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Schwann cell extracellular vesicles:judging a book by its cover

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第2期18卷 325-326页

作者： steven l.Gonias Wendy m.Campana Department of Pathology University of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA Department of Anesthesiology Program in NeurosciencesUniversity of California The Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System San DiegoCAUSA

Schwann cells(SCs)are essential in the development of the peripheral nervous system(PNS),in PNS inj ury,and the aging *** comprise greater than 90%of the nucleated cells in peripheral nerves(Campana,2007).myelinating SCs insulate large-diameter axons,forming a 1:1relationship and promoting saltatory conduction of axonal action ***-myelinating SCs ensheathe clusters of smaller diameter axons in Remak *** types of SCs provide essential metabolic and trophic support to axons,which is essential for maintaining axon integrity in healthy peripheral nerves.

关键词： nerves conduction Schwann

Nutritional epigenetics education improves diet and attitude of parents of children with autism or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第1期14卷 159-178页

作者： Renee J Dufault katherine m Adler David O Carpenter steven G Gilbert Raquel A Crider College of Graduate Health Studies A.T.Still UniversityKirksvilleMO 63501United States Department of Research Food Ingredient and Health Research InstituteNaalehuHI 96772United States Department of Health Sciences University of New HavenWest HavenCT 06516United States Institute for Health and the Environment School of Public HealthState University of New YorkAlbanyNY 12222United States Department of Research Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological DisordersSeattleWA 98105United States Department of Statistics Food Ingredient and Health Research InstituteNaalehuHI 96772United States

BACKGROUND Unhealthy maternal diet leads to heavy metal exposures from the consumption of ultra-processed foods that may impact gene behavior across generations,creating conditions for the neurodevelopmental disorders known as autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Children with these disorders have difficulty metabolizing and excreting heavy metals from their bloodstream,and the severity of their symptoms correlates with the heavy metal levels measured in their *** may play a key role in helping parents reduce their ultra-processed food and dietary heavy metal intake by providing access to effective nutritional epigenetics *** To test the efficacy of nutritional epigenetics instruction in reducing parental ultra-processed food *** The study utilized a semi-randomized test and control group pretest-posttest pilot study design with participants recruited from parents having a learning-disabled child with autism or ***-two parents who met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected to serve in the test(n=11)or control(n=11)*** test group participated in the six-week online nutritional epigenetics tutorial,while the control group did *** efficacy of the nutritional epigenetics instruction was determined by measuring changes in parent diet and attitude using data derived from an online diet survey administered to the participants during the pre and post intervention *** intake scores were derived for both ultra-processed and whole/organic *** sample t-tests were conducted to determine any differences in mean diet scores within each *** There was a significant difference in the diet scores of the test group between the pre-and post-intervention *** parents in the test group significantly reduced their intake of ultra-processed foods with a preintervention diet score of 70(mean=5.385,SD=2.534)and a post-intervention diet score of 113(mean=8.692,SD=1.750)and the

关键词： Epigenomics Parenteral nutrition Autism Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Ultra-processed foods Heavy metals

Characterization of energy and performance of swine fed a novel corn-soybean extruded product

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2015年第3期6卷 322-329页

作者： katherine m Koch Robert C Thaler Sam K Baidoo Crystal l levesque Rebecca C Bott South Dakota State University University of minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center

