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A Review of Self-healing Metals: Fundamentals, Design Principles and Performance

Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2020年第9期33卷 1167-1179页

作者： Shasha Zhang Niels van Dijk sybrand van der zwaag College of Materials and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing 211106China Key Laboratory of Materials Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment(Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics) Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyNanjing 211106China Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy Group Faculty of Applied SciencesDelft University of TechnologyMekelweg 152629 JB DelftThe Netherlands Novel Aerospace Materials Group Faculty of Aerospace EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyKluyverweg 12629 HS DelftThe Netherlands School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Self-healing metals possess the capability to autonomously repair structural damage during service. While self-healing concepts remain challenging to be realized in metals and metallic systems due to the small atomic volume of the mobile atoms, the slow diffusion unless at high temperatures and the strong isotropic metallic bonds, the scientific interest has increased sharply and promising progress is obtained. This article provides a comprehensive and updated review on the developments and limitations associated with the various modes of potentially healable damage induced in metals and alloys, i.e., stressinduced damage, irradiation-induced damage in bulk materials and contact damage in corrosion protective coatings. The spontaneous intrinsic healing mechanisms not requiring external assistance other than the material operating at the right temperature and an assisted healing mechanism with external intervention are reviewed. Promising strategies to achieve self-healing in metals are identified. Finally, we give some prospects for future research directions in self-healing metals.

关键词： Metal Self-healing Creep behavior Fatigue damage Irradiation Coating

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Microstructure and dislocation structure evolution during creep life of Ni-based single crystal superalloys

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2020年第10期42卷 207-214页

作者： Hao Yu Wei Xu sybrand van der zwaag Novel Aerospace Materials Group Faculty of Aerospace EngineeringDelft University of Technology2629HSDelftthe Netherlands State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation Northeastern University110819ShenyangChina

The high performance of Ni single crystal superalloys during high temperature low stress creep service,is intrinsically determined by the combined effects of microstructural evolution and the dislocation *** the field of the evolution of dislocation network,two main recovery mechanism based on dislocation migration dominate the *** is superdislocations shearing intoγ’rafts through a two-superpartials-assisted *** is the compact dislocations migrating alongγ/γ’*** two mechanisms are similarly climb-rate-controlled *** this work,a model for the minimum creep rate based on thermodynamic and kinetic calculations and using an existing detailed dislocation dynamics model has been built by taking the dislocation migration behaviours as well as the rafted microstructure into consideration,which can well reproduce the([100]tensile)creep properties of existing Ni superalloy grades,without the need to make the dislocation parameter values composition dependent.

关键词： Ni superalloys Microstructure evolution Dislocation behaviour

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Charting the ‘composition–strength’ space for novel austenitic,martensitic and ferritic creep resistant steels

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2017年第12期33卷 1577-1581页

作者： Qi Lu sybrand van der zwaag Wei Xu State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation Northeastern University Novel Aerospace Materials group Faculty of Aerospace Engineering Delft University of Technology China Science Laboratory General Motors Global Research and Development

We report results of a large computational ＇alloy by design＇ study, in which the ＇chemical composition-mechanical strength＇ space is explored for austenitic, ferritic and martensitic creep resistant steels. The approach used allows simultaneously optimization of alloy composition and processing parameters based on the integration of thermodynamic, thermo-kinetics and a genetic algorithm optimization route. The nature of the optimisation depends on both the intended matrix（ferritic, martensitic or austenitic） and the desired precipitation family. The models are validated by analysing reported strengths of existing steels. All newly designed alloys are predicted to outperform existing high end reference grades.

关键词： Alloy design Precipitation hardening Coarsening rate Solid solution strengthening Matrix

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A generic high-throughput microstructure classification and quantification method for regular SEM images of complex steel microstructures combining EBSD labeling and deep learning

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2021年第34期93卷 191-204页

作者： Chunguang Shen Chenchong Wang Minghao Huang Ning Xu sybrand van der zwaag Wei Xu State key laboratory of rolling and automation Northeastern UniversityShenyangLiaoning 110819China Novel Aerospace Materials Group Faculty of Aerospace EngineeringDelft University of Technology2629 HS Delftthe Netherlands

We present an electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)-trained deep learning(DL)method integrating traditional material characterization informatics and artificial intelligence for a more accurate classification and quantification of complex microstructures using only regular scanning electron microscope(SEM)*** this method,EBSD analysis is applied to produce accurate ground truth data for guiding the DL model *** U-Net architecture is used to establish the correlation between SEM input images and EBSD ground truth data using only small experimental *** proposed method is successfully applied to two engineering steels with complex microstructures,i.e.,a dual-phase(DP)steel and a quenching and partitioning(Q&P)steel,to segment different phases and quantify phase content and grain ***,once properly trained the method can also produce quasi-EBSD maps by inputting regular SEM *** good generality of the trained models is demonstrated by using DP and Q&P steels not associated with the model ***,the method is applied to SEM images with various states,i.e.,different imaging modes,image qualities and magnifications,demonstrating its good robustness and strong application ***,the visualization of feature maps during the segmenting process is utilised to explain the mechanism of this method’s good performance.

