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Do DBPs swim in salt water pools? Comparison of 60 DBPs formed by electrochemically generated chlorine vs. conventional chlorine

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第7期34卷 232-241页

作者： Caroline O.Granger susan D.Richardson Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina631 Sumter St.ColumbiaSC 29208USA

Disinfectants are added to swimming pools to kill harmful pathogens. Although liquid chlorine(sodium hypochlorite) is the most commonly used disinfectant, alternative disinfection techniques like electrochemically generated mixed oxidants or electrochemically generated chlorine, often referred to as salt water pools, are growing in popularity. However, these disinfectants react with natural organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants introduced to the pool water by swimmers to form disinfection byproducts(DBPs). DBPs have been linked to several adverse health effects, such as bladder cancer, adverse birth outcomes, and asthma. In this study, we quantified 60 DBPs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assessed the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of an indoor community swimming pool before and after switching to a salt water pool with electrochemically generated chlorine. Interestingly, the total DBPs increased by 15% upon implementation of the salt water pool, but the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity decreased by 45% and 15%, respectively. Predominant DBP classes formed were haloacetic acids, with trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid contributing 57% of the average total DBPs formed. Haloacetonitriles, haloacetic acids, and haloacetaldehydes were the primary drivers of calculated cytotoxicity, and haloacetic acids were the primary driver of calculated genotoxicity. Diiodoacetic acid, a highly toxic iodinated DBP, is reported for the first time in swimming pool water. Bromide impurities in sodium chloride used to electrochemically generate chlorine led to a 73% increase in brominated DBPs, primarily driven by bromochloroacetic acid. This study presents the most extensive DBP study to-date for salt water pools.

关键词： Disinfection byproducts Swimming pools Cytotoxicity Genotoxicity GC-MS

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery:Where are we going?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第35期16卷 4371-4373页

作者： susan H Whang Klaus Thaler Virginia Mason Medical Center Hudson Valley Hospital Center Cortlandt Manor

The foundation for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery(NOTES) is to access the peritoneal and other body cavities through the wall of the alimentary tract via natural orifices,with the goal of performing procedures within the peritoneum and other cavities,without the need to make incisions in the abdominal *** have made great progress in the field of NOTES since the publication of the White Paper in *** are still major fundamental goals as outlined by the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons/American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy joint committee that need to be evaluated and answered before NOTES is ready for widespread clinical *** include prevention of infection,instrument development,creation of a multitasking platform,and the ability to recognize and treat intraperitoneal complications such as hemorrhage and other physiological adverse *** response to this need,recent abstracts and papers have focused on the management of intraoperative *** next phase is to focus on controlled prospective multicenter clinical trials that compare defined NOTES procedure to standard *** goal is to produce reliable and convincing data for the United States Food and Drug Administration,insurance companies,the physician community and the general *** the present time,we still have many important milestones that still need to be *** investigators agree that a hybrid technique and not a pure NOTES practice should be advocated until devices can meet the current and new challenges in this f ield.

关键词： Natural orif ice transluminal endoscopic surgery Endoscopic surgery Gastrointestinal surgery Laparoscopy

Trends in the incidence of physician-diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder among active-duty U.S. military personnel between 1999 and 2008

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Military Medical Research 2019年第3期6卷 216-229页

作者： Kenneth LCameron Rodney XSturdivant susan PBaker John A.Feagin Jr.Sports Medicine Fellowship Keller Army HospitalUnited States Military AcademyWest PointNew York 10996USA Department of Mathematics Physicsand StatisticsAzusa Pacific UniversityAzusaCaliforniaUSA Department of Health Policy and Management Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA.

Background: The impact of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan on the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in military service members has been poorly quantified. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in the incidence rate of physician-diagnosed PTSD in active-duty military personnel between 1999 and ***: We conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing data extracted from the Defense Medical Surveillance System to identify incident cases of PTSD within the study population. The incidence rate of physician-diagnosed PTSD was the primary outcome of interest. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to analyze the ***: The overall incidence rate of PTSD among all active-duty US military personnel was 3.84(95% CI: 3.81, 3.87) cases per 1000 person-years. The adjusted average annual percentage increase in the incidence rate of PTSD prior to the initiation of Operation Iraqi Freedom(OIF) was a modest 5.02%(95% CI: 1.85, 8.29%). Following the initiation of OIF, the average annual percentage increase in the rate of PTSD was 43.03%(95% CI: 40.55, 45.56%). Compared to the baseline period between 1999 and 2002, the incidence rate of PTSD in 2008 was nearly 7 times higher(RR=6.85, 95% CI: 6.49, 7.24). Significant increases in the incidence rate of PTSD were observed following the initiation of OIF regardless of sex, age, race, marital status, military rank, or branch of military service. Notably, the rate of PTSD among females was 6–7 times higher prior to OIF, but there was no difference by gender by ***: Overall, these data quantify the significant increase in the incidence rate of PTSD following the initiation of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan within the active-duty military population during the study period.