Background： A novel extruded product was characterized with a metabolism and lactation trial to establish the product＇s energy content, and its effects on lactating sow performance. The product was composed of a 60：40 corn-soybean blend, which was then extruded. This product containing the co-extruded 60：40 corn-soybean blend was commercially developed and is used extensively in swine diets in southwest minnesota. GE of dietary treatments were determined by isoperibol bomb calorimetry. Twelve barrows （59.9 ± 1.4 kg）, were used to determine the digestible and metabolizable energy of the extruded product. DE of treatments was determined by subtracting fecal energy from GE provided to barrows by each respective treatment. mE was determined by subtracting urinary energy from calculated digestible energy. Sixty-three sows were used for the lactation trial. Three dietary treatments were utilized： CONTROl （an industry standard diet）; PRODUCT （contained the product, vitamins and minerals）; OIl （matched the lysine：mE ratio of PRODUCT by addition of soy oil）. Sow weight, backfat thickness at the right and left last ribs, body condition score, number of piglets, and litter weights were recorded on the date of farrowing （d 0）, （d 9）, and at weaning. Blood and milk samples were obtained at weaning, and blood was analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen （PUN）, milk was analyzed for total protein and fat content. Results： On a dry-matter basis, the test diet provided 3,908 kcal/kg DE and 3,833 kcal/kg mE, which was significantly greater than the basal diet, which provided 3,633 kcal/kg DE and 3,567 kcal/kg mE （P 〈 0.0001）. These data were used to establish the DE and mE of the product, which were 3,882 kcal/kg and 3,798 kcal/kg, respectively, on an as-fed basis. No effect of diet was observed for changes in sow backfat （RBF P = 0.24; lBF P = 0.07） or body condition score （P = 0.12） during lactation. milk total protein （P = 0.69）, fat （P = 0.66）, PUN, average piglet gain （P = 0.55） and pi

关键词： Corn Extruded lactation mE Soybean Swine

Optogenetic inhibition of medial prefrontal cortex projections to the nucleus accumbens core and methyl supplementation via l-methionine attenuates cocaine-primed reinstatement

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Integrative Zoology 2018年第6期13卷 795-803页

作者： katherine N.WRIGHT Amanda m.DOSSAT Caroline E.STRONG lindsay l.SAIlER Samantha m.PAVlOCK mohamed KABBAJ Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience Florida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA National Institute on Drug Abuse BaltimoreMarylandUSA Department of Biomedical Sciences College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA

DNA methylation has been identified as a powerful and activity-dependent regulator of changes in the brain that may underlie neuroadaptations in response to various types of stimuli,including exposure to drugs of ***,the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)projections to the nucleus accumbens(NAc)are critically important for reinstated cocaine-seeking in a rodent model of cocaine *** circuitry undergoes several epigenetic modifications following cocaine exposure,including changes in DNA methylation that are associated with drug-seeking *** have previously shown that methyl supplementation via l-methionine(mET)administration attenuates cocaine-seeking behavior and reverses expression and methylation patterns of the immediate early gene c-fos,suggesting that mET may act by altering the excitability of this circuitry during cocaine *** the current study,male rats were microinjected with an adeno-associated virus overexpressing halorhodopsin in the mPFC,optical fibers were surgically implanted into the NAc,and the rats were given injections of mET *** underwent acquisition of cocaine self-administration(0.75 mg/kg/infusion,2-h sessions)followed by extinction training in the absence of drug-paired *** reinstatement tests were conducted:cue-induced reinstatement without optogenetic manipulations and cocaine-primed reinstatement with optogenetic inhibition of mPFC-to-NAc *** were no group differences before the cocaine-primed reinstatement session,and all groups showed robust cue-induced *** rats treated with mET and rats that received mPFC-to-NAc inhibition showed an abolishment of cocaine-primed reinstatement,suggesting that systemic methyl supplementation may act through this critical circuity.

关键词： cocaine-primed reinstatement corticolimbic DNA methylation methionine optogenetics

Pediatric bowel preparation: Sodium picosulfate, magnesium oxide, citric acid vs polyethylene glycol, a randomized trial

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第40期26卷 6260-6269页

作者： Carmen Cuffari steven l Ciciora masakazu Ando mena Boules Joseph m Croffie Department of Pediatrics The Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMD 21287United States Department of Pediatrics The Ohio State University College of MedicineColombusOH 43205United States Department of Statistics Ferring Pharmaceuticals IncParsippanyNJ 07054United States Department of medical Affairs Ferring Pharmaceuticals IncParsippanyNJ 07054United States Department of Pediatrics Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN 46202United States

