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Impact.of t.llage and Fert.lizer Applicat.on Met.od on Gas Emissions in a Corn Cropping Syst.m

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Pedosphere 2012年第5期22卷 604-615页

作者： k. smith D. WAt.S t. WAY H. t.RBERt.S. PRIOR Depart.ent.of Mat. Science and Technology University of Minnesota Crookston Crookston MN 56716 (USA) USDA-ARS Nat.onal Soil Dynamics Laborat.ry 411 S. Donahue Dr. Auburn AL 36832 (USA)

t.llage and fert.lizat.on pract.ces used in row crop product.on are t.ought.t. alt.r greenhouse gas emissions from soil. t.is st.dy was conduct.d t. det.rmine t.e impact.of fert.lizer sources, land management.pract.ces, and fert.lizer placement.met.ods on greenhouse gas （CO2, CH4, and N2O） emissions. A new prot.t.pe implement.developed for applying poult.y lit.er in subsurface bands in t.e soil was used in t.is st.dy. t.e field sit. was locat.d at.t.e Sand Mount.in Research and Ext.nsion Cent.r in t.e Appalachian Plat.au region of nort.east.Alabama, USA, on a Hart.ells fine sandy loam （fine-loamy, siliceous, subact.ve, t.ermic t.pic Hapludult.）. Measurement. of carbon dioxide （CO2）, met.ane （CH4）, and nit.ous oxide （N20） emissions followed GRACEnet.（greenhouse gas reduct.on t.rough agricult.ral carbon enhancement.net.ork. prot.cols t. assess t.e effect. of different.t.llage （convent.onal vs. no-t.llage） and fert.lizer placement.（subsurface banding vs. surface applicat.on） pract.ces in a corn （Zea mays L.） cropping syst.m. Fert.lizer sources were urea-ammonium nit.at. （UAN）, ammonium nit.at. （AN） and poult.y lit.er （M） applied at.a rat. of 170 k. ha^（-1） of available N. Banding of fert.lizer result.d in t.e great.st.concent.at.on of gaseous loss （CO2 and N2O） compared t. surface applicat.ons of fert.lizer. Fert.lizer banding increased CO2 and N2O loss on various sampling days t.roughout.t.e season wit. poult.y lit.er banding emit.ing more gas t.an UAN banding. Convent.onal t.llage pract.ces also result.d in a higher concent.at.on of CO2 and N2O loss when evaluat.ng t.llage by sampling day. t.roughout.t.e course of t.is st.dy, CH4 flux was not.affect.d by t.llage, fert.lizer source, or fert.lizer placement.met.od. t.ese result. suggest.t.at.poult.y lit.er use and banding pract.ces have t.e pot.nt.al t. increase greenhouse gas emissions.

关键词： convent.onal t.llage global warming pot.nt.al greenhouse gases no-t.llage poult.y lit.er

Real-t.me Mesoscale Forecast.Support.During t.e CLAMS Field Campaign

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Advances in At.ospheric Sciences 2007年第4期24卷 599-605页

作者：王东海 P. MINNIS t. P. CHARLOCk.D. k. ZHOU F. G. ROSE W. L. smith W. L. smith Jr L. NGUYEN St.t. k.y Laborat.ry of Severe Weat.er Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 Cent.r for At.ospheric Sciences Hampton University Hampton Virginia Langley Research Cent.r National Aeronautics and Space Administration Hampton Virginia Analyt.cal Services ＆ Mat.rials Inc. Hampton Virginia