关键词： Microstructure quantification Deep learning Electron backscatter diffraction Small sample problem

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Physical Simulation of Thermally Induced Martensite Formation from Retained Austenite in TRIP Steels

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2003年第z1期19卷 105-108页

作者： Lie ZHAO Fred J. VERMOLEN Jilt SIETSMA sybrand van der zwaag Netherlands Institute for Metals Research P.O.Box 5008 2600 GA Delft The Netherlands Department of Materials Science Delft University of Technology R otterdamseweg 137 2628 AL Delft The Netherlands Department of Applied Mathematics Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 4 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands Department of Materials ScienceDelft University of TechnologyRotterdamseweg 1372628 AL DelftThe Netherlands Netherlands Institute for Metals Research P.O.Box 5008 2600 GA Delft The Netherlands Faculty of Aerospace Engineering Delft University of Technology Kluyverweg 1 2629 HS Delft The Netherlands

The present work analyses the total free energy of the material during the martensitic transformation. A general expression for the martensite fraction as a function of temperature is derived, assuming that the nonchemical free energyis proportional to the volume of martensite. This expression indicates that the temperature-dependent martensitefraction can be predicted once the characteristic transformation temperatures and the relation between the chemicalfree energy and temperature of the martensite and austenite are known. An advantage of this development is thatthe proposed equation is valid for all types of relations between the chemical free energy and temperature. Thissimulation is successfully applied to the martensitic transformation upon further cooling of retained austenite in alow-alloyed TRIP steel, in which the relation between chemical free energy and temperature is quadratic and thefraction is determined from a thermo-magnetic measurement.

关键词： Thermodynamics, Martensitic transformation, Retained austenite, TRIP steels.

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Predicting the Transition between Upper and Lower Bainite via a Gibbs Energy Balance Approach

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2017年第12期33卷 1513-1521页

作者： Zenan Yang Wei Xu Zhigang Yang Chi Zhang Hao Chen sybrand van der zwaag Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Faculty of Aerospace Engineering Delft University of TechnologyKluyverweg 12629HS DelftThe Netherlands State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China

The transition temperature between upper bainite and lower bainite is calculated with an extended Gibbs energy balance model, which is able to quantitatively describe the evolution of carbon supersaturation within bainitic ferrite sheaves during the entire thickening process. The nucleation rate of intra-lath cementite precipitation on a dislocation is calculated based on of the degree of carbon *** bainite and lower bainite are thus distinguished by the effective nucleation density and therefore a numerical criterion can be set to define the transition. The model is applied to Fe-xC-1Mn/2Mn/1 Mo ternary alloys. Results show that the transition temperature increases with bulk carbon content at lower carbon concentration but decreases in the higher carbon region. This prediction agrees very well with the experimental observations in Mn and Mo alloyed systems. Moreover, the highest transition temperature and the carbon content at which it occurs in the Fe-xC-2Mn system are in good agreement with reported experimental data. The inverse ＂V＂ shaped character of the carbon concentration-transition temperature curve indicates two opposite physical mechanisms operating at the same time. An analysis is carried out to provide an explanation.

关键词： Bainite Interface migration Carbon diffusion Gibbs energy balance Low-alloy steel

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Recovery and Recrystallisation of C-Mn Steels in the Intercritical Region

Recovery and Recrystallisation of C-Mn Steels in the Intercr...

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The Fourth International Conference on Physical and Numerical Simulation of Materials Processing (ICPNS’2004)

作者： Dave Hanlon Jilt Sietsma sybrand van der zwaag Netherlands Institute for Metals Research 2628AL Delft the Netherlands Laboratory for Materials Science Delft University of Technology 2628 AL Delft the Netherlands Faculty of Aerospace Engineering Delft University of Technology 2629 HS Delft the Netherlands

Recovery and recrystallisation after intercritical deformation in a 0.19%C-1.46%Mn steel were studied using stress relaxation, micro-indentation and Electron Backscatter Diffraction techniques. At temperatures in the range 750-800℃, ferrite grains dynamically recover during the intercritical deformation, whilst austenite grains recrystallise statically after deformation. As the temperature decreases to 700℃, austenitic and ferritic recovery are both observed to start after deformation, but the former finishes in a few minutes whilst the latter lasts for a much longer time. When the temperature further decreases to 675℃, the overall softening of the material resulted primarily from recovery in ferrite.

