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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2009年第5期16卷 534-539页

作者： t.a.daniel sagayaraj S.Suresh M.Chandrasekar Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli-620015Tamil NaduIndia

the experimental investigations on the effect of the fly ash particle size, velocity, impingement angle, and feed rate were done with an emphasis on the effect of erosion on annealed SA 210 GrA1 （A） and normalized SA 210 GrA1 （N） carbon steel economizer-tube materials. Erosion rates were evaluated with different impingement angles ranging from 15° to 90°, at four different velocities of 32.5, 35, 37.5, and 40 m/s, and at four different feed rates of fly ash particles of 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/min. the erodent used was fly ash particles, sizes ranging from 50-250 μm of irregular shapes. Erosion rate is found to be the maximum at the impingement angle of 30°. Erosion rates of the carbon steel tube in different heat treatment conditions, annealed and normalized, at a constant velocity of 32.5 m/s with different angles were studied. In all cases of feed rates, impingement angles, particle sizes, and velocities of fly ash particles, it has been found that the erosion rate of the annealed tube is less than that of the normalized tube. Empirical correlations for erosion rate relating the velocity, size, feed rate, and impingement angle of the particles and elongation property of the target materials were arrived. Morphologies of the eroded surface were examined by scanning electron microscope （SEM）.

关键词： erosion rate economiser tubes annealing normalizing

Influence of Metallic Substitutions on the Optical and Mechanical Properties of NLO Benzoyl Glycine Crystals

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Journal of Materials Science & technology 2008年第6期24卷 891-894页

作者： t.Kishore Kumar S.Janarthanan S.M.Ravikumar S.Pandi M.Vimalan P.sagayaraj D.Prem Anand Department of Physics Presidency CollegeChennai-600005India Department of Physics Loyola CollegeChennai-600034India Department of Physics St.Xavier's CollegePalayamkottai-627002India

Benzoyl glycine （BG） is a promising organic nonlinear optical （NLO） crystal, whose second harmonic generation （SHG） efficiency is much higher than that of KDP （potassium dihydrogen phosphate）. Single crystals of pure, Cu2＋ and Cd2＋ doped BG were grown by slow evaporation technique. Optically transparent and defect free single crystals of size up to 10 mm×15 mm×10 mm were harvested in a period of 40-60 days. the growth conditions of pure and doped crystals of BG were optimized and the grown crystals were confirmed by single crystal XRD （X-ray diffraction）. the grown crystals were characterized by FtIR （Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy）, optical absorption and microhardness studies. the microhardness studies confirm that BG has a moderate VHN （Vickers hardness number） value in comparison to *** organic NLO crystals. the efficiency of frequency doubling was measured for the using Nd：YAG laser and the results were discussed.

关键词： Nonlinear optical crystal Crystal growth Doped single crystals FtIR VHN

Hope in Huntington's disease A survey in counseling patients with Huntington's disease,as well as the caregivers

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Neural Regeneration Research 2009年第9期4卷 717-720页

作者： Jerzy t Marcinkowski daniel Zielonka Department of Social Medicine Poznan University of Medical Sciences5"c"Rokietnicka Street60-806 PoznanPoland

BACKGROUND： It is difficult to attract interest in non-compulsory, preventive, medical care, and persons diagnosed with certain diseases often ignore the existence of these diseases. However, Huntington＇s disease （HD） is an exception. OBJECtIVE： to qualitatively analyze factors motivating HD patients to participate in a study, namely the European Huntington＇s Disease Network （EHDN） REGIStRY. DESIGN, tIME AND SEttING： An observational survey was conducted in the EHDN Study Site in Poznan, Poland between 2007 and 2008. PARtICIPANtS： the study involved 22 persons affected with HD and 3 pre-symptomatic individuals totaling 9 males and 16 females. the 24 participants in this study had 24 different caregivers. A total of 25 symptomatic or pre-symptomatic subjects participated in the initial REGIStRY visit, as well as 6 in the second, and 1 in the third. All subjects did not know each other prior to the visit. MEtHODS： A mutation in the It15 gene was confirmed in each patient or pre-symptomatic mutation carrier. An in-depth interview produced detailed information on the HD patients, as well as the caregivers, for the REGIStRY study. MAIN OUtCOME MEASURES： A qualitative analysis of the factors motivating HD patients and the pre-symptomatic mutation carriers to participate in the REGIStRY longitudinal, observational, research project was performed. RESULtS： the primary motivating factor for involvement of HD patients and the caregivers in the REGIStRY study was the hope that an effective HD therapy would soon be discovered. In HD patients and the pre-symptomatic group, the response to participate in the REGIStRY project reached 100%, despite the fact that they knew the project was only an observational study. CONCLUSION： Patient hope is thought to be a factor for engaging in preventive, therapeutic activities. However, this is rarely mentioned in medical papers and clinical textbooks, and is usually overlooked in medical teaching. Clearly, efforts should be made to include t

