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Ranking environmental and edaphic attributes driving soil microbial community structure and activity with special attention to spatial and temporal scales

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mLife 2024年第1期3卷 21-41页

作者： vadakattu v.S.R.Gupta james M.tiedje CSIRO Agriculture&Food UrrbraeSouth AustraliaAustralia Centre for Microbial Ecology Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA

the incredibly complex soil microbial communities at small scales make their analysis and identification of reasons for the observed structures challenging.Microbial community structure is mainly a result of the inoculum(dispersal),the selective advantages of those organisms under the habitat-based environmental attributes,and the ability of those colonizers to sustain themselves over time.Since soil is protective,and its microbial inhabitants have long adapted to varied soil conditions,significant portions of the soil microbial community structure are likely stable.Hence,a substantial portion of the community will not correlate to often measured soil attributes.We suggest that the drivers be ranked on the basis of their importance to the fundamental needs of the microbes:(i)those that supply energy,i.e.,organic carbon and electron acceptors;(i)environmental effectors or stressors,i.e.,pH,salt,drought,and toxic chemicals;(ii)macro-organism associations,i.e.,plants and their seasonality,animals and their fecal matter,and soil fauna;and(iv)nutrients,in order,N,P,and probably of lesser importance,other micronutrients,and metals.the relevance of drivers also varies with spatial and time scales,for example,aggregate to field to regional,and persistent to dynamic populations to transcripts,and with the extent of phylogenetic difference,hence phenotypic differences in organismal groups.We present a summary matrix to provide guidance on which drivers are important for particular studies,with special emphasis on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales,and illustrate this with genomic and population(rRNA gene)data from selected studies.

关键词： abundance community structure diversity functional microbiome microorganisms

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从机械机器人到智能机器人:人工智能的图像学

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外国文学研究 2024年第3期46卷 1-7页

作者： W.j.t.米切尔韦清琦(译) 美国芝加哥大学东南大学外国语学院

智能机器人将人类带入了自原子弹、电灯或是印刷术以来最伟大的科技革命之中,同时智能机器也能走火入魔这一构思也向来是科幻作品的核心想象。纵观媒体发明的历史长河,对人工智能的恐慌并不新鲜,人们曾认为书写的发明和照相术将扼杀记... 详细信息

智能机器人将人类带入了自原子弹、电灯或是印刷术以来最伟大的科技革命之中,同时智能机器也能走火入魔这一构思也向来是科幻作品的核心想象。纵观媒体发明的历史长河,对人工智能的恐慌并不新鲜,人们曾认为书写的发明和照相术将扼杀记忆和绘画,现在又照例指责数码正在毁灭模拟技术的独一性。人类应该冷静下来,采取对症下药的态度。有必要解构关于人与机器之差异的想象,而毋需躲避与智能机器人的交互谈话。人类物种虽然在作茧自缚,但同时又以进化与生态智能为基础,努力建设可持续全球体系。图像学研究的图像和文字同时包括了机器和人类的作品,因而相关的研究者应明确自己的任务:就文字与图像和智能机器人展开对话,在上述人类的生存努力中谋求与智能机器人携手合作。

关键词：智能机器人人工智能机器图像学传媒人文

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RANKL inhibition reduces lesional cellularity and Gαs variant expression and enables osteogenic maturation in fibrous dysplasia

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Bone Research 2024年第1期12卷 165-179页

作者： Luis F.de Castro jarred M.Whitlock Zachary Michel Kristen Pan jocelyn taylor vivian Szymczuk Brendan Boyce Daniel Martin vardit Kram Rebeca Galisteo Kamran Melikov Leonid v.Chernomordik Michael t.Collins Alison M.Boyce Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA Section on Membrane Biology Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA Metabolic Bone Disorders Unit National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery The Johns Hopkins Medical InstitutionsBaltimoreMDUSA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA NIDCR Genomics and Computational Biology Core National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA

Fibrous dysplasia(FD)is a rare,disabling skeletal disease for which there are no established treatments.Growing evidence supports inhibiting the osteoclastogenic factor receptor activator of nuclear kappa-B ligand(RANKL)as a potential treatment strategy.In this study,we investigated the mechanisms underlying RANKL inhibition in FD tissue and its likely indirect effects on osteoprogenitors by evaluating human FD tissue pre-and post-treatment in a phase 2 clinical trial of denosumab(NCt03571191)and in murine in vivo and ex vivo preclinical models.Histological analysis of human and mouse tissue demonstrated increased osteogenic maturation,reduced cellularity,and reduced expression of the pathogenic Gαs variant in FD lesions after RANKL inhibition.RNA sequencing of human and mouse tissue supported these findings.the interaction between osteoclasts and mutant osteoprogenitors was further assessed in an ex vivo lesion model,which indicated that the proliferation of abnormal FD osteoprogenitors was dependent on osteoclasts.the results from this study demonstrated that,in addition to its expected antiosteoclastic effect,denosumab reduces FD lesion activity by decreasing FD cell proliferation and increasing osteogenic maturation,leading to increased bone formation within lesions.these findings highlight the unappreciated role of cellular crosstalk between osteoclasts and preosteoblasts/osteoblasts as a driver of FD pathology and demonstrate a novel mechanism of action of denosumab in the treatment of bone disease.

