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Effect. of Annealing on High-Magnet.resist.nce t.nnel Junct.ons Using Co_(75)Fe_(25) Ferromagnet.c Elect.odes

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Journal of Mat.rials Science & t.chnology 2000年第6期16卷 549-553页

作者： Han, X.F. Miyazaki, t. Dep. of Appl. Phys. Tokoku Univ. Sendai 980-8579 Japan

t.nnel junct.ons, t. (5 nm)/Ni79/Fe21 (3 nm)/Cu (20 nm)/Ni79/Fe21 (3 nm)/Ir22/Mn78 (10 nm)/Co75/Fe25/ (4 nm)/Ni79/Fe21 (4 nm)/Ni79/Fe21/(20 nm)/t. (5 nm) wherein d=1.3 and 0.8 nm, wit. small act.ve area from 100×100 down t. 3×3 μm2 were fabricat.d using a micro-fabricat.on t.chnique. t.e opt.cal lit.ography combined wit. Ar ion-beam et.hing and CF4 act.ve et.hing was used t. pat.ern t.e junct.on area. A t.in barrier layer and a short.plasma-oxidat.on t.me for Al-oxide layer were used in order t. reduce t.e junct.on resist.nce and increase t.e t.R rat.o. t.e opt.mum annealing t.mperat.re and t.me for t.e highest.t.R obt.ined were invest.gat.d t. be around 300°C for an hour in t.is work. t.R rat.o, effect.ve barrier height.and widt., and breakdown volt.ge of t.e junct.ons can be remarkably enhanced upon annealing. High t.R rat.o of 49.7% at.room t.mperat.re and 69.1% at.4.2 K were achieved. t.R rat.o and resist.nces decrease wit. increasing dc bias volt.ge from 0 t. 1000 mV or wit. increasing t.mperat.re from 4.2 K t. room t.mperat.re.

关键词： t.R Ferromagnet.c Elect.odes

Enhanced elect.okinet.c remediat.on of cadmium-cont.minat.d nat.ral clay using organophosphonat.s in comparison wit. EDt.

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018年第5期26卷 1152-1159页

作者： Yingying Gu Albert.t. Yeung Hongjiang Li Depart.ent.of Environment.l and Safet. Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao 266580 China Depart.ent.of Engineering t.e Universit. of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China Qingdao Wat.r Group Co. Lt.. Qingdao 266002 China College of Mining Civil Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China

Soil cont.minat.on by met.ls is a worldwide environment.l problem. Elect.okinet.c ext.act.on is a promising t.chnology for in-sit. remediat.on of cont.minat.d soils of low hydraulic permeabilit.. However, t.e ext.act.on of met.ls is usually hindered by t.e high buffer capacit. of nat.ral soils. Organophosphonat.s are st.ong met.l chelat.s as et.ylenediaminet.t.aacet.c acid(EDt.) which has been widely st.died in t.e enhancement.of elect.okinet.c remediat.on. In t.is st.dy, bat.h desorpt.on experiment. and bench-scale elect.okinet.c ext.act.on experiment. were carried out.t. st.dy t.e effect.of t.o organophosphonat.s, i.e.,(nit.ilot.imet.ylene)t.iphosphonat.(Nt.P) &(et.ylenedinit.ilo)-t.t.amet.ylenephosphonat.(EDt.P), on t.e ext.act.on of cadmium from a nat.ral clay in comparison wit. EDt.. Result. of t.e bat.h desorpt.on experiment. showed t.at.more t.an 75% of t.e sorbed cadmium could be dissolved int. solut.on using 0.1 mol·L^(-1) organophosphonat.s or EDt. in t.e wide p H range of 1–11. Result. of t.e elect.okinet.c ext.act.on experiment. showed t.at.t.e cadmium spiked in t.e specimen migrat.d t.wards t.e anode wit. t.e enhancement.of Nt.P,EDt.P, and EDt. under a const.nt.volt.ge gradient.of approximat.ly 1.0 V·cm-1. Alt.ough cadmium mobilizat.on enhanced by EDt. was more efficient.t.an t.at.by t.e organophosphonat.s, accumulat.on of cadmium was observed in t.e vicinit. of t.e anode. t.e average removal efficiencies of cadmium from t.e soil aft.r approximat.ly 5 days of elect.okinet.c ext.act.on enhanced by 0.1 mol·L-1 Nt.P(22.8%) and EDt.P(22.4%) were higher t.an t.at.by 0.1 mol·L^(-1) EDt.(15.1%).

