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Literary Writing and Linguistic Disalienation

Language and Semiotic Studies 2017年第1期3卷 1-12页

作者： Augusto Ponzio susan petrilli(译) The University of Bari Aldo Moro Italy Italian

In Geogre Orwell's 1984(1948), literary writing is the last stronghold against "Newspeak" where the latter represents the limit point of the hypothesis concerning the homologation of reality. In a homologated world everything is subject to control by those responsible for social planning, consequently for communication-production in a world where the nonfunctional and the superfluous have been eliminated. But Newspeak can translate anything except for Shakespeare, Swift, Sterne…in other words, literature. So it will only enter into force and become law in *** his Lezioni Americane(Six Memos for the Next Millenium, 1988), the Italian writer Italo Calvino(1923-1985) considers the gaze of literature as the "possibility of health" against the "pestilence" that has struck the human race in its most distinctive faculty. A "plague in language" which manifests itself as homologation, automatism, levelling, not only of verbal expression, but also of life itself and even of the imagination and of desire: "At this point, I don't wish to dwell upon the possible sources of this epidemic, whether they are to be sought in politics, ideology, beaurocratic uniformity, the monotony of mass-media, or the way the schools dispense the culture of the mediocre. What interests me are the possibilities of health. Literature, and perhaps literature alone, can create the antibodies to fight this plague in language".Literary writing disalienates language which is generally compromised by the "Order of discourse", made functional to dominant communication and reduced therefore to the mere status of "communicative language".Literature enables us to see in verbal language what in the direct word of verbal language is not possible to capture: that is, the other word, not only the word of the other, but also the other voices that resound in the word of the "same" subject.

关键词： alienation/disalienation direct/indirect word functionality/nonfunctionality order of discourse voice

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Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study(SCOTS) for retinal and optic nerve diseases: a case report of improvement in relapsing auto-immune optic neuropathy

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第6期10卷 1507-1515页

作者： Jeffrey N.Weiss Steven Levy susan C.Benes Retina Associates of South Florida MD Stem Cells Wilmer Eye Institute The Johns Hopkins Hospital

We present the results from a patient with relapsing optic neuropathy treated within the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study （SCOTS）. SCOTS is an Institutional Review Board ap- proved clinical trial and has become the largest ophthalmology stem cell study registered at the National Institutes of Health to date （*** Identifier NCT 01920867）. SCOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells （BMSCs） for treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases. Pre-treatment and post-treatment comprehensive eye exams of a 54 year old female patient were performed both at the Florida Study Center, USA and at The Eye Center of Columbus, USA. As a consequence of a relapsing optic neuritis, the patient＇s previously normal visual acuity decreased to between 20/350 and 20/400 in the right eye and to 20/70 in the left eye. Significant visual field loss developed bilaterally. The patient underwent a right eye vitrectomy with injection of BMSCs into the optic nerve of the right eyeand retrobulbar, subtenon and in- travitreal injection of BMSCs in the left eye. At 15 months after SCOTS treatment, the patient＇s visual acuity had improved to 20/150 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Bilateral visual fields improved markedly. Both macular thickness and fast retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were maximally improved at 3 and 6 months after SCOTS treatment. The patient also reduced her mycophenylate dose from 1,500 mg per day to 500 mg per day and required no steroid pulse therapy during the 15-month follow up.

关键词： nerve regeneration stem cells optic nerve autoimmune optic neuropathy ophthalmology bone marrow-derived stem cells blindness visual loss Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study neural regeneration

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Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS)： bone marrow-derived stem cells in the treatment of Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy

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Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第10期11卷 1685-1694页

作者： Jeffrey N. Weiss Steven Levy susan C. Benes Retina Associates of South Florida 5800 Colonial Drive Suite 300 Margate FL USA MD Stem Cells 3 Sylvan Road South Westport CT USA The Eye Center of Columbus The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA

The Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study （SCOTS） is currently the largest-scale stem cell ophthal- mology trial registered at *** （identifier： NCT01920867）. SCOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells （BMSCs） to treat optic nerve and retinal diseases. Treatment approaches include a combination of retrobulbar, subtenon, intravitreal, intra-optic nerve, subretinal, and intravenous injection of autologous BMSCs according to the nature of the disease, the degree of visual loss, and any risk factors related to the treatments. Patients with Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy had visual acuity gains on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study （ETDRS） of up to 35 letters and Snellen acuity improvements from hand motion to 20/200 and from counting fingers to 20/100. Visual field improvements were noted. Macular and optic nerve head nerve fiber layer typically thickened. No serious complications were seen. The increases in visual acuity obtained in our study were encouraging and suggest that the use of autolo- gous BMSCs as provided in SCOTS for ophthalmologic mitochondrial diseases including Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy may be a viable treatment option.

关键词： nerve regeneration Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy mitochondrial disease optic neuropathy bone marrow derived stem cells blindness visual loss neural regeneration

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The Japanese ladybirds, Coccinula crotchi and Coccinula sinensis, are infected with very closely related strains of male-killing Flavobacterium

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Insect Science 2014年第6期21卷 699-706页

作者： Sherif Elnagdy susan Messing Michael E. N. Majerus Department of Genetics University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EH UK Botany Department Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt University of Rochester Rochester New York USA Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology University of Rochester Rochester New York USA

Male-killing is 1 of 4 known strategies that inherited parasitic endosymbionts have evolved to manipulate their host＇s reproduction. In early male-killing, infected male offspring are killed early in embryogenesis. Within the Insecta, male-killing bacteria have been found in a wide range of hosts. The Coccinellidae families of beetles, better known as ladybirds, are particularly prone to male-killer invasion. In samples of the coccinellid, Coc- cinula crotchi, from Japan, a new male-killing bacterium was revealed by phenotypic assay. Molecular genetic analysis revealed the identity to be a tetracycline-sensitive Flavobac- terium that causes female-biased offspring sex ratio. Furthermore, that Flavobacterium strain was found to be closely related to the Flavobacterium causing male-killing in the congeneric Japanese coccinellid, Coccinula sinensis, which was collected from the same region. However, we found slightly different Flavobacterium strains infecting C. sinen- sis from regions with different environmental conditions. This may be an indication of horizontal transmission of male-killing Flavobacterium between these 2 ladybird spices. Finally, environmental conditions may affect the spread of male-killing bacteria among their hosts.

关键词： Coccinula crotchi Coccinula sinensis endosymbionts Flavobacterium inherited bacteria male-killing sex ratio distorter

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TIC-Tox: A preliminary discussion on identifying the forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity of disinfected water

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第8期29卷 208-216页

作者： Michael J.Plewa Elizabeth D.Wagner susan D.Richardson Safe Global Water Institute and the Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina

The disinfection of drinking water is a major public health achievement; however, an unintended consequence of disinfection is the generation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）. Many of the identified DBPs exhibit in vitro and in vivo toxicity, generate a diversity of adverse biological effects, and may be hazards to the public health and the *** a few DBPs are regulated by several national and international agencies and it is not clear if these regulated DBPs are the forcing agents that drive the observed toxicity and their associated health effects. In this study, we combine analytical chemical and biological data to resolve the forcing agents associated with mammalian cell cytotoxicity of drinking water samples from three cities. These data suggest that the trihalomethanes（THMs） and haloacetic acids may be a small component of the overall cytotoxicity of the organic material isolated from disinfected drinking water. Chemical classes of nitrogen-containing DBPs, such as the haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides, appear to be the major forcing agents of toxicity in these samples. These findings may have important implications for the design of epidemiological studies that primarily rely on the levels of THMs to define DBP exposure among populations. The TIC-Tox approach constitutes a beginning step in the process of identifying the forcing agents of toxicity in disinfected water.