关键词： Huntington's disease patient hope REGIStRY project

Randomized controlled trials - mechanistic studies of testosterone and the cardiovascular system

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2018年第2期20卷 120-130页

作者： t Hugh Jones daniel M Kelly Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Barnsley UK Academic Unit of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Oncology and Metabolism University of Sheffield Medical School Sheffield UK Biomedical Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK

testosterone deficiency is common in men with cardiovascular disease （CVD）, and randomized placebo-controlled trials （RCts） have reported beneficial effects of testosterone therapy on exercise-induced cardiac ischemia in chronic stable angina, functional exercise capacity, maximum oxygen consumption during exercise （VO2m,x） and muscle strength in chronic heart failure （CHF）, shortening of the Q-t interval, and improvement of some cardiovascular risk factors. testosterone deficiency is associated with an adverse CV risk profile and mortality. Clinical and scientific studies have provided mechanistic evidence to support and explain the findings of the RCts. testosterone is a rapid-onset arterial vasodilator within the coronary circulation and other vascular beds including the pulmonary vasculature and can reduce the overall peripheral systemic vascular resistance. Evidence has demonstrated that testosterone mediates this effect on vascular reactivity through calcium channel blockade （L-calcium channel） and stimulates potassium channel opening by direct nongenomic mechanisms. testosterone also stimulates repolarization of cardiac myocytes by stimulating the ultra-rapid potassium channel-operated current. testosterone improves cardiac output, functional exercise capacity, VO2m=x and vagally mediated arterial baroreceptor cardiac reflex sensitivity in CHF, and other mechanisms. Independent of the benefit of testosterone on cardiac function, testosterone substitution may also increase skeletal muscle glucose metabolism and enhance muscular strength, both factors that could contribute to the improvement in functional exercise capacity may include improved glucose metabolism and muscle strength. testosterone improves metabolic CV risk factors including body composition, insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia by improving both glucose utilization and lipid metabolism by a combination of genomic and nongenomic actions of glucose uptake and utilization expression of the

关键词： cardiovascular testosterone testosterone replacement

Can rarefaction be used to estimate song repertoire size in birds？

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Current Zoology 2011年第3期57卷 300-306页

作者： Kathleen R. PESHEK daniel t. BLUMStEIN the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Box 519 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Song repertoire size is the number of distinct syllables, phrases, or song types produced by an individual or population. Repertoire size estimation is particularly difficult for species that produce highly variable songs and those that produce many song types. Estimating repertoire size is important for ecological and evolutionary studies of speciation, studies of sexual selection, as well as studies of how species may adapt their songs to various acoustic environments. there are several methods to estimate repertoire size, however prior studies discovered that all but a full numerical count of song types might have substantial inaccuracies associated with them. We evaluated a somewhat novel approach to estimate repertoire size--rarefaction; a technique ecologists use to measure species diversity on individual and population levels. Using the syllables within American robins＇ turdus migratorius repertoire, we compared the most commonly used techniques of estimating repertoires to the results of a rarefaction analysis. American robins have elaborate and unique songs with few syllables shared between individuals, and there is no evidence that robins mimic their neighbors. thus, they are an ideal system in which to compare techniques. We found that the rarefaction technique results resembled that of the numerical count, and were better than two alternative methods （behavioral accumulation curves, and capture-recapture） to estimate syllable repertoire size. Future estimates of repertoire size, particularly in vocally complex species, may benefit from using rarefaction techniques when numerical counts are unable to be performed [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 300-306, 2011].

