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法语学习 2009年第1期 70-73页

作者： Science et vie supplment ralis 党英媚

移动电话或非移动电话专业术语常常采用缩略词形式来尽量减少不规范词语的泛滥，此习惯令人烦恼。为了帮您了解，仅举几例。

关键词：法语学习网络术语移动通讯移动电话专业术语

Fast internal preheating of 4680 lithium-ion batteries in cold environments

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Nano research 2024年第10期17卷 8794-8802页

作者： Chuyue Guan Harrison Szeto Olivia Wander Vijay Kumar raphaele JClément Yangying Zhu Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA 93106USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA 93106USA Department of Materials University of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA 93106USA

Lithium-ion batteries are expected to operate within a narrow temperature window around room temperature for optimal performance and ***,in cold environments,electric vehicle battery packs must be extensively preheated prior to charge or ***,conventional preheating is accomplished externally,which is slow and thus significantly increases charging ***,internal heating has been demonstrated as a potential solution to quickly and uniformly preheat a lithium-ion pouch ***,internal heating has not been evaluated in other battery formats such as cylindrical *** this work,we present a numerical model of a 4680 battery with internal heaters for fast preheating in cold *** effects that the number of heater layers,heating duration,resting duration,environmental temperature,and boundary heat transfer coefficient have on the temperature heterogeneity of the battery were *** results show that internal heating alone reduces the temperature variation within the battery by a factor of 5 compared to external heating,and by a factor of 20 when combining internal and external *** study further proves that internal preheating of lithium-ion batteries is a promising thermal management strategy,and provides guidance on potential design considerations and heating protocols to implement internal heating.

关键词： lithium-ion battery 4680 battery thermal management internal battery preheating COMSOL Multiphysics thermal simulation battery temperature heterogeneity

Pollen analysis reveals the effects of uncovered interactions,pollen-carrying structures,and pollinator sex on the structure of wild bee-plant networks

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Insect Science 2024年第3期31卷 971-988页

作者： Clément Tourbez Carmelo Gómez-Martínez MiguelÁngel Gonzalez-Estévez Amparo Lazaro Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies(UIB-CSIC) Global Change Research GroupEsporlesBalearic IslandsSpain Department of Biology Ecology AreaUniversity of the Balearic/slandsPalmaSpain

Pollination networks are increasingly used to model the complexity of interactions between pollinators and flowering plants in *** methods exist to sample these interactions,with direct observations of plant-pollinator contacts in the field being by far the most *** the identification of pollen carried by pollinators allows uncovering interactions and increasing sample sizes,the methods used to build pollen-transport networks are variable and their effect on network structure remains *** understand how interaction sampling influences the structure of networks,we analyzed the pollen found on wild bees from eight communities across Mallorca Island and investigated the differences in pollen loads between bee body parts(scopa ***)and *** then assessed how these differences,as well as the uncovered interactions not detected in the field,influenced the structure of wild bee-plant *** identified a higher quantity and diversity of pollen in the scopa than in the rest of the female body,but these differences did not lead to differences in structure between plant-pollination(excluding scopa pollen)and bee-feeding interaction(including scopa pollen)***,networks built with pollen data were richer in plant species and interactions and showed lower modularity and specialization(H2'),and higher nestedness than visitation networks based on field *** interactions with plants were stronger compared to those of males,although not ***,females were more generalist(low d')and tended to be more central in interaction networks,indicating their more key role structuring pollination networks in comparison to *** study highlights the importance of palynological data to increase the resolution of networks,as well as to understand important ecological questions such as the differences between plant-pollination and bee-feeding interaction networks,and the role of sexes in pollination.

