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Frequency of Bacterial Organisms Isolated from Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) of Children under Five Years in Windhoek from 2010 to 2014

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2016年第3期6卷 125-132页

作者： Erastus Lafimana Haimbodi Munyaradzi Mukesi Owen Mtambo sylvester rodgers moyo Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences Namibia University of Science and Technology Windhoek Namibia Department of Mathematics and Statistics Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences Namibia University of Science and Technology Windhoek Namibia

Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a life-threatening condition which affects the central nervous system (CNS). Its incidence rate is estimated between 0.22 - 2.66 and 0.81 - 6.1 cases/1000 lives worldwide and in Africa respectively. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of bacterial organisms isolated from CSF of children less than five years old in Windhoek. A retrospective analysis was performed on 784 results of CSF submitted to the Namibia Institute of Pathology (NIP) from January 2010 to August 2014. The results showed that out of the suspected meningitis cases, 18 (28.6%) were due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, making it the frequently isolated organism, followed by Staphylococcus aureus 7 (11.1%), Escherichia coli 5 (7.9%) and Haemophilus influenzae 4 (6.3%). Streptococcus pneumoniae showed high resistance to penicillin 17 (70.5%) & cotrimoxazole 16 (93.7%) and 100% susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (5), vancomycin (13) & ceftri-axone (8). Haemophilus influenzae showed moderate resistance to cotrimoxazole 3 (66%) & tet-racycline 2 (50%). It showed 100% sensitivity to chloramphenicol (4), cefuroxime (2) & ceftriaxone (3). Neisseria meningitidis showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole by 100% (n = 2) and high sensitivity to chloramphenicol (n = 2), ceftriaxone & penicillin by 100% (n = 2). Streptococcus agalactiae was resistant to tetracycline and sensitive to penicillin & erythromycin by 100% (n = 1). Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated the most in this current study and it had high resistance to penicillin & cotrimoxazole. There was a significant difference between results CSF culture and PCR, Gram stain, CSF cell count, protein & glucose, as all comparisons yielded in P values less than 0.05, indicating a significant statistical association.

关键词： Bacterial Meningitis Frequency Cerebrospinal Fluid Retrospective Namibia

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Toxicity and Antiviral Activities of Some Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Medical Practitioners in Zimbabwe

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第11期7卷 1538-1544页

作者： Deniz Iklim Viol Lameck Shoriwa Chagonda sylvester rodgers moyo Ali Hikmet Mericli School of Pharmacy College of Health Sciences University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences Namibia University of Science and Technology Windhoek Namibia Department of Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy University of Istanbul Istanbul Turkey

Genital herpes, usually caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type-2 (HSV-2), is the commonest sexually transmitted disease especially amongst rural women in Southern Africa including Zimbabwe. This predisposes them to HIV/AIDS infection, cancer and opportunistic infections (OIs). Current antiviral treatments are often cytotoxic and/or ineffective. This motivates active research to find alternative safer drugs or lead drugs from traditional medicinal sources. Twenty six (26) methanol extracts from commonly used and often endangered plant species (14) used by communities and traditional medical practitioners for treating illnesses and sexually transmitted diseases from 5-selected districts of Zimbabwe were investigated for toxicity by Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and by 50% Cytopathic effect on VERO cultured cells. The extracts were also tested for antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) by the End Point Titration Technique (EPTT) and Neutralisation Test (NT) on VERO cells. Results from the BSLTs ranged 66.66 - 4304 μg/ml;50% Cytopathic effect from 19.53 - 312 μg/ml whilst the NT ID50 values ranged from 10.41 - 125 μg/ml. The antiviral EPTT reduction factor (RF) was 1 - 104 with 13 extracts showing RF ≥ 103. All the plant extracts had moderate to high toxicity (LC50, 789 - 66 μg/ml) in the BSLT. Six extracts had LC50 values greater than 1000 μg/ml. All 26 extracts were cytotoxic with CC50 values 50 in vitro therapeutic indexes ≥ 3.7. Cassia abbreviata, Dichrostachys cinerea and Hypoxis hemerocallidea had therapeutic indexes (TI) 7.5 - 15.0. The more active plant extracts were from roots and root tubers. The results confirm the rationale for the use of traditional medicinal plants by traditional medical practitioners for treating various diseases and could bring awareness for their better use and improve conservation. The results also

关键词： Medicinal Plants Toxicity Antiviral Activity Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Zimbabwe

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Modeling Consumer Price Index in Zambia: A Comparative Study between Multicointegration and Arima Approach

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Open Journal of Statistics 2019年第2期9卷 245-257页

作者： Stanley Jere Alick Banda rodgers Chilyabanyama Edwin moyo Department of Mathematics and Statistics Mulungushi University Kabwe Zambia Department of Mathematics and Statistics Northrise University Ndola Zambia

Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an important indicator used to determine inflation. The main objective of this research was to compare the forecasting ability of two time-series models using Zambia Monthly Consumer Price Index. We used monthly CPI data which were collected from January 2003 to December 2017. The models that were compared are the Autoregressive Integrated Moving average (ARIMA) model and Multicointegration (ECM) model. Results show that the ECM was the best fit model of CPI in Zambia since it showed smallest errors measures. Lastly, a forecast was done using the ECM and results show an average growth rate for food CPI at 6.63% and an average growth rate for nonfood CPI at 7.41%. Forecasting CPI is an important factor for any economy because it is essential in economic planning for the future. Hence, identifying a more accurate forecasting model is a major contribution to the development of Zambia.