关键词： PTSD Incidence rate Trends Military OIF OEF Epidemiology

The potential of vertebrate microfossils for marine to non-marine correlation in the Late Jurassic

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第6期17卷 655-663页

作者： Detlev Thies Alexander Mudroch susan Turner Institute of Geology und Paleontology University of HannoverD-30167 HannoverGermany Independent Palaeobiologist Bcklinplatz 4D-30177 HannoverGermany School of Geosciences Monash UniversityVictoria 3800AustraliaQueensland MuseumGeology/Palaeontology122 Gerler RoadHendraQueensland 4011Australia

Fish (cartilaginous: elasmobranch and bony: osteichthyan actinopterygian) and reptile (crocodile) microfossils comprising scales and teeth have been examined from a series of limestone samples in the Upper Jurassic of France and Germany to gauge the possibilities of using them for correlation between fully marine and hypo-or hyper-saline (non-marine) deposits.

关键词： Upper Jurassic Kimmeridgian chondrichthyans actinopterygians crocodilians microfossils biostratigraphy

A Novel Integrated Learning Scheme for Predictive Diagnosis of Critical Care Patient

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第11期73卷 2333-2350页

作者： Sarika R.Khope susan Elias School of Electronics Engineering Vellore Institute of TechnologyChennaiTamil NaduIndia Center for Advanced Data Science Vellore Institute of TechnologyChennaiTamil NaduIndia

Machine learning has proven to be one of the efficient solutions for analyzing complex data to perform identification and *** a large number of learning tools and techniques,the health section has significantly benefited from solving the diagnosis *** paper has reviewed some of the recent scientific implementations on learning-based schemes to find that existing studies of learning have mainly focused on predictive analysis with less emphasis on preprocessing and more inclination towards adopting sophisticated learning schemes that offer higher accuracy at the cost of the higher computational ***,the proposed method addresses the concern mentioned above by a novel computational learning model that emphasizes fine-tuning complex medical data and makes it suitable for learning to balance better classification performance and computational *** implementation is carried out using the MIMIC-III dataset,where the proposed system discretizes,the complete model using physician reports and furnished patient information as the first *** also prepares the data by choosing a specific tuple and its associated *** second step introduces a novel relatedness function where preprocessing is carried out using word quantization while adopting auto-encoders in deep learning followed by a novel learning-based *** outcome exhibits that the proposed system offers better classification performance in reduced processing time in comparison to existing learning schemes.

关键词： Machine Learning diagnosis accuracy computational complexity diagnosis deep learning classification prediction

Formation of iodo-trihalomethanes, iodo-haloacetic acids, and haloacetaldehydes during chlorination and chloramination of iodine containing waters in laboratory controlled reactions

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第8期29卷 127-134页

作者： Cristina Postigo susan D.Richardson Damia Barceló Water and Soil Quality Research Group Department of Environmental Chemistry Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) Barcelona Spain Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina SC 29208 United States Catalan Institute for Water Research(ICRA) Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona17003 GironaSpain

Iodine containing disinfection by-products（I-DBPs） and haloacetaldehydes（HALs） are emerging disinfection by-product（DBP） classes of concern. The former due to its increased potential toxicity and the latter because it was found to be the third most relevant DBP class in mass in a U.S. nationwide drinking water study. These DBP classes have been scarcely investigated, and this work was performed to further explore their formation in drinking water under chlorination and chloramination scenarios. In order to do this, iodo-trihalomethanes（I-THMs）,iodo-haloacetic acids（I-HAAs） and selected HALs（mono-HALs and di-HALs species, including iodoacetaldehyde） were investigated in DBP mixtures generated after chlorination and chloramination of different water matrices containing different levels of bromide and iodide in laboratory controlled reactions. Results confirmed the enhancement of I-DBP formation in the presence of monochloramine. While I-THMs and I-HAAs contributed almost equally to total I-DBP concentrations in chlorinated water, I-THMs contributed the most to total I-DBP levels in the case of chloraminated water. The most abundant and common I-THM species generated were bromochloroiodomethane, dichloroiodomethane, and chlorodiiodomethane. Iodoacetic acid and chloroiodoacetic acid contributed the most to the total I-HAA concentrations measured in the investigated disinfected water. As for the studied HALs, dihalogenated species were the compounds that predominantly formed under both investigated treatments.

