolution

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生物多样性 1995年第B6期3卷 94-96页

作者： tong haowen Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044

A newly discovered Gigantopithecus fauna from Sanhe Cave, Chongzuo, Guangxi, South China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2009年第5期54卷 788-797页

作者： JIN ChangZhu QIN DaGong PAN WenShi TANG ZhiLu LIU JinYi WANG Yuan DENG ChengLong ZHANG YingQi DONG Wei tong haowen Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China School of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029. China

Among the most important faunas in the Late Cenozoic, the Gigantopithecus faunas have received a good deal of attention. The Gigantopithecus fauna recently discovered in Sanhe Cave consists of more than 80 mammal species, including cf. Hominidae, Pongo sp., Hylobates sp., Sinomastodon yangzien-sis, Stegodon preorientalis, Cervavitus fenqii, Dicoryphochoerus ultimus and Sus xiaozhu. It is the southernmost Gigantopithecus fauna found so far in China. Its geological age is estimated to be Early Pleistocene based on the fauna and stratigraphic correlation. The significant increase in the estimated body sizes of Ailuropoda, Gigantopithecus and Tapirus shows that the Sanhe fauna is middle Early Pleistocene, later than those from Wushan and Liucheng (early Early Pleistocene). Paleomagnetic dating of the fossil-bearing strata in Sanhe Cave gives an age of approximately 1.2 Ma. The fauna is characterized by tropical-subtropical forest types, including Pongo sp., Tupaia sp., Ia sp., Typhlomys intermedius, etc., and it lacks Palaearctic types. It is a typical tropical forest fauna, suggesting an en-vironment with a lush forest and a warm and humid climate. The discovery of the Sanhe Gigantopith-ecus fauna is significant for establishing the chronological stages of the Gigantopithecus faunas in China, and for discussing their origin, evolution and dynamics.

关键词：崇左市洞穴巨猿动物群化石

河北蔚县大南沟晚更新世草原猛犸象(长鼻目,哺乳动物纲)

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第四纪研究 2010年第2期30卷 307-318页

作者：同号文中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所脊椎动物进化系统学重点实验室北京100044

在泥河湾盆地真象化石十分常见。近年来,在泥河湾层中新发现了世界上最早的草原猛犸象(Mammuthustrogontherii)化石,过去被归入古菱齿象的部分材料也被转移到该种;但以往报道的材料都很零碎,并且时代也较早。本研究的发现于蔚县大南沟... 详细信息

在泥河湾盆地真象化石十分常见。近年来,在泥河湾层中新发现了世界上最早的草原猛犸象(Mammuthustrogontherii)化石,过去被归入古菱齿象的部分材料也被转移到该种;但以往报道的材料都很零碎,并且时代也较早。本研究的发现于蔚县大南沟东陡壁附近的长鼻类下颌骨(完好下颌体带左右m3)亦可归入该种,主要依据如下特征:喙突(或吻突)不发育、下颌联合部短、下颌体前缘陡直、具有舌侧神经孔、颊齿齿板中间突不发育和釉质环无菱形结构、下第三臼齿有×18个齿板、齿板较薄、齿板频率为6、釉质层较薄但褶皱不强烈等。蔚县大南沟的化石是迄今在我国所发现的材料最完好和地质时代最晚的草原猛犸象化石记录,距今约4.5万年。

关键词：草原猛犸象下颌骨大南沟泥河湾盆地晚更新世

A NEW MIOCENE XENOCYPRININE (CYPRINIDAE) FROM HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE, NORTHEAST CHINA AND SUCCESSION OF LATE CENOZOIC FISH FAUNAS OF EAST ASIA

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古脊椎动物学报(中英文） 1996年第3期 176-183页

作者： Chang Mee-mann Chen Yiyu tong haowen(Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academuy of Sciences Beijing 100044)（Institute of Hydrobiology , Chinase Academy of Sciences Wuhan 844000)

A new genus and species of Xenocyprininae (Eoxenocypris liui) is described from a placer gold mine northwest of Hua'nan County, Heilongiiang Province. The distribution of the extant members of the subfamily is lindted to the eastern lowlands of China and Hanoi Basin (Song Hong Valley), northern Vetnam. In Inte Chnozoic,however, in addition to their recent area of habitat they were also widely spread in Japan, mainly in the lacustrine deposits in the western side of the island arch along the Sea of Japan.

关键词： Heilongjiang Miocene xenocyprinines new taxon fish faunas

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泥河湾山神庙嘴化石点直隶狼埋藏学研究

人类学学报 2015年第4期34卷 553-564页

作者：陈曦同号文中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所北京100044 中国科学院大学北京100049

长期以来,泥河湾盆地的脊椎动物化石研究聚焦于类群演化和生物地层,缺乏对化石埋藏过程和居群生态的专门研究。近年来,山神庙嘴化石点的正规发掘及丰富的化石发现为引入化石埋藏学方法探讨上述问题提供了可能。本文对山神庙嘴化石点直... 详细信息

长期以来,泥河湾盆地的脊椎动物化石研究聚焦于类群演化和生物地层,缺乏对化石埋藏过程和居群生态的专门研究。近年来,山神庙嘴化石点的正规发掘及丰富的化石发现为引入化石埋藏学方法探讨上述问题提供了可能。本文对山神庙嘴化石点直隶狼化石的骨骼部位组成、居群死亡年龄和生物成层过程进行了研究。骨骼部位组成的分析显示直隶狼的不同骨骼部位存在明显的差异保存,但在居群层面可能仍具有相当的可信度。本文借鉴现生灰狼中常用的牙齿磨耗法、犬齿髓腔闭合率法对山神庙嘴直隶狼的死亡年龄进行了判断。直隶狼的死亡年龄以老年为主,死亡方式为衰老、疾病导致的磨耗型死亡,可能对应了较小的生态压力。直隶狼的埋藏方式为快速的原地埋藏,在被埋藏前受到其他食肉动物和湖滨水流的的改造。

关键词：直隶狼埋藏学泥河湾山神庙嘴早更新世