关键词： DBPs CHO cell cytotoxicity Toxicity Additivity

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Whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism and mating compatibility studies reveal the presence of distinct species in sub-Saharan Africa Bemisia tabaci whiteflies

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Insect Science 2021年第6期28卷 1553-1566页

作者： Habibu Mugerwa Hua-Ling Wang Peter Sseruwagi susan Seal John Colvin Natural Resources Institute University of GreenwichCentral AvenueChatham MaritimeKentUK Department of Entomology University of GeorgiaGriffinGeorgiaUSA Institute of Insect Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina Biotechnology Department Mikocheni Agricultural Research InstituteDar es SalaamTanzania

In sub-Saharan Africa cassava growing areas,two members of the Bemisia tabaci species complex termed sub-Saharan Africa 1(SSA1)and SSA2 have been reported as the prevalent whiteflies associated with the spread of viruses that cause cassava mosaic disease(CMD)and cassava brown streak disease(CBSD)*** the peak of CMD pandemic in the late 1990s,SSA2 was the prevalent whitefly,although its numbers have diminished over the last two decades with the resurgence of SSA1 *** SSA1 subgroups(SGI to SG3)are the predominant whiteflies in East Africa and vary in distribution and biological *** compatibility between SSA1 subgroups and SSA2 whiteflies was reported as the possible driver for the resurgence of SSA 1 *** this study,a combination of both phylogenomic methods and reciprocal crossing experiments were applied to determine species status of SSA1 subgroups and SSA2 white-fly *** analyses conducted with 26548205 bp whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and the full mitogenomes clustered SSA1 subgroups together and separate from SSA2 *** incompatibility between SSA1 subgroups and SSA2 further demonstrated their distinctiveness from each *** analyses conducted with SNPs and mitogenomes also revealed different genetic relationships among SSA1 *** former clustered SSA 1-SGI and SSA1-SG2 to-gether but separate from SSA1-SG3,while the latter clustered SSA1-SG2 and SSA1-SG3 together but separate from SSA *** compatibility was observed between SSA 1-SGI and SSA1-SG2,while incompatibility occurred between SSA 1-SGI and SSA1-SG3,and SSA 1-SG2 and SSA *** results among SSA 1 subgroups were coherent with phylogenomics results based on SNPs but not the full ***,this study revealed that the secondary endosymbiont--did not mediate reproductive success in the crossing assays carried ***,using genome wide SNPs together with reciproca

关键词： Bemisia tabaci phylogenomics reciprocal crossing sub-Saharan Africa species

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Double Fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana Involves a Polyspermy Block on the Egg but Not the Central Cell

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Molecular Plant 2008年第4期1卷 611-619页

作者： Rod J. Scott susan J. Armstrong James Doughty Melissa Spielman Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom School of Biosciences The University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom

In animal reproduction, thousands of sperm may compete to fertilize a single egg, but polyspermy blocks prevent multiple fertilization that would otherwise lead to death of the embryo. In flowering plants, successful seed development requires that only two sperm are delivered to the embryo sac, where each must fertilize a female gamete （egg or central cell） to produce the embryo and endosperm. Therefore, polyspermy must be avoided, not only to prevent abnormalities in offspring, but to ensure double fertilization. It is not understood how each sperm fertilizes only one female gamete, nor has the existence of polyspermy barriers been directly tested in vivo. Here, we sought evidence for poly- spermy blocks in angiosperms using the polyspermic tetraspore （tes） mutant of Arabidopsis, which allows in-vivo challenge of egg and central cell with multiple male gametes. We show that tes mutant pollen tubes can transmit more than one sperm pair to an embryo sac, and that sperm from more than one pair can participate in fertilization. We detected endosperms but not embryos with ploidies that could only result from multiple fertilization. Our results therefore demonstrate an in-vivo polyspermy block on the egg, but not the central cell of a flowering plant.