关键词： Recovery Recrystallisation Intercritical deformation C-Mn steel

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Numerical simulation of precipitation kinetics in multicomponent alloys

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第33期128卷 98-106页

作者： K.Xu J.D.Liu S.van der zwaag W.Xu J.G.Li School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China Novel Aerospace Materials Group Faculty of Aerospace EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyKluyverweg 12629 HSDelftThe Netherlands State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China

A universal numerical model based on the particle size distribution(PSD)approach has been developed for the simulation of precipitation kinetics in multicomponent alloys during isothermal *** was implemented utilizing the classical nucleation theory(CNT).Growth and coarsening were modeled by a single growth kinetics equation,which is constructed based on the interfacial diffusion flux balance and the capillarity *** partial off-diagonal terms in the diffusion matrix(diffusion of individual components in the matrix)were taken into account in the calculations to minimize the computational cost while coupling with CALPHAD to extract thermodynamics equilibrium around the interface.A new feature of the model is the incorporation of a more realistic spatial site distribution via a Voronoi construction in the characteristic cell,for the purpose of modifying the diffusion *** predictions of the precipitate dimensions and the precipitation kinetics were compared with the atom probe tomography(APT)measurements on ternary Ni-Al-Cr alloys isothermally aged at 873 *** is found that the temporal evolution of the dimensions and composition of the precipitates is well captured,as is the dependence on changes in the alloy *** new modification with Voronoi construction demonstrates that the overall precipitation kinetics depends on the density and the spatial site distribution of *** ability to handle sophisticated alloy chemistries by quantitative equations,the compositional sensitivity of microstructural characteristics emerging from the simulation results,and the ability to visualize the spatial distribution of precipitates make the work very promising for multicomponent alloy design and optimization.

关键词： Precipitation kinetics Thermodynamics Multicomponent PSD Voronoi construction

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The Inter- and Intraindividual Anatomical Relationship of the Femoral Anteversion and Distal Femoral Rotation. A Cadaveric Study on the Femoral Anteversion Angle, Posterior and Inferior Condylar Angle Using Computed Tomography

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Advances in Computed Tomography 2015年第1期4卷 9-18页

作者： H. M. J. van der Linden-van der zwaag L. C. D. Konijn T. J. van der Steenhoven H. J. L. van der Heide M. C. de Ruiter R. G. H. H. Nelissen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Department of Anatomy Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands

Malrotation following Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is directly related to poor outcome. Knowledge of the rotational axes (torsion) and angles is therefore important. The aim of the study was to determine whether an association existed between the Femoral Anteversion Angle (FAA) Posterior Condylar Angle (PCA) and the Inferior Condylar Angle (ICA) in individuals. A CT scan of 50 (25 paired) cadaver femora was made. The FAA, PCA and ICA were measured. Statistical analysis of comparative relationships between these different angles was examined by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients and a paired t-test. The mean FAA, PCA and ICA for the whole group were respectively 11.7° (range 0 - 32, SD 8.2), 5.18° (range 0 - 12, SD 2.4) and 4.4° (range 0 - 10, SD 2.1). A correlation of 0.82 (p = 0.01) of the FAA was found between left versus right. For the overall group a correlation coefficient between the PCA of the left and right femur was r = 0.59, p = 0.01. The Pearson correlation between the FAA and PCA in the whole group was r = 0.27, p = 0.06. In females this was r = 0.54 (p = 0.03). Although the difference of the mean ICA and PCA was very small (0.7°), there was no correlation between these angles (r = 0.14, p = 0.23). In conclusion, one should be aware that, considering the weak correlation of the FAA and PCA, an individual rotational variation exists. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the PCA and ICA. Therefore, for now, this angle cannot be assumed to be helpful in TKA. A more individual approach in total knee arthroplasty seems essential for future TKA.

关键词： Knee Femoral Anteversion Angle Posterior Condylar Angle Inferior Condylar Angle Computed Tomography

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遗传先天性面神经麻痹与Mbius综合征的神经病理学比较研究

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（神经病学分册） 2005年第7期1卷 46-47页

作者： Verzijl H.T.F.M. van der zwaag B. Lammens M. 高方 Depa rtment of Neurology University Medical Center Nijmegen PO Box 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen Netherlands Dr.

Objective: To characterize the neuropathology of hereditary congenital facial palsy. Methods: The authors compared brainstem pathology of three members of one family with autosomal dominant congenital facial palsy to that in three age-ma tched controls. The neuropathologic findings of the familial patients were compa red with those of patients with Mbius ***: The authors observed a marked decrease in the number of neurons in the facial motor nucleus with corre sponding small facial nerve remnants. In the patients with congenital facial pal sy the number of facial motoneurons ranged between 280 and 1,680 as compared to 5,030 and 8,700 for controls. No signs of neuronal degeneration or necrosis with neuronal loss,gliosis, or calcifications were present. There were no other abno rmalities of the rhombencephalon and its associated *** corticospinal tracts were fully developed. In contrast,Mbius syndrome is part of a more com plex congenital anomaly of the posterior fossa with hypoplasia of the entire bra instem,including the traversing long tracts, with signs of neuronal degeneration and other congenital brain abnormalities. Conclusion:Neuropathologic findings c onfirm clinical observations that hereditary congenital facial palsy and Mbius syndrome are two different entities with a different pathogenesis.

关键词：面神经麻痹 bius 神经病理学 facial neuronal 神经核 hereditary congenital palsy degeneration

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