关键词： palynology pollen-transport networks pollination role of bee sexes sampling methodology visitation networks

Quantitative Comparative Study of the Performance of Lossless Compression Methods Based on a Text Data Model

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第7期14卷 1944-1962页

作者： Namogo Silué Sié Ouattara Mouhamadou Dosso Alain Clément Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de la Communication et de lInformation (LSTCI) Institut National Polytechnique Houphout Boigny (INPHB) Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire Institut National Polytechnique Houphout Boigny (INPHB) Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire UFr Mathmatique-Informatique Ecole Doctorale Sciences-Technologie et Agriculture Durable (ED STAD) Universit Felix Houphout-Boigny (UFHB) Abidjan Cte dIvoire Ecole de Gomatique et du Territoire (EGT) Abidjan Cte dIvoire LArIS SFR MATHSTIC Universit dAngers Angers France

Data compression plays a key role in optimizing the use of memory storage space and also reducing latency in data transmission. In this paper, we are interested in lossless compression techniques because their performance is exploited with lossy compression techniques for images and videos generally using a mixed approach. To achieve our intended objective, which is to study the performance of lossless compression methods, we first carried out a literature review, a summary of which enabled us to select the most relevant, namely the following: arithmetic coding, LZW, Tunstall’s algorithm, rLE, BWT, Huffman coding and Shannon-Fano. Secondly, we designed a purposive text dataset with a repeating pattern in order to test the behavior and effectiveness of the selected compression techniques. Thirdly, we designed the compression algorithms and developed the programs (scripts) in Matlab in order to test their performance. Finally, following the tests conducted on relevant data that we constructed according to a deliberate model, the results show that these methods presented in order of performance are very satisfactory:- LZW- Arithmetic coding- Tunstall algorithm- BWT + rLELikewise, it appears that on the one hand, the performance of certain techniques relative to others is strongly linked to the sequencing and/or recurrence of symbols that make up the message, and on the other hand, to the cumulative time of encoding and decoding.

关键词： Arithmetic Coding BWT Compression ratio Comparative Study Compression Techniques Shannon-Fano Huffman Lossless Compression LZW Performance redundancy rLE Text Data Tunstall

Determination of Comfort Conditions Using the PMV, Set and PDD Thermal Comfort Indexes in Ivory Coast

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第10期12卷 277-286页

作者： Amani Odilon Kouassi Conand Honoré Kouakou Koffi Clément Kouadio Department of Geology Université Felix Houphouët Boigny de Cocody Abidjan Cote d’Ivoire

This work falls within the context of reducing energy consumption in Côte d’Ivoire. As the building sector is one of the energy consumers worldwide, it could be a major source of energy savings. A major source of energy savings. With this in mind thermal comfort in buildings in Côte d’Ivoire (Abidjan) in order to determine (Abidjan) to determine thermal comfort conditions. To carry out study, measurement campaigns were carried out in various buildings. These measured parameters were used to calculate comfort indices such as PMV, PDD, SET and operating temperature. A correlation was then made between the PMV index and the operating temperature, then between the SET and the operating temperature to determine the thermoneutrality temperature and the different thermal comfort thermal comfort ranges. The PMV gave a thermoneutrality temperature of 24.87˚C in the rainy season and a thermoneutrality temperature of 25.15˚C during the dry season. In addition, the SET gave comfort ranges, with values ranging from 23.23˚C to 25.70˚C in the rainy season and 23.35˚C to 26.08˚C in the dry season. In addition, the acceptability predicted by the PDD showed that in the rainy season, the premises were more acceptable than in the dry season.

关键词： Operating Temperature Thermoneutrality Thermal Comfort Acceptability Energy

Benzothiadiazole-based materials for organic solar cells

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2024年第1期35卷 3-15页

作者： Qiang Bei Bei Zhang Kaifeng Wang Shiming Zhang Guichuan Xing Clément Cabanetos Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLOFE)&Institute of Advanced Materials(IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials(SICAM)Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing 211816China Jiangsu Seenbom Flexible Electronics Institute Co. Ltd.Nanjing 210043China Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering University of MacaoMacao SAR 999078China University of Angers Angers 49045France Building Blocks for Future Electronics Laboratory(2BFUEL) IRL2002CNRS-Yonsei UniversitySeoul 03722Republic of Korea

The past few years have witnessed power conversion efficiency(PCE)of organic solar cells(OSCs)skyrocketing to the value of 20%due to the outstanding advantages of organic photoactive *** latter,which consist of donor and acceptor materials,indeed play important roles in OSCs,and particularly one building block has attracted considerable research attention,namely benzothiadiazole(BT).The diversity of OSCs based on the BT structure have indeed sprung up,and the progressive increase in PCE values is more than just eye-catching since it heralds a renewal and bright future of *** review analyzes significant studies that have led to these remarkable progresses and focuses on the most effective BT small-molecules and BT polymers for OSC reported in the last *** pivotal structure-property relationships,donor-acceptor matching criteria,and morphology control approaches are gathered and discussed in this ***,we summarize the remaining challenges and offer a personal perspective on the future advance and improvement of OSCs.