关键词： Iodinated disinfection by-products Chlorination Chloramination Drinking water Mass spectrometry Iodo-trihalomethanes Iodo-haloacetic acids Haloacetaldehydes

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Animal cognition

Integrative Zoology 2019年第2期14卷 128-131页

作者： susan D.HEALY School of Biology University of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeUK

This special issue of Integrative Zoology(the official journal of the International Society of Zoological Sciences and the Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences)is focused on questions concerning the cognitive abilities of *** papers in this issue are the outcome of the 9th International Symposium of Integrative Zoology from 27-31 August 2017 in Xining,Qinghai Province,*** of these papers showcases questions absorbing the current interest of researchers in animal cognition(Healy 2019).Those questions range from the methodological through to experimental design to the relationship between cognitive abilities and their neural underpinnings,from the laboratory to the field,and to the very nature of *** experimental design has long been the hallmark of work on animal cognition(many examples are included in Shettleworth[2010])and this special issue contains several new instances.

关键词： journal concerning cognition

Kinetics of hydrogen peroxide quenching following UV/H_(2)O_(2)advanced oxidation by thiosulfate,bisulfite,and chlorine in drinking water treatment

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2023年第12期17卷 59-69页

作者： Tianyi Chen Lizbeth Taylor-Edmonds susan Andrews Ron Hofmann Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering University of TorontoTorontoOntario M5S 1A4Canada

Residual H_(2)O_(2)from UV/H_(2)O_(2)treatment can be quenched by thiosulfate,bisulfite,and chlorine,but the kinetics of these reactions have not been reported under the full range of practical *** this study,the rates of H_(2)O_(2)quenching by these compounds were compared in different water matrices,temperatures,pH,and when using different forms of bisulfite and *** general,it was confirmed that thiosulfate would be too slow to serve as a quenching agent in most practical *** pH 7-8.5,chlorine tends to quench H_(2)O_(2)more than 20 times faster than bisulfite in the various conditions *** important observation was that in lightly-buffered water(e.g.,alkalinity of 20 mg/L as CaCO_(3)),the form of chlorine can have a large impact on quenching rate,with gaseous chlorine slowing the reaction due to its lowering of the pH,and hypochlorite having the opposite *** impacts will become less significant when water buffer capacity(i.e.,alkalinity)increases(e.g.,to 80 mg/L as CaCO_(3)).In addition,water temperature should be considered as the time required to quench H_(2)O_(2)by chlorine at 4℃is up to 3 times longer than at 20℃.

关键词： UV/H_(2)O_(2) H_(2)O_(2) quenching Chlorine type Water alkalinity Temperature

Transfusion and coagulation management in liver transplantation

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第20期20卷 6146-6158页

作者： Ben Clevenger susan V Mallett Department of Anaesthesia Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust London NW3 2QG United Kingdom

There is wide variation in the management of coagulation and blood transfusion practice in liver transplantation. The use of blood products intraoperatively is declining and transfusion free transplantations take place ever more frequently. Allogenic blood products have been shown to increase morbidity and mortality. Primary haemostasis, coagulation and fibrinolysis are altered by liver disease. This, combined with intraoperative disturbances of coagulation, increases the risk of bleeding. Meanwhile, the rebalancing of coagulation homeostasis can put patients at risk of hypercoagulability and thrombosis. The application of the principles of patient blood management to transplantation can reduce the risk of transfusion. This includes: preoperative recognition and treatment of anaemia, reduction of perioperative blood loss and the use of restrictive haemoglobin based transfusion triggers. The use of point of care coagulation monitoring using whole blood viscoelastic testing provides a picture of the complete coagulation process by which to guide and direct coagulation management. Pharmacological methods to reduce blood loss include the use of anti-fibrinolytic drugs to reduce fibrinolysis, and rarely, the use of recombinant factor VIIa. Factor concentrates are increasingly used; fibrinogen concentrates to improve clot strength and stability, and prothrombin complex concentrates to improve thrombin generation. Non-pharmacological methods to reduce blood loss include surgical utilisation of the piggyback technique and maintenance of a low central venous pressure. The use of intraoperative cell salvage and normovolaemic haemodilution reduces allogenic blood transfusion. Further research into methods of decreasing blood loss and alternatives to blood transfusion remains necessary to continue to improve outcomes after transplantation.

关键词： Liver disease Transplantation Coagulation Transfusion Patient blood management Thromboelastography Cell salvage