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Community perspectives on the effectiveness of watershed management institutions in the Himalayas

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第4期21卷 1119-1139页

作者： Nisha SILWAL Nabin DHUNGANA Rajan SUBEDI suraj upadhaya Chun-Hung LEE Natural Resources Conservation Nepal(NRCN) ChitwanP.O.Box 44200Nepal Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies College of Environmental StudiesNational Dong Hwa UniversityHualien 97401Chinese Taipei Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan UniversityPokharaP.O.Box 43Nepal School of Agriculture and Natural Resources Kentucky State UniversityFrankfortKY 40601USA Himalayan Conservation and Research Institute DolpaP.O.Box 21400Nepal

The sustainability of environmental management initiatives,such as watershed management programs,relies on the presence of effective institutions at the watershed ***,there needs to be more empirical evidence from evaluating the effectiveness of watershed-level ***,this study presents a pioneering effort to evaluate the effectiveness of Nepal’s first watershed conservation committee at the watershed scale,focusing on the case of the Khageri Khola watershed in Central *** study involved conducting a household survey,key informant interviews,focus group discussions,and field observations to collect and analyze the *** analysis,index value calculation,and chi-square statistics were then employed to summarize the results regarding local respondents’perceptions of twelve institutional characteristics,their rationalities,and their association with socio-demographic *** results reveal that the watershed conservation committee was perceived as performing well in managing the ***,good interaction,appropriate scale,technical,environmental,social,organizational,and government rationality were perceived as highly effective,with an average index value of less than *** contrast,clarity of objectives and economic rationality showed moderate effectiveness,with an average index value ranging from 0.36 to ***,the results suggested that adaptiveness,compliance capacity,and financial rationality merit increased attention,intending to improve their ***,the results showed the association of socio-demographics with respondents’perceptions of various indicators of institutional characteristics and their ***,the study provides valuable insights for policymakers,researchers,and development practitioners charged with designing sustainable and effective programs and *** enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of watershed management programs,we recommen

关键词： Watershed Watershed institutions Indicators Institutional characteristics Rationalities Nepal.

Generation scenarios of anodic structures and experimental realization of turbulence in unmagnetized plasma

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Plasma Science and Technology 2020年第8期22卷 90-98页

作者： Prince ALEX suraj Kumar SINHA Departimento di Fisica G.Occhialini Universita degli studi di MilanoBicoccaI-20126Italy Department of Physics Pondicherry UniversityKalapetPuducherry 605014India

In the present work,we report development of a DC glow discharge plasma(GDP)set-up to study controlled evolution of anodic structures having distinctive geometry,size and layers,generated in front of a positively biased electrode,submerged in unmagnetized *** such an anodic structure,we have also investigated the condition under which the turbulence is *** of these structures,generated in front of a positively biased electrode,depends on multiple parameters such as the ratio of anode to cathode size,electrode separation,gas pressure,biasing configuration such as anode bias,cathode bias and grounding *** attempted to classify different anodic structures observed experimentally,as anode glow,fireball,anode spot,double layer and multiple double layers(MDLs)based on its physical *** these structures the present investigation is focused on *** number of layers,observed in MDLs varied from as high as six to as low as zero,by controlling the operating discharge parameters,*** were carried out using Langmuir *** analysis of floating potential fluctuations corresponds to a multiple anodic structure showed emergence of turbulence,at its critical stage,satisfying condition for self-organized criticality(SOC).This was identified with three slopes observed in the power spectrum,resembling the sand-pile ***,the GDP is completely different from that of the magnetically confined plasma,the nature of turbulence observed with SOC,is very similar to that observed in the scrape of layer of fusion ***,the present investigation could provide new approach to study turbulence of similar nature,under an experimental condition that is free from the complexities of complicated field geometries used in confinement devices.

关键词： glow discharge plasma anode structure multiple anodic double layer turbulence unmagnetized plasma fireball

Feedback model of secondary electron emission in DC gas discharge plasmas

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Plasma Science and Technology 2018年第2期20卷 128-133页

作者： Saravanan ARUMUGAM Prince ALEX suraj Kumar SINHA Department of Physics Pondicherrry University

Feedback is said to exist in any amplifier when the fraction of output power in fed back as an ***,in gaseous discharge ions that incident on the cathode act as a natural feedback element to stabilize and self sustain the *** present investigation is intended to emphasize the feedback nature of ions that emits secondary electrons（SEs）from the cathode surface in DC gas *** average number of SEs emitted per incident ion and non ionic species（energetic neutrals,metastables and photons）which results from ion is defined as effective secondary electronemission coefficient（ESEEC,Eg）.In this study,we derive an analytic expression that corroborates the relation betweenEg and power influx by ion to the cathode based on the feedback theory of an *** addition,experimentally,we confirmed the typical positive feedback nature of SEEfrom the cathode in argon DC glow *** experiment is done for three different cathode material of same dimension（tungsten（W）,copper（Cu）and brass）under identical discharge conditions（pressure：0.45 mbar,cathode bias：-600 V,discharge gab：15 cm and operating gas：argon）.Further,we found that theEg value of these cathode material controls the amount of feedback power given by *** difference in feedback leads different final output i.e the power carried by ion at cathode（Pi C￠∣）.The experimentally obtained value of Pi C￠∣is 4.28 W,6.87 W and9.26 W respectively for W,Cu and *** addition,the present investigation reveals that the amount of feedback power in a DC gas discharges not only affect the fraction of power fed back to the cathode but also the entire characteristics of the discharge.