关键词： Behavioral accumulation curve Bioacoustics Capture-recapture Numerical count Rarefaction Song repertoire size

Humans influence shrimp movement: a conservation behavior case study with "Shrimp Watching" ecotourism

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Current Zoology 2022年第2期68卷 169-176页

作者： Watcharapong HONGJAMRASSILP daniel t.BLUMStEIN Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095-1606USA

An increase in ecotourism adversely impacts many animals and contributes to biodiversity *** mitigate these impacts,we illustrate the application of a conservation behavior framework toward the development of a sustainable ecotourism management *** Ubon Ratchathani,thailand,thousands of tourists annually come to see a unique mass migration of shrimps on land(referred to as"shrimp parading").Preliminary work suggests that this tourism has negatively impacted the *** reduce tourism-related impacts we studied:1)the decisions shrimps make when parading and 2)how shrimps respond to different light intensities and *** created an artificial stream and tested the conditions that influence parading by experimentally varying the presence of light and systematically manipulating water velocity(10,60,and 100cm/s).Additionally,we conducted an in situ experiment to study how shrimps respond to tourists'lights under three intensities(50,400,and 9,000 lux)and five colors(white,blue,green,orange,and red).We found most shrimps prefer to leave the river when it is dark and there is low water *** responded the least to red (λmax=630 nm>and orange(λmax=625 nm)light at 50 *** findings were used to develop a management plan by creating three different tourist zones,which maximize tourist needs and minimize the anthropogenic impacts on the *** work could be used as an example of the application of conservation behavior framework in developing management plan for sustainable ecotourism for other invertebrate taxa.

关键词： anthropogenic light caridean shrimps collective behavior freshwater prawn migration nature-based tourism

Anti-predator behavior along elevational and latitudinal gradients in dark-eyed juncos

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Current Zoology 2020年第3期66卷 239-245页

作者： Madelin ANDRADE daniel t.BLUMStEIN Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California621 Young Drive SouthLos AngelesCA 90095-1606USA

Flight-initiation distance(FID),the distance between an individual and experimenter when it begins to flee,can be used to quantify *** other factors,prior studies have shown that latitude explains significant variation in avian FID:at lower latitudes,individuals and species have longer FIDs than those living at higher *** prior studies have focused on the effect of elevation on *** the similar patterns of seasonality,climate,and potentially predator density,that covary between latitude and elevation,birds at higher elevations might tolerate closer *** asked whether elevation or latitude would explain more variation in the FID of a common passerine bird species,dark-eyed juncos(Junco hyemalis).Juncos live in a variety of habitats along both latitudinal and elevational *** found that statistical models containing elevation as a variable explained more of the variation in FID than did models containing *** also found,unexpectedly,that birds at higher elevation fled at greater *** more predators were sighted per hour at higher elevations than at lower elevations,the frequency of predator sightings did not explain a significant amount of variation in *** result questions whether predator density is the main driver of risk perception along elevational ***,because elevation explains more variation in FID than latitude in at least one species,these findings have direct implications on how human impacts on birds are ***,those designing set-back zones to reduce human impact on birds may consider modifying them based on both latitude and elevation.

关键词： antipredator behavior FID latitude elevation dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis

What is the sound of fear？ Behavioral responses of white-crowned sparrows Zonotrichia leucophrys to synthesized nonlinear acoustic phenomena

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Current Zoology 2014年第4期60卷 534-541页