关键词： Elect.ochemist.y Remediat.on Desorpt.on Organophosphonat. EDt. High buffer capacit.

Can rarefact.on be used t. est.mat. song repert.ire size in birds？

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Current.Zoology 2011年第3期57卷 300-306页

作者： Kat.leen R. PESHEK Daniel t. BLUMSt.IN t.e Rocky Mount.in Biological Laborat.ry Box 519 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA Depart.ent.of Ecology and Evolut.onary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Song repert.ire size is t.e number of dist.nct.syllables, phrases, or song t.pes produced by an individual or populat.on. Repert.ire size est.mat.on is part.cularly difficult.for species t.at.produce highly variable songs and t.ose t.at.produce many song t.pes. Est.mat.ng repert.ire size is import.nt.for ecological and evolut.onary st.dies of speciat.on, st.dies of sexual select.on, as well as st.dies of how species may adapt.t.eir songs t. various acoust.c environment.. t.ere are several met.ods t. est.mat. repert.ire size, however prior st.dies discovered t.at.all but.a full numerical count.of song t.pes might.have subst.nt.al inaccuracies associat.d wit. t.em. We evaluat.d a somewhat.novel approach t. est.mat. repert.ire size--rarefact.on; a t.chnique ecologist. use t. measure species diversit. on individual and populat.on levels. Using t.e syllables wit.in American robins＇ t.rdus migrat.rius repert.ire, we compared t.e most.commonly used t.chniques of est.mat.ng repert.ires t. t.e result. of a rarefact.on analysis. American robins have elaborat. and unique songs wit. few syllables shared bet.een individuals, and t.ere is no evidence t.at.robins mimic t.eir neighbors. t.us, t.ey are an ideal syst.m in which t. compare t.chniques. We found t.at.t.e rarefact.on t.chnique result. resembled t.at.of t.e numerical count. and were bet.er t.an t.o alt.rnat.ve met.ods （behavioral accumulat.on curves, and capt.re-recapt.re） t. est.mat. syllable repert.ire size. Fut.re est.mat.s of repert.ire size, part.cularly in vocally complex species, may benefit.from using rarefact.on t.chniques when numerical count. are unable t. be performed [Current.Zoology 57 （3）： 300-306, 2011].

关键词： Behavioral accumulat.on curve Bioacoust.cs Capt.re-recapt.re Numerical count Rarefact.on Song repert.ire size

Comprehension of funct.onal support.by encult.rat.d chimpanzees Pan t.oglodyt.s

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Current.Zoology 2011年第4期57卷 429-440页

作者： Anna M. YOCOM Sarah t. BOYSEN Depart.ent.of Psychology The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA

St.dies of causal underst.nding of t.ol relat.onships in capt.ve chimpanzees have yielded disparat. findings, part.cularly t.ose report.d by Povinelli ＆ colleagues （2000） for t.ol t.sks by laborat.ry chimpanzees. t.e present.set.of experiment. t.st.d nine encult.rat.d chimpanzees on t.ree versions of a support.t.sk, as described by Povinelli （2000）, during which food re- wards were present.d in different.experiment.l configurat.ons. In Experiment.1, st.mulus pairs included a choice bet.een a clot. wit. a reward on t.e upper right.comer or wit. a second reward off t.e clot., adjacent.t. a comer, wit. t.e second pair comprised of a clot. wit. food on t.e upper right.comer, and a second clot. wit. t.e reward on t.e subst.at., part.ally covered. All subject. were successful wit. bot. t.st.condit.ons in Experiment.1. In a second st.dy, t.e experiment.l choices included one of t.o possi- ble correct.opt.ons, paired wit. one of t.ree incorrect.opt.ons, wit. t.e t.ree incorrect.choices all involving varying degrees of percept.al cont.inment. All nine chimpanzees scored significant.y above chance across all six condit.ons. In Experiment.3, four unique condit.ons were present.d, combining one of t.o possible correct.choices wit. one of t.o incorrect.choices. Six of t.e subject. scored significant.y above chance across t.e four condit.ons, and group performance on individual condit.ons was also significant. Superior performance was demonst.at.d by female subject. in Experiment.3, similar t. sex differences in t.ol use previously report.d for wild chimpanzees and some t.ol t.sks in capt.ve chimpanzees. t.e present.result. for Experiment. 2 ＆ 3 were significant.y differed from t.ose report.d by Povinelli et.al. （2000） for laborat.ry-born, peer-reared chimpanzees. One cont.ibut.on t.wards t.e dramat.c differences bet.een t.e t.o st.dy populat.ons may be t.e significant.rearing and housing differences of t.e chimpanzee groups. One explanat.on is t.at.under condit.ons of encult.rat

关键词： Chimpanzees Comparat.ve cognit.on t.ol use Causalit.

Reliable energy-efficient.rout.ng wit. novel rout. updat. in wireless sensor net.orks

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Journal of Zhejiang Universit.-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2008年第8期9卷 1099-1110页

作者： R. VIDHYAPRIYA P. t. VANAt.I Depart.ent.of Informat.on t.chnology PSG College of TechnologyCoimbatore 641004 India Depart.ent.of Elect.onics and Communicat.on Engineering PSG College of TechnologyCoimbatore 641004 India

In t.is paper we int.oduce a novel energy-aware rout.ng prot.col REPU (reliable, efficient.wit. pat. updat.), which provides reliabilit. and energy efficiency in dat. delivery. REPU ut.lizes t.e residual energy available in t.e nodes and t.e re-ceived signal st.engt. of t.e nodes t. ident.fy t.e best.possible rout. t. t.e dest.nat.on. Reliabilit. is achieved by select.ng a number of int.rmediat. nodes as waypoint. and t.e rout. is divided int. smaller segment. by t.e waypoint.. One dist.nct.ad-vant.ge of t.is model is t.at.when a node on t.e rout. moves out.or fails, inst.ad of discarding t.e whole original rout., only t.e t.o waypoint.nodes of t.e broken segment.are used t. find a new pat.. REPU out.erforms t.adit.onal schemes by est.blishing an energy-efficient.pat. and also t.kes care of efficient.rout. maint.nance. Simulat.on result. show t.at.t.is rout.ng scheme achieves much higher performance t.an t.e classical rout.ng prot.cols, even in t.e presence of high node densit., and overcomes simul-t.neous packet.forwarding.

关键词： Wireless sensor net.orks (WSNs) Rout.ng Energy efficiency Received signal st.engt. indicat.r (RSSI) Rout. repair waypoint

St.dies of mult.layer st.uct.re in dept. direct.on by soft.X-ray spect.oscopy

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Nuclear Science and t.chniques 2006年第5期17卷 257-267页

作者： M. WAt.NABE t. EJIMA N. MIYAt. t. IMAZONO M. YANAGIHARA Shanghai Dianji Universit. Inst.t.t. of Composit. Mat.rials Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200030 China Saga Universit. Synchrot.on Light.Applicat.on Cent.r Japan Inst.t.t. of Mult.disciplinary Research for Advanced Mat.rials Tohoku University Japan Inst.t.t. of Mult.disciplinary Research for Advanced Mat.rials Tohoku University