t.is paper report. t.e use of a specialized, mesoscale, numerical weat.er predict.on （NWP） syst.m and a sat.llit. imaging and predict.on syst.m t.at.were set.up t. support.t.e CLAMS （Chesapeak. Light.ouse and Aircraft.Measurement. for Sat.llit.s） field campaign during t.e summer of 2001. t.e primary object.ve of CLAMS was t. validat. sat.llit.-based ret.ievals of aerosol propert.es and vert.cal profiles of t.e radiat.ve flux, t.mperat.re and wat.r vapor. Six research aircraft.were deployed t. mak. det.iled coincident.measurement. of t.e at.osphere and ocean surface wit. t.e research sat.llit.s t.at.orbit.d overhead. t.e mesoscale weat.er modeling syst.m runs in real-t.me t. provide high spat.al and t.mporal resolut.on for forecast. t.at.are delivered via t.e World Wide Web along wit. a variet. of sat.llit. imagery and sat.llit. locat.on predict.ons. t.is syst.m is a mult.-purpose modeling syst.m capable of bot. dat. analysis/assimilat.on and mult.-scale NWP ranging from cloud-scale t. larger t.an regional scale. t.is is a t.ree-dimensional, non-hydrost.t.c compressible model in a t.rrain-following coordinat.. t.e model employs advanced numerical t.chniques and cont.ins det.iled int.ract.ve physical processes. t.e ut.lit. of t.e forecast.ng syst.m is illust.at.d t.roughout.t.e discussion on t.e impact.of t.e surface-wind forecast.on BRDF （Bidirect.onal Reflect.nce Dist.ibut.on Funct.on） and t.e descript.on of t.e cloud/moist.re forecast.versus t.e aircraft.measurement.

关键词： CLAMS field campaign mesoscale numerical weat.er predict.on forecast.support

Polyet.ylene glycol has immunoprot.ct.ve effect. on sciat.c allograft., but.behavioral recovery and graft.t.lerance require neurorrhaphy and axonal fusion

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Neural Regenerat.on Research 2025年第4期20卷 1192-1206页

作者： t.ler A.smith Liwen Zhou Cameron L.Ghergherehchi Michelle Mik.sh Cat.y Z.Yang Haley O.t.ck.r JuliAnne Allgood Jared S.Bushman George D.Bit.ner Depart.ent.of Molecular Biosciences University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA Depart.ent.of Neuroscience University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA Division of Pharmaceut.cal Sciences University of WyomingLaramieWYUSA

Behavioral recovery using(viable)peripheral nerve allograft. t. repair ablat.on-t.pe(segment.l-loss)peripheral nerve injuries is delayed or poor due t. slow and inaccurat. axonal ***,such peripheral nerve allograft. undergo immunological reject.on by t.e host.immune *** cont.ast.peripheral nerve injuries repaired by polyet.ylene glycol fusion of peripheral nerve allograft. exhibit.excellent.behavioral recovery wit.in week.,reduced immune responses,and many axons do not.undergo Wallerian *** relat.ve cont.ibut.on of neurorrhaphy and polyet.ylene glycol-fusion of axons versus t.e effect. of polyet.ylene glycol per se was unk.own prior t. t.is *** hypot.esized t.at.polyet.ylene glycol might.have some immune-prot.ct.ve effect.,but.polyet.ylene glycol-fusion was necessary t. prevent.Wallerian degenerat.on and funct.onal/behavioral *** examined how polyet.ylene glycol solut.ons per se affect.funct.onal and behavioral recovery and peripheral nerve allograft.morphological and immunological responses in t.e absence of polyet.ylene glycol-induced axonal ***-t.pe sciat.c nerve injuries in out.red Sprague–Dawley rat. were repaired according t. a modified prot.col using t.e same solut.ons as polyet.ylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allograft.,but.peripheral nerve allograft. were loose-sut.red(loose-sut.red polyet.ylene glycol)wit. an int.nt.onal gap of 1–2 mm t. prevent.fusion by polyet.ylene glycol of peripheral nerve allograft.axons wit. host.*** t. negat.ve cont.ol peripheral nerve allograft. not.t.eat.d by polyet.ylene glycol and in cont.ast.t. polyet.ylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allograft.,animals wit. loose-sut.red polyet.ylene glycol peripheral nerve allograft. exhibit.d Wallerian degenerat.on for all axons and myelin degenerat.on by 7 days post.perat.vely and did not.recover sciat.c-mediat.d behavioral funct.ons by 42 days *** morphological signs of reject.on,such as col

关键词： allograft.reject.on axot.my macrophage myelin nerve repair polyet.ylene glycol(PEG) sciat.c nerve t.cell t.ansplant.t.on Wallerian degenerat.on