关键词： dysplasia treatment finding

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Measurement of yields and angular distributions ofγ-quanta from the interaction of 14.1 Mev neutrons with oxygen,phosphorus,and sulfur

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Chinese Physics C 2024年第3期48卷 79-92页

作者： D.N.Grozdanov N.A.Fedorov S.B.Dabylova Yu.N.Kopatch I.N.Ruskov v.R.Skoy t.Yu.tretyakova C.Hramco P.I.Kharlamov G.v.Pampushik P.G.Filonchik A.v.Andreev joint Institute for Nuclear Research(jINR) DubnaRussia Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy Bulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria Faculty of Physics Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University AstanaKazakhstan Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia Institute of Chemistry of Moldova ChisinauRepublic of Moldova Moscow Institute of Physics and technology MoscowRussia

A study of the inelastic scattering of neutrons with an energy of 14.1 Mev on the nuclei of oxygen,phosphorus,and sulfur was performed at the tANGRA facility at jINR(Dubna).the experiment aimed to refine existing data and obtain new data on the yields and angular distributions ofγ-quanta emitted by the studied nuclei due to neutron-induced nuclear reactions using the tagged neutron method.two types of detector systems were used to registerγ-quanta.theγ-ray yields were measured using a high-purity germanium(HPGe)detector.the angular distributions ofγ-rays were obtained using a system of 18 scintillation detectors based on bismuth germanite Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12)(BGO)located around the sample.the performed experiments measured the yields of two transitions for the reaction of tagged neutrons with 16O,nine transitions for the reaction with ^(31)P,and nine transitions for the reaction with ^(32)S for the first time.the angular anisotropy of theγ-radiation accompanying the inelastic scattering of neutrons with an energy of 14.1 Mev on ^(31)P nuclei was also measured for the first time.

关键词： tagged neutron method yields of gamma-quanta high-resolution gamma-spectrometry neutron-nuclear reactions neutron scattering

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Complexed amino acid minerals vs. bis-glycinate chelated minerals:Impact on the performance of old laying hens

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 395-408页

作者： Marcos j.B.Santos Maria C.M.M.Ludke Leandro M.Silva Carlos B.v.Rabello Mércia R.Barros Fabiano S.Costa Clariana S.Santos jamille S.S.Wanderley Department of Animal Science Rural Federal University of Pernambuco Department of veterinary Science Rural Federal University of Pernambuco

the present study was to evaluate the effect of trace minerals(Zn, Mn, and Cu) from complexed amino acid minerals(ZMCAA) and bis-glycinate chelated minerals(ZMCGly) in laying hen diets on performance,internal and external egg quality, yolk mineral deposition, intestinal morphometry, and bone characteristics. From 78 to 98 weeks of age, 400 White LSL-Lite strain laying hens were distributed in a randomized design with 4 treatments with 10 replicates per treatment. treatments were distributed in a 2 ×2 factorial arrangement using either Zn, Mn, and Cu of ZMCAA or ZMCGly source at 2 levels: low(20, 20,and 3.5 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively) or high(40, 40, and 7 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, and Cu,respectively). the analysis of variance was performed, and in cases where differences were observed, the means were compared using tukey?s test(P the source and level of trace mineral supplementation had a significant impact on the performance of laying hens. Hens fed ZMCAA had higher egg production(P = 0.01), egg weight(P = 0.02), egg mass(P = 0.01), and lower feed conversion ratio(P =0.05) compared to those fed ZMCGly. the ZMCAA supplementation showed higher albumen height(P =0.01), albumen weight(P = 0.01), and eggshell thickness(P the deposition of Zn(P the egg yolk was greater for hens received ZMCAA. tibia weight(P = 0.04)and bone densitometry(P the tibia were higher with ZMCAA supplementation. In the small intestine, ZMCAA resulted in longer villi(P = 0.02) and shorter crypt depth(P = 0.01) in the duodenum.jejunum and ileum measurements were influenced by the level and source of trace minerals(P ted superior performance, egg quality, deposition of trace minerals in the egg yolk, and bone density compared to hens fed ZMCGly. In this study, older laying hens supplemented with ZMCAA at lower levels demonstrated adequate levels of supplementation.