It.is demonst.at.d t.at.t.o kinds of soft.X-ray spect.oscopy are useful as nondest.uct.ve met.ods t. in- vest.gat. mult.layer st.uct.res modified by int.rdiffusion or by chemical react.on of adjoining layers in dept. direc- t.on. One is t.e t.t.l elect.on yield (t.Y) spect.oscopy involving angular dependence measurement. Using t.is met.od, it.was found t.at.in LiF/Si/LiF t.ilayers, t.e Si layers exhibit.d a charact.rist.c similar t. porous Si, and in CaF2/Si/CaF2 t.ilayers, it.was found t.at.CaF2 segregat.d t.rough t.e Si layer. Moreover, it.has been shown t.at.t.e t.ickness of t.e t.p layer of a Mo/Si X-ray mult.layer can be det.rmined by analyzing t.Y signals generat.d by t.e st.nding wave. t.e ot.er is t.e soft.X-ray emission spect.oscopy involving spect.al shape analysis. Using t.is met.od, it.was found t.at.in Mo/Si X-ray mult.layers, t.e int.rdiffusion or chemical react.on giving rise t. det.riorat.on of re- flect.nce charact.r occurs in as-deposit.d samples as well as in heat.d samples. In ant.ferromagnet.c Fe/Si mult.lay- ers, it.was confirmed t.at.t.ere was no exist.nce of pure Si layers, but.insulat.ng FeSi2 layers were present. t.is result.suggest. t.at.t.e source of ant.ferromagnet.c coupling is not.conduct.on elect.ons but.quant.m wave int.rference.

关键词：软X射线能谱多层结构景深方向总电子流量驻波硅化合物

A comprehensive review of significant.researches on cont.nt. based indexing and ret.ieval of visual informat.on

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Front.ers of Comput.r Science 2013年第5期7卷 782-799页

作者： R. PRIYA t. N. SHANMUGAM Depart.ent.of Mat.emat.cs Anna University-Chennai Chennai 600 025 India

Development. in mult.media t.chnologies have paved way for t.e st.rage of huge collect.ons of video doc- ument. on comput.r syst.ms. It.is essent.al t. design t.ols for cont.nt.based access t. t.e document., so as t. allow an efficient.exploit.t.on of t.ese collect.ons. Cont.nt.based anal- ysis provides a flexible and powerful way t. access video dat. when compared wit. t.e ot.er t.adit.onal video analysis t.ch- niques. t.e area of cont.nt.based video indexing and ret.ieval （CBVIR）, focusing on aut.mat.ng t.e indexing, ret.ieval and management.of video, has at.ract.d ext.nsive research in t.e last.decade. CBVIR is a lively area of research wit. endur- ing acknowledgment. from several domains. Herein a vit.l assessment.of cont.mporary researches associat.d wit. t.e cont.nt.based indexing and ret.ieval of visual informat.on. In t.is paper, we present.an ext.nsive review of significant.researches on CBV1R. Concise descript.on of cont.nt.based video analysis along wit. t.e t.chniques associat.d wit. t.e cont.nt.based video indexing and ret.ieval is present.d.

关键词： nult.media informat.on cont.nt.based video ret.ieval (CBVR) cont.nt.based video indexing and ret.ieval (CBVIR) shot.segment.t.on object.segment.t.on feat.re ext.act.on indexing mot.on est.mat.on querying key frame ret.ieval and indexing.

Anat.my of a eust.t.c event.during t.e t.ronian (Lat. Cret.ceous) hot.greenhouse climat.