关键词： Consumer Price Index Multicointegration ARIMA ECM Forecast

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Effectiveness of GeneXpert Technology in the Diagnosis of Smear-Negative Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV Positive Patients in Namibia

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2016年第3期6卷 133-141页

作者： Ligamena N. Kakoma Munyaradzi Mukesi sylvester R. moyo Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences Namibia University of Science and Technology Windhoek Namibia

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem accounting for more than 9.4 million incidents yearly of which most incidents are common in resource poor countries. The prevalence of Human Immu-nodeficiency Virus (HIV) in these countries is relatively high and TB/HIV co-infected patients often test negative for TB with direct microscopy, which poses diagnostic difficulties. The traditional diagnosis of HIV associated TB is complex, expensive, slow and technically demanding as it relies on conventional culture and drug susceptibility testing. The long delay required to obtain results has devastating consequences for patients who go undiagnosed or diagnosed too late. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of GeneXpert technology in the diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosisin HIV positive patients. A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted on 400 patients suspected to have Mycobacterium tuberculosis and who were referred to the Namibia Institute of Pathology (NIP), Windhoek from November 2014 to May 2015. Patients with known HIV status who had their sputum tested by both the GeneXpert (Cepheid, California, United States of America) and direct microscopy (DM) for TB were included. Out of 400 sputum samples analysed for TB, 253 (63.3%) cases were positive using GeneXpert whereas the DM was positive only for 133 (33.3%) of the cases. Out of these 123 smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis (SN-PTB), 120 (98%) sputum samples were from HIV positive patients while 3 (2%) were from HIV negative patients. The sensitivity of the GeneXpert was calculated as 98% and the specificity was 52%. The majority of the patients who contributed to SN-PTB were found to be co-infected with HIV. The GeneXpert’s sensitivity was found to be high while the specificity was low. Even though this was the case, the GeneXpert as compared to DM could significantly reduce false negatives and the delay on treatment initiation can be signifi

关键词： Tuberculosis GeneXpert Microscopy HIV Namibia

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated at the Namibia Institute of Pathology from 2012 to 2014

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2016年第3期6卷 116-124页

作者： Auguste E. K. Iileka Munyaradzi Mukesi Fredrika Engelbrecht sylvester R. moyo Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Heath and Applied Sciences Namibia University of Science and Technology Windhoek Namibia

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is known to acquire resistance to new drugs and continues to defy at-tempts to control it. Infections caused by antibiotic resistant strains of S. aureus have reached epidemic proportions globally and the increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance are resulting in fewer treatment options. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has also emerged as a serious therapeutic problem worldwide. However, data on the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of this bacterium over a period of time in Namibia are not available. A descriptive retrospective study was therefore conducted to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 600 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated at the Namibia Institute of Pathology (NIP) from January 2012 to December 2014. The results showed that a high proportion of isolates were resistant to penicillin (92.4%) and cotrimoxazole (44.9%), while the antibiotics to which the isolates were least resistant included vancomycin (0%), fusidic acid (0.3%) and ciprofloxacin (4.4%). Methicillin resistance was observed in 13.5% of the staphylococcal isolates. Apart from clindamycin (P value = 0.039) and cotrimoxazole (P value = 0.030), the susceptibility patterns of the antibiotics did not differ significantly over the three years. Moreover, wound swabs and sputum were the clinical samples from which S. aureus was most commonly isolated at NIP. The results from this study suggest that continuous local surveillance on the resistance patterns of S. aureus should be performed on regular basis in Namibia, in order to have adequate information for the empirical treatment of S. aureus infections.

关键词： Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Antimicrobial Susceptibility Specimens NIP

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Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Elevations in HIV Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Namibia

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World Journal of AIDS 2016年第3期6卷 101-110页

作者： Lovis P. Shanyengana Munyaradzi Mukesi Berta E. van der Colf sylvester R. moyo Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences Namibia University of Science and Technology Windhoek Namibia

Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected people is a major concern in the world and especially in Africa. It may lead to liver failure and even death. Certain antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, such as nevirapine and efavirenz, are known to cause toxicity. Other causes of elevated ALT are viral hepatitis, the HIV virus itself and other drugs such as anti-tuberculosis drugs and alcoholism. The study aimed at determining the prevalence of elevated ALT levels in HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy during the period 2013 to 2014. This was a retrospective study which included 267 patient records from Katutura and Windhoek Central hospitals in Windhoek, Namibia. The subjects’ ages ranged from 21 to 82 years. The patients enrolled were on the first line treatment and their ALT levels were recorded at each monitoring period. ALT levels, viral hepatitis results and the antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen were the most important aspects included in the study. Out of 267 patients, 18% had ALT elevation associated with grade 1 to 4 toxicity levels. The study found that 1.4% of patients developed severe liver toxicity (grade 3 and 4 toxicity). Toxicity occurred throughout the treatment period but was the highest at six months of treatment. Patients on nevirapine based regimens had lower toxicity compared to those receiving efavirenz based regimens. Patients who had HIV and viral hepatitis co-infection had high toxicity although the study found no severe hepatotoxicity in these patients.

关键词： ARV Toxicity ALT Namibia Nevirapine Efavirenz

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