关键词： feedback secondary electron emission DC gas discharges power influx by ion at cathode cathode temperature

Land degradation and integrated watershed management in India

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2013年第1期1卷 49-57页

作者： suraj Bhan Soil Conservation Society of India National Societies Block A/G-4National Agricultural Science Centre Complex(NASC)DPS Marg(Pusa)New Delhi-110012

In view of the stagnating productivity levels of irrigated agriculture,the contribution from rainfed agriculture should be increased to meet the requirements from the ever growing human and animal population of *** degradation is a major threat to our food and environment security and the extent of degradation problems are more pronounced in rainfed *** potential of rainfed agriculture is untapped largely due to lack of enabling policy support and *** drought-prone rainfed areas,watershed management has shown the potential of doubling the agricultural productivity,increase in water availability,restoration of ecological balance in the degraded rainfed ecosystems by greening these areas and diversification of cropping farming *** of various watershed programmes can be substantially enhanced by developing new approaches and enabling policies new paradigm based on learnings over last 30 years for people-centric holistic watershed management involving convergence,collective action,consortium approach,capacity development to address equity,efficiency,environment and economic concerns is urgently ***,this can be used as entry point activity for improving livelihood for rural *** has been realized that for sustainable developments of degraded lands,involvement of people(land less and beneficiaries)is very much *** the last decade efforts have been made institutionalize the organizations of the community&beneficiaries and ensuring their involvement in planning project formulation,implementation and *** of India has launched various centre-sector,state-sector and foreign aided schemes for prevention of land degradation,reclamation of special problem areas for ensuring productivity of the land,preservation of land resources and improvement of ecology and *** schemes are being implemented on watershed basis in rainfed *** conservation measures and reclamation of degrade

关键词： Land degradation Soil and water conservation Rainfed agriculture Land productivity Watershed People’s involvement Reclamation Monitoring&evaluation

Estimation of drift limits for different seismic damage states of RC frame staging in elevated water tanks using Park and Ang damage index

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2020年第1期19卷 161-177页

作者： suraj O.Lakhade Ratnesh Kumar O.R.Jaiswal Department of Applied Mechanics Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology

Damage to elevated water tanks in past earthquakes can be attributed to the poor performance of their supporting frame staging. In order to ascertain the performance of these elevated water tanks, it is crucial to categorize the damage in quantifiable damage states. Among various parameters to quantify the damage states, the top drift of frame staging can be conveniently correlated to the different damage levels. In literature, drift limits corresponding to different damage states of the frame staging of the elevated water tank are not available. In the present study, drift limits for RC frame staging in elevated water tanks corresponding to different seismic damage states have been proposed. Various damage states of the elevated water tank have been determined using the Park and Ang damage index. The Park and Ang damage index utilizes results of both pushover analysis and incremental dynamic analysis. Twelve models of elevated water tanks have been developed considering variation in staging height and tank capacity. Incremental dynamic analysis has been performed using the suite of twelve actual earthquake ground motions. Based on the regression analysis between damage indexes and drift, limiting drift values for each damage state are proposed.

关键词： elevated water tank frame staging damage states drift limit 3D modelling incremental dynamic analysis pushover analysis

Prediction-Adaptation-Resilience(PAR)approach-A new pathway towards future resilience and sustainable development of urban landscape

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Geography and Sustainability 2021年第2期2卷 127-133页

作者： suraj Kumar Mallick Department of Geography Vidyasagar UniversityMidnaporeWest Bengal-721102India

Urban land-use planning,especially in the peripheral region,has become an issue in contemporary urban ***,urban resilience is very indispensable for future urban land use planning and ***,consistent urban proliferation can be coped through Prediction-Adaptation-Resilience(PAR),to accom-plish future urban land use and sustainable development of any growing up urban areas ***,different dynamic simulation models,*** automata-Markov model,artificial neural network,are used to project and predict any urban areas’spatial ***,the adaptation strategies are taken to assess the urban land use transformation in the past and present *** strategies help to strengthen urban land use planning using an integrated supply and demand ***,this study checks the resilience of how much it will be threatened or saved for future sustainable urban developmental goals and urban ***,it is important to establish a conceptual framework to achieve Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)based on principles of the PAR *** the on-going adaptation of sustainability,resilience,and rapid urban transformation in the developing cities requires clear and explicit definitions that are embedded with the recent and particular ***,government and policy makers should draw their attention to make proper urban landscape planning and adaptation strategies for the future urban expansion in a holistic way by maintaining appropriate urban resilience.