关键词： Bis-glycinates Metal-amino acids Radiodensity trace minerals

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the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)on the SMILE Mission

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第1期8卷 5-14页

作者： S.Sembay A.L.Alme D.Agnolon t.Arnold A.Beardmore A.Belén Balado Margeli C.Bicknell C.Bouldin G.Branduardi-Raymont t.Crawford j.P.Breuer t.Buggey G.Butcher R.Canchal j.A.Carter A.Cheney Y.Collado-vega H.Connor t.Crawford N.Eaton C.Feldman C.Forsyth t.Frantzen G.Galgóczi j.Garcia G.Y.Genov C.Gordillo H-P.Gröbelbauer M.Guedel Y.Guo M.Hailey D.Hall R.Hampson j.Hasiba O.Hetherington A.Holland S-Y.Hsieh M.W.j.Hubbard H.jeszenszky M.jones t.Kennedy K.Koch-Mehrin S.Kögl S.Krucker K.D.Kuntz C.Lakin G.Laky O.Lylund A.Martindale j.Miguel Mas Hesse R.Nakamura K.Oksavik N.Østgaard H.Ottacher R.Ottensamer C.Pagani S.Parsons P.Patel j.Pearson G.Peikert F.S.Porter t.Pouliantis B.H.Qureshi W.Raab G.Randal A.M.Read N.M.M.Roque M.E.Rostad C.Runciman S.Sachdev A.Samsonov M.Soman D.Sibeck S.Smit j.Søndergaard R.Speight S.Stavland M.Steller tianRan Sun j.thornhill W.thomas K.Ullaland B.Walsh D.Walton C.Wang S.Yang School of Physics and Astronomy University of LeicesterLeicesterLE17RHUK Space Park Leicester University of LeicesterLeicesterLE17RHUK Mullard Space Science Laboratory University College LondonDorkingRH56NTUK Centre for Electronic Imaging Open UniversityMilton KeynesMK76 AAUK Birkeland Centre for Space Science Department of Physics and TechnologyUniv.of BergenN-5007 BergenNorway University of vienna A-1010 ViennaAustria Space Research Institute Austrian Academy of SciencesA-8042 GrazAustria National Institute of Aerospace technology MadridSpain EStEC European Space Agency2201 AZ NoordwijkNetherlands State Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CentreBeijing 100190China University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland CH-5210 WindischSwitzerland Koegl Space GmbH CH-8157 DielsdorfSwitzerland Space Acoustics GmbH CH-8157 DielsdorfSwitzerland Zurich University of Applied Sciences 8400 WinterhurSwitzerland Genov Solutions N-5172 LoddefjordNorway StM Engineering N-5165 LaksevagNorway john Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory MD 20723USA NASA/Goddard Space Flight Centre MD 20771USA Center for Space Physics Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA Department of theoretical Physics and Astrophysics Masaryk University60177 BrnoCzech Republic Institute of Physics E¨otvo¨s Lor´and University1053 BudapestHungary Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100045China Centro de Astrobiologia(CAB) CSIC-INTAMadridSpain

the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)is part of the scientific payload of the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission.SMILE is a joint science mission between the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and is due for launch in 2025.SXI is a compact X-ray telescope with a wide field-of-view(FOv)capable of encompassing large portions of Earth’s magnetosphere from the vantage point of the SMILE orbit.SXI is sensitive to the soft X-rays produced by the Solar Wind Charge eXchange(SWCX)process produced when heavy ions of solar wind origin interact with neutral particles in Earth’s exosphere.SWCX provides a mechanism for boundary detection within the magnetosphere,such as the position of Earth’s magnetopause,because the solar wind heavy ions have a very low density in regions of closed magnetic field lines.the sensitivity of the SXI is such that it can potentially track movements of the magnetopause on timescales of a few minutes and the orbit of SMILE will enable such movements to be tracked for segments lasting many hours.SXI is led by the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom(UK)with collaborating organisations on hardware,software and science support within the UK,Europe,China and the United States.

关键词： Soft X-ray Imaging micropore optics large area CCD

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Ion Channel Dysregulation Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2024年第3期40卷 401-414页

作者： Xiangyu Zhang Yan Zhang Qiuyang Su Yang Liu Zhe Li v.Wee Yong Mengzhou Xue Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases The Second Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000China Academy of Medical Science Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000China Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of CalgaryCalgaryAB T2N 1N4Canada

Injury to the brain after intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)results from numerous complex cellular mechanisms.At present,effective therapy for ICH is limited and a better understanding of the mechanisms of brain injury is necessary to improve prognosis.there is increasing evidence that ion channel dysregulation occurs at multiple stages in primary and secondary brain injury following ICH.Ion channels such as tWIK-related K+channel 1,sulfonylurea 1 transient receptor potential melastatin 4 and glutamate-gated channels affect ion homeostasis in ICH.they in turn participate in the formation of brain edema,disruption of the blood-brain barrier,and the generation of neurotoxicity.In this review,we summarize the interaction between ions and ion channels,the effects of ion channel dysregulation,and we discuss some therapeutics based on ion-channel modulation following ICH.