作者： Ellen K. BLESDOE daniel t. BLUMStEIN the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Box 519 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California 621 Young Drive South Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Fear and anxiety may be adaptive responses to life-threatening situations, and animals may communicate fear to others vocally. A fundamental understanding of fear inducing sounds is important for both wildlife conservation and management because it helps us understand how to design repellents and also how （and why） animals may be negatively impacted by anthropogenic sounds. Nonlinear phenomena--sounds produced by the desynchronization of vibrations in a sound production system-are commonly found in stress-induced animal vocalizations, such as in alarm calls, mobbing calls, and fear screams. there are several functional hypotheses for these nonlinear phenomena. One specific hypothesis is the unpredictability hypothesis, which suggests that because nonlinear phenomena are more variable and somewhat unpredictable, animals are less likely to habituate to them. Animals should, therefore, have a prolonged response to sounds with nonlinear phenomena than sounds without them. Most of the studies involving nonlinear phenomena have used mammalian subjects and conspecific stimuli. Our study fo- cused on white-crowned sparrows （Zonotrichia leucophrys ssp. oriantha） and used synthesized acoustic stimuli to investigate behavioral responses to stimuli with and without nonlinear phenomena. We predicted that birds would be less relaxed after hearing a stimulus with a nonlinear component. We calculated the difference from baseline of proportion of time spent in relaxed behaviors and performed pair-wise comparisons between a pure tone control stimulus and each of three experimental stimuli, including a frequency jump up, a frequency jump down, and white noise. these comparisons showed that in the 30q50 s after the playback experiment, birds were significantly less relaxed after hearing noise or an abrupt frequency jump down an octave but not an abrupt frequency jump up an octave or a pure tone. Nonlinear phenomena, therefore, may be generally arousing to animals and may explain why th

关键词： Nonlinear acoustic phenomena White-crowned sparrows Arousal Fear Motivation-structural rules Entropy

A critical evaluation of subjective ratings： Unacquainted observers can reliably assess certain personality traits

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Current Zoology 2014年第2期60卷 162-169页

作者： Matthew B.PEtELLE daniel t.BLUMStEIN Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte CO 81224 USA

Methods to measure consistent individual differences in behavior （i.e. animal personality） fall into two categories, subjective ratings and behavioral codings. Ratings are seldom used despite being potentially more efficient than codings. One potential limitation for the use of ratings is that it is assumed that long-term observers or experts in the field are required to score individuals. this can be problematic in many cases, especially for long-term ecological studies where there is high turnover in personnel. We tested whether raters who were unacquainted with subjects could produce reliable and valid personality assessments of yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventris. two raters, previously unacquainted with individuals and marmot be- havior, scored 130 subjects on fifteen different adjectives in both open-field （OF） and mirror image stimulation （MIS） trials. Eight OF and nine MIS adjectives were reliable as indicated by both a high degree of intra-observer and inter-observer reliability. Additionally, some ratings were externally valid, correlating with behavioral codings. Our data suggest that activity/exploration and sociability can be a reliable and valid measurement of personality traits in studies where raters were unacquainted with subjects. these traits are observable with the personality tests we used; otherwise researchers using unacquainted raters should be cautious in the tests they employ [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 162-169, 2014].

关键词： Animal personality Behavior codings Marmots Subjective ratings

take only pictures, leave only...fear？ the effects of photography on the West Indian anole Anolis cristatellus

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Current Zoology 2011年第1期57卷 77-82页

作者： Brian HUANG Katie LUBARSKY tiffany tENG daniel t. BLUMStEIN Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of California 621 Young Drive South Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Ecotourism encourages an environmentally friendly exploration of the world＇s natural habitats. tourists often engage in wildlife photography, an activity that is generally not considered disturbing to animals. We investigated the effects of cam- era-related stimuli to determine whether shutter noise and/or flash affected the immediate behavior of female crested anoles Ano- lis cristaellus. Anoles decreased their display rate following stimuli that included shutter noises, but did not change their behavior in response to flash or silence treatments. to determine the relative importance of this response, we observed anole behavior fol- lowing playbacks of calls from kestrels Falco sparverius, a predator, and bananaquits Coereba flaveola, a non-predator. Anoles decreased display rates following kestrel calls when compared to their response to bananaquit calls. Furthermore, anoles spent a greater proportion of time displaying following bananaquit calls compared to both kestrel calls and silence. the magnitude of response to shutter noises was about the same as that to predator calls. this demonstrates that photography may not be as benign as commonly believed, and we should consider whether restrictions on camera noises should be implemented to reduce ani- mal disturbance

关键词： Antipredator Behavior Ecotourism Photography Anoles Multimodal Risk Assessment