关键词： Land use transformation Prediction-Adaptation-Resilience(PAR) Sustainable Development Goals urban growth urban resilience

Role of Social Capital in Determining Happiness and Life Satisfaction:Mediation of Self-reported Health Using Path Analysis

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Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2024年第2期17卷 211-242页

作者： suraj Sharma Department of Economics S.M.(P.G.)CollegeChandausiM.J.P.Rohilkhand UniversityBareilly243006India

This study links social capital with people’s health and well-being using data from the seventh wave of the World Value Survey,logistic regression,and path *** study’s findings show that happiness and life satisfaction are two different measures of the same construct,or *** determinants of each are also characterised differently:while life satisfaction is more of a stable and relative measure and is more strongly influenced by civic cooperation,social participation,and educational attainment,happiness is more of an unstable measure and is more strongly influenced by community belonging,trust and confidence aggregates,including employment and location of residence of an ***,freedom of choice,financial satisfaction or social comparison,and state of health were the most important factors influencing happiness and life *** findings also show that self-reported health(SRH)has a greater impact on happiness than a measure of life *** analysis shows out of the three other components of social capital—community belonging,civic engagement,and social participation—trust and confidence aggregates are the ones that have the biggest impact on increased social *** both well-being measures,SRH mediated the *** life satisfaction measure had a higher level of mediation of SRH than happiness,but social capital had a smaller direct impact on life satisfaction than on *** was found to be partially mediating this relationship for both happiness and life satisfaction measures,which means that people with higher social capital reported feeling better off.

关键词： Happiness Health Life satisfaction Path analysis Social capital

Development of a drill energy utilization index for aiding selection of drill machines in surface mines

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2017年第3期27卷 393-399页

作者： Kumar suraj Rahul Talreja Murthy V.M.S.R. Department of Mining Engineering Indian School of Mines Dhanbad India

Drill machines used in surface mines, particularly in coal, is characterized by a very poor utilization （around 40%） and low availability （around 60%）. The main purpose of this study is to develop a drill selec- tion methodology and simultaneously a performance evaluation technique based on drill cuttings produced and drilling rate achieved. In all 28 blast drilled through were investigated. The drilling was accomplished by 5 different drill machines of Ingersoll-Rand and Revathi working in coal mines of Sonepur Bazari （SECL） and Block-II （BCCL）. The drills are Rotary and Rotary Percussive type using tri- cone rock roller bits. Drill cuttings were collected and sieve analysis was done in the laboratory. Using Rosin Ramler Diagram, coarseness index （CI）, mean chip size （d）, specific-st trace area （SSA） and charac- teristic particle size distribution curves for all the holes drilled were plotted. The predictor equation for drill penetration rate established through multiple regressions was found to have a very good correlation with an index of determination of 0.85. A comparative analysis of particle size distribution curves was used to evaluate the drill efficiency. The suggested approach utilises the area under the curve, after the point of trend reversal and brittleness ratio of the respective bench to arrive at drill energy utilization index （DEUI）, for mapping of drill machine to bench, The developed DEU1 can aid in selecting or mapping a right machine to right bench for achieving higher penetration rate and utilizations.

关键词： Drill cutting parameter Coarseness index Mean chip size Specific surface area Particle size distribution curves Drill energy ptilization index

Community Responses to Mountain Tourism:A Case in Bhyundar Valley,Indian Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2009年第4期6卷 394-404页

作者： Ram Babu Singh suraj Mal Chandra Prakash Kala Department of Geography Delhi School of EconomicsUniversity of Delhi Department of Geography Shaheed Bhagat Singh CollegeUniversity of Delhi Ecosystem and Environment Management Division Indian Institute of Forests Management

Tourism industry has become an important part of Indian economy,and tourism development has been,however,concentrated to a few areas. Accumulation of tourism activities has reached the critical stage in most of the tourism centers,which pose serious threats to the natural environment. The Bhyundar Valley of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) in Uttarakhand State of the Indian Himalaya is a burning example of such problems. Land use/cover changes,deforestation and accumulation of garbage are some of the negative impacts of unregulated tourism in the valley. Unsustainable activities of tourists and villagers in the valley make such problems very severe. To deal with the ongoing problems and ensure community involvement in tourism management and environmental conservation,the Biosphere Reserve Authority introduced ecotourism in the form of Eco Development Committees (EDCs) in the Bhyundar Valley. Study reveals that many problems associated with tourism have been minimized to some extent with the help of EDCs but few are still prevailing in valley. However,the existing attempts to conserve the valley from the negative effects of tourism are inadequate and modifications are needed in the current initiatives.

关键词： Mountain tourism Land use change Community response Eco development committee Environmental management