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Health financing for universal health coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa:a systematic review

Global Health Research and Policy 2021年第1期6卷 429-437页

作者： susan c.ifeagwu Justin c.Yang Rosalind Parkes-Ratanshi carol Brayne Department of Public Health and Primary care Cambridge Public HealthUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK Department of Epidemiology and Applied clinical Research Division of PsychiatryFaculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK Infectious Diseases Institute Makerere University College of Health SciencesKampalaUganda

Background:Universal health coverage(UHc)embedded within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,is defined by the World Health Organization as all individuals having access to required health services,of sufficient quality,without suffering financial *** strategies for financing healthcare are critical in achieving this goal yet remain a challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA).This systematic review aims to determine reported health financing mechanisms in SSA within the published literature and summarize potential ***:A systematic review was conducted aligned with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)reporting *** 19 to 30 July 2019,MEDLINE,EMBASE,Web of Science,Global Health Database,the cochrane Library,Scopus and JSTOR were searched for literature published from *** describing health financing approaches for UHc in SSA were *** was synthesised in form of a table and thematic ***:Of all records,39 papers were selected for *** the included studies,most studies were conducted in Kenya(n=7),followed by SSA as a whole(n=6)and Nigeria(n=5).More than two thirds of the selected studies reported the importance of equitable national health insurance schemes for *** results indicate that a majority of health care revenue in SSA is from direct out-of-pocket *** common financing mechanism was donor funding,which was reported by most of the *** average quality score of all studies was 81.6%,indicating a high appraisal *** interrater reliability cohen’s kappa score,κ=0.43(p=0.002),which showed a moderate level of ***:Appropriate health financing strategies that safeguard financial risk protection underpin sustainable health services and the attainment of *** is evident from the review that innovative health financing strategies in SSA are *** limitations of this review include potentia

关键词： Universal health coverage Health financing Sub-Saharan Africa Systematic review

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Knockouts of high-ranking males have limited impact on baboon social networks

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current Zoology 2015年第1期61卷 107-113页

作者： Mathias FRANZ Jeanne ALTMANN susan c. ALBERTS Department of Biology Duke University Durham NC 27708-0719 USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544-2016 USA

Social network structures can crucially impact complex social processes such as collective behaviour or the transmission of information and diseases. However, currently it is poorly understood how social networks change over time. Previous studies on primates suggest that ＇knockouts＇（due to death or dispersal） of high-ranking individuals might be important drivers for structural changes in animal social networks. Here we test this hypothesis using long-term data on a natural population of ba- boons, examining the effects of 29 natural knockouts of alpha or beta males on adult female social networks. We investigated whether and how knockouts affected （i） changes in grooming and association rates among adult females, and （2） changes in mean degree and global clustering coefficient in these networks. The only significant effect that we found was a decrease in mean degree in grooming networks in the first month after knockouts, but this decrease was rather small, and grooming networks re- bounded to baseline levels by the second month after knockouts. Taken together our results indicate that the removal of high-ranking males has only limited or no lasting effects on social networks of adult female baboons. This finding calls into question the hypothesis that the removal of high-ranking individuals has a destabilizing effect on social network structures in social animals [current Zoology 61 （1）： 107-113, 2015].

关键词： Social network analysis Social network dynamics Knockouts Baboons

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The causal relationship between neurocysticercosis infection and the development of epilepsy-a systematic review

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 261-273页

作者： Lucy B.Gripper susan c.Welburn Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine Edinburgh Infectious DiseasesEdinburgh Medical School:Biomedical SciencesCollege of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineThe University of EdinburghChancellor’s Building49 Little France CrescentEdinburgh EH164SBScotlandUK

Background:Neurocysticercosis(Ncc)is a parasitic infection of the human central nervous system,the most common form of which involves infection of the brain parenchyma with the larval form of the Taenia solium tapeworm.A causal relationship between such an Ncc infection and the development of epilepsy in infected individuals is acknowledged,in part supported by high levels of comorbidity in endemic countries ***:This study undertook a systematic review and critical analysis of the Ncc-epilepsy relationship with the primary objective of quantifying the risk of developing epilepsy following Ncc infection.A secondary aim was to analyse the proportions of Ncc-associated epilepsy within different *** emphasis was placed on the importance of neuroimaging(cT or MRI)availability and use of clear guidelines for epilepsy diagnosis,in order to avoid overestimations of prevalence rates of either condition;a limitation identified in several previous ***:A common odds ratio of 2.76 was identified from meta-analysis of case-control studies,indicating that an individual infected with Ncc has almost a three times higher risk of developing epilepsy than an uninfected ***,meta-analysis of studies identified a common proportion of 31.54%of epilepsy cases associated with Ncc infection which suggests that amongst epileptic populations in at risk countries,approximately one-third may be associated with Ncc ***:A significant finding was the lack of good clinical data to enable accurate determination of a causal *** studies that were included had noticeable limitations,including a general lack of consistency in diagnostics,and lack of accurate epidemiological *** review highlights a need for consistency in research in this *** the absence of reliable estimates of its global burden,Ncc will remain of low priority in the eyes of funding agencies-a truly neglected disease.