关键词： Organic solar cells Benzothiadiazole Donor Acceptor Polymer Non-fullerene acceptors

Analysis and Optimization of Operational and Pollutant Attributes of Diesel Engine with CNT-Infused Orange Peel Biodiesel-Diesel Blend Fuel

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Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第2期33卷 761-778页

作者： ranjeet rAI r.r.SAHOO Mechanical Engineering Department GLA UniversityMathura281406India Mechanical Engineering Department IIT(BHU)Varanasi221005India

The current study is performed to find sustainable solutions for the future of transportation and environmental *** conventional methods and experimental design table(L16 Orthogonal Array)techniques have been employed to examine and optimize a diesel-powered engine's operational and pollutant *** L16 Orthogonal Array is obtained through Taguchi's experimental design approach using Minitab 16 *** experimental design incorporated three control variables,namely engine speed,fuel type,and engine load,each with four *** operational parameters,namely brake thermal efficiency(BTE)and brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC),as well as the emission characteristics,including hydrocarbon(HC),carbon monoxide(CO),nitrogen oxide(NO),and smoke emissions,were acquired using the L16 orthogonal array(OA) and subsequently *** utilization of methodologies such as signal-to-noise(S/N) ratio and grey analysis was employed to determine the optimal operational state of the engine to achieve maximum performance while minimizing *** engine's ideal state of operation,in terms of BTE and BSFC,was determined to be at 75% engine load,1000 r/min engine speed,and using 10^(-4)(in vol) carbon nanotube incorporated 20% orange peel biodiesel(OPB20CNT100) blended fuel(A3-B1-C4).The study indicated that engine load significantly influenced BTE and BSFC,with 84.05% and 87.79% contribution factors,*** 25% engine load,1000 r/min,and OPB20CNT100 fuel(A1-B1-C4) CO,smoke,NO,and HC emissions were the *** load affects emissions the *** BSFC increased 3.10% and NO emissions 1.77%.BTE,CO,smoke,and HC emissions decreased by 1.9%,12.29%,47.05%,and 47.22%,respectively,at optimal operating conditions concerning diesel *** study shows that Taguchi-Grey's experimental design optimizes diesel engine operational and pollutant *** outcomes revealed that orange peel biodiesel infused with CNT can replace diesel fuel in a

关键词： Taguchi-Grey method OPB20CNT100 transesterification S/N ratio GrG HC CO and NO

Characterization and Geotechnical Classification of Soils and Lateritic Gravelly Materials along the Songololo-Lufu road Axis (Kongo Central Province, Dr Congo)

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第5期12卷 355-372页

作者： Jean-Luc Albini Tshupa Blaise Mutombo Kabulu Ivon Ndala Tshiwisa Clément N’zau Umba-Di-Mbudi Geo-Hydro-Energy research Group Geosciences Department Faculty of Sciences and Technologies University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo Geosciences Department Faculty of Sciences and Technologies University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo Geological and Mining research Center (CrGM) Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo Polytechnic Faculty President Joseph Kasa-Vubu University Boma Democratic Republic of Congo