关键词： Double Fertilization Arabidopsis thaliana Involves Polyspermy Block Central Cell

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TRANSFORMATIVE RENEWAL AND URBAN SUSTAINABILITY

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Journal of Green Building 2013年第4期8卷 17-38页

作者： susan Spencer Lewin Craig Goodman OAA LEED BD+C

A key tenet of sustainable urban development is adaptive reuse, which is the practice of reusing existing infrastructure for a purpose other than for what it was built. Communities have much to gain from the adaptive reuse and transformative renewal of the older built fabric of the city. Retaining older buildings has environmental benefits as it bypasses complete demolition and reconstruction, and conserves the considerable embodied energy stored within the structure. Adaptive reuse is a key environmental factor in land conservation and the reduction of urban sprawl, as it promotes the reuse and revitalization of downtown and inner city sites. Existing buildings highlight the social character and identity of a community through the retention of the irreplaceable historic fabric. Existing buildings promote a strong and vibrant sense of place, leading to increased citizen engagement. Economic benefits can follow as the adaptive reuse and revitalization creates renewal, new uses, and captures the value of the existing building stock, creating a spur to the local economy. For these reasons, the adaptive reuse of existing and historic buildings is an essential component of sustainable urban development. This article will review a case study of the new downtown campus for the University of Windsor and the use of three existing historic buildings as a relevant adaptive reuse strategy toward inner city regeneration and revitalization. The overall strategy for urban sustainability will be reviewed, as well as specific issues and opportunities for each of the three projects.

关键词： University campus renewal city revitalization transformative renewal adaptive re-use sustainable urban design public realm design catalyst site heritage reuse

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Implementing General Education in Hong Kong:Government Policies,Institutional Responses,Opportunities and Challenges

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Frontiers of Education in China 2012年第2期7卷 253-269页

作者： Xiaoyan WANG susan GANO-PHILLIPS Office of Research&Innovation Seneca College of Applied Arts&TechnologyMarkhamON CAL3R 5Y1Canada Department of Psychology University of Michigan-FlintFlintMI 48502USA

In this paper,the authors explore the implementation of the government mandate in Hong Kong to move from three-year to four-year undergraduate degree programs which include studies in general education(GE),through an analysis of policies and activities related to the curriculum *** the authors are interested in the substance of these reforms,the primary objective is to explore the relationships between policy initiatives and implementation approaches at different *** Scott’s(2001)new institutional theory as a framework,the authors discuss the policy implementation at the governmental,institutional norms,and cultural *** focusing on the complex interrelationships among influences at different levels within the institution,this paper identifies challenges in the implementation of the new four-year curriculum,and using a case study of one institution,offers suggestions for facilitating that implementation.

关键词： general education(GE) curriculum reform academic structure change higher education Hong Kong

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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF GRACILARIA ASIATIC A AND GRACILARIA LEMANEIFORMIS IN ZHANSHAN BAY, QINGDAO

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 1988年第1期6卷 22-34页

作者： susan H. Brawley,费修绠 Department of General Biology Vanderbilt University U.S.A Institute of Oceanology Academia Sinica Qingdao

Natural populations of G. asialica Zhang & Xia and G. lemaneiformis (Bory) Weber van Bosse were studied during 1984 and 1986 in Zhanshan Bay, Qingdao (36°4′N,120°21′E). Rapid growth (length, weight) of these plants occurred between mid-May and late June (water temperatures, 15-20℃). The major epiphyte of C, asialica was Enteromorpha litiza, while Punclaria latifolia was the major epiphyte of G. lemaneiformis. Epiphytism declined throughout early summer, and epiphytes were rare after mid-July (1984); they did not reappear in late summer, although macrophyte growth declined abruptly after early July. Populations of G. asiatica varied during late spring-early summer between adjacent sandy and rocky portions of the intertidal zone; plants at the sandy site were larger and epiphyte-free. Amphipod densities were low on both species of Gracilaria, but the most abundant species were Ampithoe lacertosa, Caprella equilibra, C. kroyeri, C. scaura and Pontogeneia rostrata. Additional information on general com

关键词： Bay QINGDAO ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF GRACILARIA ASIATIC A AND GRACILARIA LEMANEIFORMIS IN ZHANSHAN BAY

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