关键词： Intracerebral hemorrhage Ion dyshomeostasis Sulfonylurea 1 transient receptor potential melastatin 4 tWIK-related K+channel 1 N-methyl-Daspartate receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 4

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Approach to traumatic cardiac arrest in the emergency department: a narrative literature review for emergency providers

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World journal of Emergency Medicine 2024年第1期15卷 3-9页

作者： Rashed Alremeithi Quincy K.tran Megan t.Quintana Soroush Shahamatdar Ali Pourmand Department of Emergency Medicine George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington DC 20037USA Department of Emergency Medicine University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore 21201USA Program in trauma the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma CenterUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore 21201USA Center for trauma and Critical Care Department of Surgerythe George Washington University School of Medicine&Health SciencesWashington DC 20037USA

BACKGROUND:traumatic cardiac arrest(tCA)is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity in all age groups and poses a significant burden on the healthcare system.Although there have been advances in treatment modalities,survival rates for tCA patients remain low.this narrative literature review critically examines the indications and eff ectiveness of current therapeutic approaches in treating tCA.MEtHODS:We performed a literature search in the PubMed and Scopus databases for studies published before December 31,2022.the search was refi ned by combining search terms,examining relevant study references,and restricting publications to the English language.Following the search,943 articles were retrieved,and two independent reviewers conducted a screening process.RESULtS:A review of various studies on pre-and intra-arrest prognostic factors showed that survival rates were higher when patients had an initial shockable rhythm.there were conflicting results regarding other prognostic factors,such as witnessed arrest,bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR),and the use of prehospital or in-hospital epinephrine.Emergency thoracotomy was found to result in more favorable outcomes in cases of penetrating trauma than in those with blunt trauma.Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta(REBOA)provides an advantage to emergency thoracotomy in terms of occupational safety for the operator as an alternative in managing hemorrhagic shock.When implemented in the setting of aortic occlusion,emergency thoracotomy and REBOA resulted in comparable mortality rates.veno-venous extracorporeal life support(v-v ECLS)and veno-arterial extracorporeal life support(v-A ECLS)are viable options for treating respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock,respectively.In the context of traumatic injuries,v-v ECLS has been associated with higher rates of survival to discharge than v-A ECLS.CONCLUSION:tCA remains a signifi cant challenge for emergency medical services due to its high morbidity and mortality rates.Pre-and intra-arres

关键词： traumatic cardiac arrest Emergency thoracotomy Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta

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Considerations for exerkine research focusing on the response to exercise training

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journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第2期13卷 130-132页

作者： Ian A.j.Darragh Brendan Egan School of Health and Human Performance Dublin City UniversityGlasnevinDublin D09 V209Ireland Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition PensacolaFL 32502USA

García-Hermoso and colleagues1 recently published a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on exercise training-induced changes in exerkine concentrations in type 2diabetes mellitus patients,providing a contemporary view on how exerkines respond to exercise training.that review prompted us to highlight 2 additional considerations that should be taken into account when studying the response of exerkines to exercise training.Firstly,whether exerkines can exhibit discordant responses to acute exercise compared to exercise training,and secondly,the need to consider the residual effects of the most recent exercise bout.

关键词： acute exercise prompt

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Invasive ant learning is not affected by seven potential neuroactive chemicals

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Current Zoology 2024年第1期70卷 87-97页

作者： Henrique Galante tomer j.Czaczkes Department of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology Animal Comparative Economics LaboratoryUniversity of Regensburg93053 Regensburg Germany

Argentine ants Linepithema humile are one of the most damaging invasive alien species worldwide.Enhancing or disrupting cognitive abilities,such as learning,has the potential to improve management efforts,for example by increasing preference for a bait,or improving ants'ability to learn its characteristics or location.Nectar-feeding insects are often the victims of psychoactive manipulation,with plants lacing their nectar with secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and non-protein amino acids which often alter learning,foraging,or recruitment.However,the effect of neuroactive chemicals has seldomly been explored in ants.Here,we test the effects of seven potential neuroactive chemicals-two alkaloids:caffeine and nicotine;two biogenic amines:dopamine and octopamine,and three nonprotein amino acids:β-alanine,GABA and taurineon the cognitive abilities of invasive L.humile using bifurcation mazes.Our results confirm that these ants are strong associative learners,requiring as little as one experience to develop an association.However,we show no short-term effect of any of the chemicals tested on spatial learning,and in addition no effect of caffeine on short-term olfactory learning.this lack of effect is surprising,given the extensive reports of the tested chemicals affecting learning and foraging in bees.this mismatch could be due to the heavy bias towards bees in the literature,a positive result publicationbias,ordifferences inmethodology.

关键词： associativelearning caffeine memory neuroactivechemicals

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