关键词： epilepsy neglected enable

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Stem cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study(ScOTS) for retinal and optic nerve diseases: a case report of improvement in relapsing auto-immune optic neuropathy

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第6期10卷 1507-1515页

作者： Jeffrey N.Weiss Steven Levy susan c.Benes Retina Associates of South Florida MD Stem cells Wilmer Eye Institute The Johns Hopkins Hospital

We present the results from a patient with relapsing optic neuropathy treated within the Stem cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study （ScOTS）. ScOTS is an Institutional Review Board ap- proved clinical trial and has become the largest ophthalmology stem cell study registered at the National Institutes of Health to date （*** Identifier NcT 01920867）. ScOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells （BMScs） for treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases. Pre-treatment and post-treatment comprehensive eye exams of a 54 year old female patient were performed both at the Florida Study center, USA and at The Eye center of columbus, USA. As a consequence of a relapsing optic neuritis, the patient＇s previously normal visual acuity decreased to between 20/350 and 20/400 in the right eye and to 20/70 in the left eye. Significant visual field loss developed bilaterally. The patient underwent a right eye vitrectomy with injection of BMScs into the optic nerve of the right eyeand retrobulbar, subtenon and in- travitreal injection of BMScs in the left eye. At 15 months after ScOTS treatment, the patient＇s visual acuity had improved to 20/150 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Bilateral visual fields improved markedly. Both macular thickness and fast retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were maximally improved at 3 and 6 months after ScOTS treatment. The patient also reduced her mycophenylate dose from 1,500 mg per day to 500 mg per day and required no steroid pulse therapy during the 15-month follow up.

关键词： nerve regeneration stem cells optic nerve autoimmune optic neuropathy ophthalmology bone marrow-derived stem cells blindness visual loss Stem cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study neural regeneration

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Stem cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (ScOTS)： bone marrow-derived stem cells in the treatment of Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy

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Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第10期11卷 1685-1694页

作者： Jeffrey N. Weiss Steven Levy susan c. Benes Retina Associates of South Florida 5800 Colonial Drive Suite 300 Margate FL USA MD Stem cells 3 Sylvan Road South Westport CT USA The Eye center of columbus The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA

The Stem cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study （ScOTS） is currently the largest-scale stem cell ophthal- mology trial registered at *** （identifier： NcT01920867）. ScOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells （BMScs） to treat optic nerve and retinal diseases. Treatment approaches include a combination of retrobulbar, subtenon, intravitreal, intra-optic nerve, subretinal, and intravenous injection of autologous BMScs according to the nature of the disease, the degree of visual loss, and any risk factors related to the treatments. Patients with Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy had visual acuity gains on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study （ETDRS） of up to 35 letters and Snellen acuity improvements from hand motion to 20/200 and from counting fingers to 20/100. Visual field improvements were noted. Macular and optic nerve head nerve fiber layer typically thickened. No serious complications were seen. The increases in visual acuity obtained in our study were encouraging and suggest that the use of autolo- gous BMScs as provided in ScOTS for ophthalmologic mitochondrial diseases including Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy may be a viable treatment option.

关键词： nerve regeneration Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy mitochondrial disease optic neuropathy bone marrow derived stem cells blindness visual loss neural regeneration

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A new cGMW map released：The International Metallogenic Map of Africa at a scale of 1：5000000

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Episodes 2003年第2期26卷 116-118页

作者： Frost-Killian, susan Hammerbeck, Erik c.I. council of Geoscience Pretoria 0001 Private Bag X112 South Africa

The International Metallogenic Map of Africa, at a scale of 1:5 000 000 was prepared by the council for Geoscience, South Africa, under the auspices of the commission for the Geological Map of the World (cGMW) with support from UNEScO. The map was published by the cGMW and the council for Geoscience in 2002. The map supersedes an earlier version of the International Mineral Deposit Map of Africa (Sheet 1), produced in 1991. It was predominantly compiled by a team of 5 members, led by Dr. Erik Hammerbeck, Milica Veselinovic-Williams and susan Frost-Killian. Several co-authors and co-operators, including various research institutions and most of the African and Middle Eastern Geological Surveys, as well as the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM, French Geological Survey), assisted with the compilation and verification of the mineral deposit and background geological data.