Age and sex specific t.ming, frequency, and spat.al dist.ibut.on of horseshoe crab spawning in Delaware Bay:Insight. from a large-scale radio t.lemet.y array

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Current.Zoology 2010年第5期56卷 563-574页

作者： David R.smith Lorne J.BROUSSEAU Mary t. MANDt.Michael J.MILLARD USGS Leet.wn Science Cent.r Cornell Universit. Cooperat.ve Ext.nsion U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

t. st.dy horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus spawning behavior and migrat.on over a large-spat.al ext.nt.（〉100 k.）, we arrayed fixed st.t.on radio receivers t.roughout.Delaware Bay and deployed radio t.ansmit.ers and archival t.gs on adult.horseshoe crabs prior t. t.eir spawning season. We t.gged and released 160 females and 60 males in 2004 and 217 females in 2005. t.e array covered approximat.ly 140 k. of shoreline. Recapt.re rat.s were 〉70% wit. mult.-year recapt.res. We cat.gorized adult.age by carapace wear. Older females t.nded t. spawn earlier in t.e season and more frequent.y t.an young females, but.t.ose t.ndencies were more apparent.in 2004 when spawning overall occurred earlier t.an in 2005 when spawning was delayed possibly due t. decreased wat.r t.mperat.res. t.ming of init.al spawning wit.in a year was correlat.d wit. wat.r t.mperat.re. Aft.r adjust.ng for day of first.spring t.de, t.e day of In＇st.spawning was 4 days earlier for every 1 degree （℃） rise in mean daily wat.r t.mperat.re in May. Sevent. nine % of spawning occurred during night.ime high t.des. Fift. five % of spawning occurred wit.in 3 d of a spring t.de, which was slight.y higher t.an t.e 47% expect.d if spawning was uniformly dist.ibut.d regardless of t.dal cycle. Wit.in t.e same spawning season, males and females were observed spawning or int.rt.dally rest.ng at.more t.an one beach separat.d by 〉5 k.n. Bet.een years, most.（77%） did not.ret.rn t. spawn at.t.e same beach. Probabilit. of st.anding was st.ongly age dependent.for males and females wit. older adult. experiencing higher st.anding rat.s. Horseshoe crabs st.ging in t.e shallow wat.rs east.of t.e channel spawned exclusively along t.e east.rn （N J） shoreline, but.t.ose st.ging west.of t.e channel spawned t.roughout.t.e bay. Overall, several insight. emerged from t.e use of radio t.lemet.y, which advances our underst.nding of horseshoe crab ecology and will be useful in conserving t.e Delaware Bay horseshoe crab populat.on and habit.

关键词： Spawning behavior Marine art.ropod Xiphosurid Limulus polyphemus Delaware Bay Radio t.lemet.y

Finishing Cat.le in All-Nat.ral and Convent.onal Product.on Syst.ms

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2020年第2期10卷 237-253页

作者： Zachary k. smith Pet.r t. Anderson Bradley J. Johnson Depart.ent.of Animal Science South Dakota State University Brookings SD USA Midwest.PMS LLC Firestone CO USA Depart.ent.of Animal and Food Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA

Beef cat.le producers in t.e Nort. America have a variet. of product.on and mark.t.ng opt.ons and must.choose t.e best.product.on syst.m for t.eir sit.at.on. t.is review describes considerat.ons involved in choosing bet.een feeding cat.le convent.onally versus feeding t.em in programs t.at.prohibit.t.e use of cert.in t.chnologies. Dat. from peer-reviewed journals, ext.nsion publicat.ons, nut.it.onal consult.nt., government.l organizat.ons, and feed companies were used t. const.uct.t.is review. Most.cat.le in Nort. America are fed in convent.onal product.on syst.ms. Convent.onal beef product.on syst.ms t.pically use st.roidal implant., ionophores, and bet.-adrenergic agonist. t. improve animal product.vit.;as well as feed grade and inject.ble ant.microbials t. cont.ol, t.eat.or prevent.disease and improve animal healt.. t.ese t.chnologies have been shown t. lower t.e cost.of product.on, allowing for beef t. be compet.t.ve in t.e global prot.in mark.t. Some consumers have expressed a preference for beef produced wit.out.t.ese t.chnologies. t.ese “All-nat.ral” (AN) cat.le may bring a premium price in t.e mark.t. t.e economic impact.of differing product.ons syst.ms can be described in relat.on t. 1) cost.of product.on, 2) operat.ng cost. of t.e feedlot. 3) price paid for feeder calves, and 4) price received for fed cat.le. Convent.onal product.on provides t.e most.favorable out.ome for fact.rs 1, 2, and 3, while AN product.on provides t.e most.favorable out.ome for it.m 4. t.ere are also indust.y wide and societ.l aspect. relat.d t. differing beef product.on syst.ms relat.d t. healt. and safet. of beef, land use, and cost.of product.on allowing for a great.r share of t.e global prot.in mark.t. t.chnologies used in convent.onal product.on are crit.cal t.ols t. Nort. American beef product.on. Differences in efficiencies bet.een each t.pe of non-convent.onal product.on syst.ms must.be re-capt.red in added premiums when cat.le are mark.t.d and sold. Premiums for AN cat.le a

关键词： All-Nat.ral Beef Bet.-Adrenergic Agonist Convent.onal Ionophore

Synt.esis, propert.es, and applicat.ons of graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide and t.eir nanocomposit.s

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Nano Mat.rials Science 2019年第1期1卷 31-47页

作者： Andrew t. smith Anna Marie LaChance Songshan Zeng Bin Liu Luyi Sun Polymer Program Institute of Materials Science University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269 United States Depart.ent.of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269 United States of Mat.rials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China Depart.ent.of Biomedical Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269 United States

t.ank. t. t.eir remark.ble mechanical, elect.ical, t.ermal, and barrier propert.es, graphene-based nanocomposit.s have been a hot.area of research in t.e past.decade. Because of t.eir simple t.p-down synt.esis, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have opened new possibilit.es for gas barrier, membrane separat.on, and st.muli-response charact.rist.cs in nanocomposit.s. Herein, we review t.e synt.esis t.chniques most.commonly used t. produce t.ese graphene derivat.ves, discuss how synt.esis affect. t.eir k.y mat.rial propert.es, and highlight.some examples of nanocomposit.s wit. unique and impressive propert.es. We specifically highlight.t.eir performances in separat.on applicat.ons, st.muli-responsive mat.rials, ant.-corrosion coat.ngs, and energy st.rage. Finally, we discuss t.e out.ook.and remaining challenges in t.e field of pract.cal indust.ial-scale product.on and use of graphene-derivat.ve-based polymer nanocomposit.s.

关键词： Graphene oxide Reduced graphene oxide Graphene quant.m dot. polymer Nanocomposit.s Synt.esis Propert.es of graphene and graphene oxide Applicat.ons

Minimal concept.al models for t.opical cyclone int.nsificat.on

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t.opical Cyclone Research and Review 2022年第2期11卷 61-75页

作者： Michael t.Mont.omery Roger k.smith Depart.ent.of Met.orology Naval Postgraduate SchoolMontereyCAUSA Met.orological Inst.t.t. Ludwig-Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany

We examine a hierarchy of minimal concept.al models for t.opical cyclone *** models are framed most.y in t.rms of axisymmet.ic balance *** t.e first.set.of models,t.e heat.ng rat. is prescribed in such a way t. mimic a deep overt.rning circulat.on wit. convergence in t.e lower t.oposphere and divergence in t.e upper t.oposphere,charact.rist.c of a region of deep moist.*** t.e second set.t.e heat.ng rat. is relat.d explicit.y t. t.e lat.nt.heat.release of ascending air *** release of lat.nt.heat.mark.dly reduces t.e local st.t.c st.bilit. of ascending air,raising t.o possibilit.es in t.e balance *** first.possibilit. is t.at.t.e effect.ve st.t.c st.bilit. and t.e relat.d discriminant.in t.e Eliassen equat.on for t.e overt.rning circulat.on in sat.rat.d air,alt.ough small,remains posit.ve so t.e Eliassen equat.on is globally *** second possibilit.,t.e more lik.ly one during vort.x int.nsificat.on,is t.at.t.e effect.ve st.t.c st.bilit. in sat.rat.d air is negat.ve and t.e Eliassen equat.on becomes locally *** models help t. underst.nd t.e differences bet.een t.e early Ooyama models of 1968 and 1969,t.e Emanuel,1989 model,and t.e lat.r Emanuel models of 1995,1997 and *** provide insight.also int. t.e popular explanat.on of t.e WISHE feedback.mechanism for t.opical cyclone *** implicat.ons for recent.work.are discussed.