This study aims to characterize from a geotechnical point of view, the soils as well as the lateritic gravels along the Songololo-Lufu road route in the Kongo Central Province in the Democratic republic of Congo (DrC). Ten soil samples and eight lateritic gravel samples were analysed and tested in the laboratory. For each sample, identification parameters were determined such as particle size analysis, natural water content, Atterberg limits (plasticity index and consistency index), but also compaction and lift parameters such as optimal water content, maximum dry density and CBr lift index. All materials and soils have been classified according to the Congolese road Standard (NrC) and according to the American HrB classification. The test results show us that clay soils almost always contain between 70% and 90% fine fraction;the grained fraction represents less than 30% in clay samples. For lateritic gravels soils, the percentage of fine elements varies between 35% and 15%;in sand around 20%;the gravelly fraction represents a little more than 50% of the soil. The majority of soil facies encountered define a plasticity index lower than 15. As for the consistency index, we obtained values greater than 1, both for clayey soils and for gravelly soils. The classification according to NrC defined for these soils the types Ae1 and Ae2 for the clayey facies and the types GL1 and GL2 for the gravelly soils, while that of the HrB identified the classes and subclasses A-6 and A-7-6 for clayey soils, and subclass A-2-6 for gravelly soils. The optimal water content values obtained range between 10.2% and 23.10%;the maximum dry densities are between 1.66 and 2.07 t/m3 and the CBr index is between 6 and 26. As for the lateritic gravels materials of the Songololo region, the percentage of fine elements generally remains between 12% and 31%;the plasticity index is between 8 and 18;the optimal dry density is around 2 t/m3;the optimal water content is between 9.

关键词： Songololo-Lufu Lateritic Gravels Classification Geotechnical NrC

Multidimensional images and aberrations in STEM

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Chinese Physics B 2024年第9期33卷 68-74页

作者： Eric r.Hoglund Andrew r.Lupini Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831United States

recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM)have led to increased development of multidimensional STEM imaging modalities and novel image reconstruction *** interest arises because the main electron lens in a modern transmission electron microscope usually has a diffraction-space information limit that is significantly better than the real-space resolution of the same *** state-of-affairs is sometimes shared by other scattering methods in modern physics and contributes to a broader excitement surrounding multidimensional techniques that scan a probe while recording diffraction-space images,such as ptychography and scanning nano-beam ***,the contrasting resolution in the two spaces raises the question as to what is limiting their effective ***,we examine this paradox by considering the effects of aberrations in both image and diffraction planes,and likewise separate the contributions of pre-and post-sample *** consideration provides insight into aberration-measurement techniques and might also indicate improvements for super-resolution techniques.

关键词： scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) aberrations

Influence of Production Factors on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Fermented Cassava Dough and Sensory Evaluation of Attieke

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2024年第5期15卷 361-376页

作者： Weiléko Hélène Dougba Djedjro Clément Akmel Emmanuel Aya Diane Boudouin Dibi Nogbou Emmanuel Assidjo Laboratory of Industrial Processes for Environmental Synthesis and New Energies Institut National Polytechnique F&#233lix Yamoussoukro C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire Department of Agro-Food and Food Industries UFR Agriculture Fisheries Resources and Agro-Industry University of San-Pedro San-Pedro C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire

Attieke is an Ivorian semolina which obtained by fermenting, pressing and steaming cassava dough. Attieke production remains a traditional activity carried out by less literate women. However, perceived differences in measurable factors and attieke qualities require an investigation of their influence on the characteristics of the pressed dough and attieke. The aim of this study is to improve the quality of the dough in relation to that of the attieke produced. The experiment was carried out on 4 production factors, namely the type of boiled or braised ferment, the incorporation rate of the ferment between 8 and 10%, the addition of oil from 0.1 to 1% and the fermentation time from 12 to 15 hours applied to the Improved African Cassava (IAC) variety. A complete experiment design of 16 samples of fermented dough and attieke was employed. These samples underwent physic-chemical analyses for the fermented dough and sensory evaluation for the attieke. It was found that, except for titratable acidity, reducing sugar content and ash content, the physico-chemical characteristics of the dough of IAC variety were significantly influenced by all production factors and their interaction. Fermentation time significantly influences 60% of the physico-chemical characteristics of the fermented dough. The type of ferment, the oil addition and the ferment rate have a significant influence at 40% of these characteristics. At the sensory level, color, acidity and grain binding with an explained variance of 34.60% were essential for the appreciation of the attieke samples. Thus, these production factors could be considered for the improvement of the fermented dough and attieke production process.

关键词： Influence Production Fermented Dough Attieke