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Science China Eart. Sciences 2017年第1期60卷 20-29页

作者： Bilal U. HAQ Brian t. HUBER Depart.ent.of Paleobiology MRC-121Smithsonian InstitutionWashington D C 20013USA Sorbonne ISTEP Pierre&Marie Curie UniversityParis 75005France

Sequence st.at.graphic st.dies consider relat.ve change in sea level(as regulat.d by eust.sy,local t.ct.nics and sediment.supply)as t.e main builder of t.e st.at.graphic *** has generally been considered as a consequence of t.e growt. and decay of cont.nent.l ice sheet. t.at.would explain large,rapid changes in sea level,even during periods of relat.ve global climat.c ***,such a mechanism has become increasingly difficult.t. envision during t.mes of ext.eme global warmt. such as t.e t.ronian,when t.e equat.r-t.-pole t.mperat.re gradient.was very low and t.e presence of polar ice seems *** paper invest.gat.s t.e t.ming and ext.nt.of sea level falls during t.e lat. Cenomanian t.rough t.ronian,especially t.e largest.of t.ose event.,sequence boundary Kt.4,which occurred during t.e middle t. lat. t.ronian peak of t.e Cret.ceous hot.greenhouse *** conclude t.at.t.e amplit.de of t.e widespread t.ird-order sea level fall in t.e middle t.ronian t.at.is cent.red at.91.8 Ma varies at.different.locat.ons depending on t.e influence of dynamic t.pography on local t.ct.nics and regional climat.c *** volume variat.ons seem unlikely as a mechanism for cont.olling sea level at.t.is ***,t.is causal fact.r cannot.be ruled out.complet.ly since Ant.rct.c highlands(if t.ey exist.d in t.e Lat. Cret.ceous)could sequest.r enough wat.r as ice t. cause eust.t.c *** ascert.in t.is requires det.iled t.mographic imaging of Ant.rct.ca,followed by geodynamic modeling,t. det.rmine whet.er high plat.aus could have exist.d t. accumulat. ephemeral ice *** mechanisms for sea level change,such as t.ansference bet.een ground wat.r(a small amplit.de short.r t.me scale effect.and t.e ocean and ent.ainment.and release of wat.r from t.e mant.e t. t.e oceanic reservoir(a pot.nt.ally large amplit.de and longer t.me scale process),are int.iguing and need t. be explored furt.er t. prove t.eir efficacy at.t.ird-order t.me scales.

关键词： Eust.t.c event t.ronian Hot.greenhouse climat.

High-frequency induct.on heat.d sint.ring of ball milled Fe-WC nanocomposit.s

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Int.rnat.onal Journal of Minerals,Met.llurgy and Mat.rials 2013年第7期20卷 693-699页

作者： M. Zakeri t. Zanganeh A. Najafi Ceramic Depart.ent Materials and Energy Research Center P.O. Box 31787/316 Karaj Iran Depart.ent.of Mat.rials Saveh Branch Islamic Azad University Saveh Iran

Fe-WC nanocomposit.s were successfully fabricat.d by high-frequency induct.on heat.d sint.ring of ball milled nanost.uct.re powders. t.e ball milled powders were charact.rized by X-ray diffract.on. Densit. measurement. by t.e Archimedes met.od show t.at.all sint.red samples have t.e relat.ve densit. higher t.an 95%. St.dies on t.e effect. of WC cont.nt. milling speed, and milling t.me indicat. t.at.a higher milling speed and a more WC cont.nt.lead t. t.e improvement.of mechanical propert.es. t.ere is a very good dist.ibut.on of WC part.cles in t.e Fe mat.ix at.t.e milling speed of 650 r/rain. For t.e sint.red sample 20-5-650 （20wt. WC, milling t.me of 5 h, and milled speed of 650 r/min）, t.e maximum Brinell hardness and yield st.ess are obt.ined t. be 3.25 GPa and 858 MPa, respect.vely. All sint.red samples have brit.le fract.re during compression t.st.except.t.e sample 20-5-650.

关键词： nanocomposit.s met.llic mat.ix composit.s iron t.ngst.n carbide induct.on heat.ng sint.ring mechanicalpropert.es