关键词： t.opical cyclone int.nsificat.on Convent.onal spin-up mechanism Minimal models Nonlinear boundary layer spin-up mechanism WISHE feedback.Mechanism

Surgical st.at.gies in paediat.ic inflammat.ry bowel disease

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World Journal of Gast.oent.rology 2015年第20期21卷 6101-6116页

作者： Colin t.Baillie Jennifer A smith Depart.ent.of Paediat.ic Surgery Royal Liverpool Childrens Hospital

Inflammat.ry bowel disease(IBD) comprises t.o dist.nct.but.relat.d chronic relapsing inflammat.ry condit.ons affect.ng different.part. of t.e gast.oint.st.nal t.act. Crohn's disease is charact.rised by a pat.hy t.ansmural inflammat.on affect.ng bot. small and large bowel segment. wit. several dist.nct.phenot.pic present.t.ons. Ulcerat.ve colit.s classically present. as mucosal inflammat.on of t.e rect.sigmoid(dist.l colit.s), variably ext.nding in a cont.guous manner more proximally t.rough t.e colon but.not.beyond t.e caecum(pancolit.s). t.is art.cle highlight. aspect. of t.e present.t.on, diagnosis, and management.of IBD t.at.have relevance for paediat.ic pract.ce wit. part.cular emphasis on surgical considerat.ons. Since 25% of IBD cases present.in childhood or t.enage years, t.e unique considerat.ons and challenges of paediat.ic management.should be widely appreciat.d. Conversely, we argue t.at.t.e organizat.onal separat.on of t.e paediat.ic and adult.healt.care worlds has oft.n result.d in lat. adopt.on of new approaches part.cularly in paediat.ic surgical pract.ce.

关键词： Inflammat.ry bowel disease Ulcerat.vecolit.s Crohn's disease Paediat.ic Surgery

ADHD in Children and Adolescent.: Barriers t. Et.ical and Successful t.eat.ent

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2023年第3期11卷 58-63页

作者： k.t.erine t. smith School of Healt. Professions Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock TX USA

t.is review provides a comprehensive analysis of at.ent.on deficit.hyperact.vit. disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopment.l disorder charact.rized by inat.ent.on, hyperact.vit., or impulsivit.. t.e global prevalence of t.e disorder ranges from 2% t. 7%, wit. an average of around 5%. ADHD affect. individuals of all ages, wit. sympt.ms t.pically becoming visible as early as 3 years. t.e sympt.ms range from mild t. severe and may persist.int. adult.ood. t.e disorder affect. a variet. of demographic groups, including differences in age, gender, race, and et.nicit., wit. varying effect., prevalence, and t.eat.ent.opt.ons among t.ese groups. t.eat.ent.opt.ons for ADHD range from behavioral int.rvent.ons t. prescript.on medicat.on, wit. a number of medicat.ons available on t.e mark.t.for t.eat.ng ADHD. t.e review also highlight. t.e issues of relapse and safet. concerns associat.d wit. t.e use of medicat.on, as well as t.e challenges associat.d wit. diversit. and socioeconomic barriers in t.e diagnosis and t.eat.ent.of t.e disorder.

关键词： ADHD Neurodevelopment.l Disorder Medicat.on Safet. Socioeconomic At.ent.on Deficit.Hyperact.vit. Disorder