关键词： cGMW地图非洲 1:5000000比例地图金属成矿地图矿床分布

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Stem cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (ScOTS)： improvement in serpiginous choroidopathy following autologous bone marrow derived stem cell treatment

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Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第9期11卷 1512-1516页

作者： Jeffrey N. Weiss susan c. Benes Steven Levy Retina Associates of South Florida 5800 Colonial Drive Suite 300 Margate FL USA The Eye center of columbus The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA MD Stem cells 3 Sylvan Road South Westport CT USA

We report results in a 77-year-old male patient with visual loss from long-standing serpiginous choroidop- athy treated with bone marrow derived stem cells （BMSc） within the Stem cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study （ScOTS）. ScOTS is an Institutional Review Board approved clinical trial and the largest ophthal- mology stem cell study registered at the National Institutes of Health to date （*** Identifier： NcT01920867）. Eight months after treatment by a combination of retrobulbar, subtenon, intravitreal and intravenous injection of BMSc, the patient＇s best corrected Snellen acuity improved from 20/80- to 20/60.1 in the right eye and from 20/50- to 20/20 3 in the left eye. The Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study （ETDRS） visual acuity continued to improve over the succeeding 8 months and the optical coherence tomography macular volume increased. The increases in visual acuity and macular volume are encouraging and suggest that the use of BMSc as provided in ScOTS may be a viable approach to treating serpiginous choroidopathy.

关键词： serpiginous choroidopathy serpigionous choroiditis geographic helicoid peripapillary chroidopathy retina macula stem cell therapy uveitis

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ARBs improve stroke outcome through an AT2-dependent, BDNF-induced proangiogenic and prorecovery response

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Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第6期11卷 912-913页

作者： Ahmed Alhusban Abdelrahman Y.Fouda susan c.Fagan Jordan University of Science and Technology College of PharmacyIrbidJordan charlie Norwood VA Medical center and Center for Pharmacy and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of Georgia College of Pharmacyand Georgia Regents UniversityAugustaGAUSA

Preclinical stroke research has introduced a number of potential interventions that can be utilized to enhance recovery after stroke（Lo and Rosenberg,2009）.

关键词： targeted majority utilized Rosenberg failed stimulation inhibit involvement angiogenesis signaling

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Variable retention in Tasmania, Australia: trends over 16 years of monitoring and adaptive management

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 305-317页

作者： Robyn E.Scott Mark G.Neyland susan c.Baker Sustainable Timber Tasmania 99 Bathurst StHobartTasmania 7001Australia School of Natural Sciences and ARc centre for Forest Value University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55HobartTasmania 7001Australia

Background:Variable retention harvesting using aggregated retention(ARN)has been applied in some Tasmanian wet eucalypt forests for>15 *** of ARN in Tasmania differs from most other regions,as forest influence(or the proximity of harvested areas to long-term retention)is primarily used to distinguish ARN from clearfelling rather than retention level,and broadcast burning is used as a regeneration treatment,resulting in a preference for edge aggregates instead of isolated retained *** emphasis on site-level retention of biological legacies and forest influence to facilitate re-establishment of mature forest species ensures that ARN coupes achieve the ecological objectives associated with retention ***:Spatial and survey data collected from operational ARN coupes illustrates the development of this silvicultural practice over time and allows comparisons with conventional *** 90%of ARN coupes have met the forest influence target of>50%.The number of ARN coupes harvested per year has varied,but mean retention levels(29%)and the mean area harvested per coupe(24 ha)have remained the *** influence in ARN coupes has decreased over time,as have perimeter-to-area ratios,largely due to a decrease in the number of island *** these measures of complexity have decreased,ARN coupes still have much greater forest influence,retention,and perimeter-to-area ratios when compared to conventional clearfell,burn and sow(cBS)*** observed decrease in boundary complexity should facilitate regeneration burning in ARN coupes,although no increase in the proportion of burnt seedbed was *** proportion of burnt seedbed is strongly correlated with eucalypt seedling stocking and density in ARN coupes,and these attributes were all significantly lower in recent ARN coupes compared to *** differences appear to be due to achieving better burns in recent cBS coupes,rather than poorer ones in ARN cou

关键词： Retention forestry Silviculture systems Aggregated retention Regeneration burning Regeneration success Forest influence Eucalyptus

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From a sequential pattern,temporal adjustments emerge in hummingbird traplining

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Integrative Zoology 2019年第2期14卷 182-192页

作者： Maria c.TELLO-RAMOS Andrew T.HURLY susan D.HEALY School of Biology University of St AndrewsScotlandUK Department of Biological Sciences University of LethbridgeAlbertaCanada

Animals that feed from resources that are constant in space and that refill may benefit from repeating the order in which they visit *** is a behavior known as traplining,a spatial ***,like other central-place foragers,use short traplines when moving between several rewarding *** we investigated whether traplining hummingbirds also use relevant temporal information when choosing which flowers to *** rufous hummingbirds that were allowed to visit 3 artificial flower patches in which flowers were refilled 20 min after they had been depleted repeated the order in which they visited the 3 *** they tended to visit the first 2 patches sooner than 20 min,they visited the third patch at approximately 20-min inter*** time between visits to the patches increased across the experiment,suggesting that the birds learned to wait longer before visiting a *** birds appeared to couple the sequential pattern of a trapline with temporal regularity,to some *** suggests that there is a temporal component to the repeated spatial movements flown by foraging wild hummingbirds.

关键词： foraging patterns interval timing rufous hummingbirds Selasphorus rufus

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