BACKGROUND Bowel preparation in children can be *** To describe the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of sodium picosulfate, magnesium oxide, and citric acid(SPmC) bowel preparation in *** Phase 3, randomized, assessor-blinded, multicenter study of low-volume, divided dose SPmC enrolled children 9-16 years undergoing elective colonoscopy. Participants 9-12 years were randomized 1:1:1 to SPmC ? dose × 2, SPmC 1 dose × 2, or polyethylene glycol(PEG). Participants 13-16 years were randomized 1:1 to SPmC 1 dose × 2 or PEG. PEG-based bowel preparations were administered per local protocol. Primary efficacy endpoint for quality of bowel preparation was responders(rating of ‘excellent' or ‘good') by modified Aronchick Scale. Secondary efficacy endpoint was participant's tolerability and satisfaction from a 7-item questionnaire. Safety assessments included adverse events(AEs) and laboratory *** 78 participants were randomized, 48 were 9-12 years, 30 were 13-16 years. For the primary efficacy endpoint in 9-12 years, 50.0%, 87.5%, and 81.3% were responders for SPmC ? dose × 2, SPmC 1 dose × 2, and PEG groups, respectively. Responder rates for 13-16 years were 81.3% for SPmC 1 dose × 2 and 85.7% for PEG. Overall, 43.8% of participants receiving SPmC 1 dose × 2 reported it was ‘very easy' or ‘easy' to drink, compared with 20.0% receiving PEG. Treatment-emergent AEs were reported by 45.5% of participants receiving SPmC 1 dose × 2 and 63.0% receiving *** SPmC was an efficacious and safe for bowel preparation in children 9-16 years, with comparable efficacy to PEG. Tolerability for SPmC was higher compared to PEG.

关键词： Children Colonoscopy Colon cleansing Sodium picosulfate magnesium oxide and citric acid Polyethylene glycol

magmatism and metamorphism at ca. 1.45 Ga in the northern Gawler Craton: The Australian record of rifting within Nuna(Columbia)

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第1期10卷 175-194页

作者： laura J.morrissey Karin m.Barovich martin Hand katherine E.Howard Justin l.Payne School of Natural and Built Environments University of South Australia Department of Earth Sciences School of Physical Sciences University of Adelaide

U-Pb monazite and zircon geochronology and calculated metamorphic phase diagrams from drill holes in the northern Gawler Craton, southern Australia, reveal the presence of ca. 1.45 Ga magmatism and metamorphism. magmatism and granulite facies metamorphism of this age has not previously been recognised in the Gawler Craton. The magmatic rocks have steep lREE-enriched patterns and high Ga/Al values, suggesting they are A-type granites. Calculated metamorphic forward models suggest that this event was associated with high apparent thermal gradients and reached pressures of 3.2 -5.4 kbar and temperatures of 775-815℃. The high apparent thermal gradients may reflect pluton-enhanced metamorphism, consistent with the presence of A-type granites. The recognition of ca. 1.45 Ga tectonism in the northern Gawler Craton is added to a compilation of ca. 1.50 -1.40 Ga magmatism, shear zone reactivation, rift basin development and isotope resetting throughout the South and North Australian Cratons that shows that this event was widespread in eastern Proterozoic Australia. This event is stylistically similar to ca. 1.45 Ga A-type magmatism and high thermal gradient metamorphism in laurentia in this interval and provides further support for a connection between Australia and laurentia during the mesoproterozoic. The tectonic setting of the 1.50-1.40 Ga event is unclear but may record rifting within the Nuna(or Columbia) supercontinent, or a period of intracontinental extension within a long-lived convergent setting.

关键词： Gawler Craton laurentia metamorphism U-Pb geochronology Paleogeographic reconstruction

Association of subcutaneous testosterone pellet therapy with developing secondary polycythemia

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2018年第2期20卷 195-199页

作者： katherine lang Rotker michael Alavian Bethany Nelson Grayson l Baird martin m miner mark Sigman Kathleen Hwang Division of Urology Brown University Providence RI 02903 USA Department of Biostatistics Lifespan Healthcare System Providence RI 02903 USA

A variety of methods for testosterone replacement therapy （TRT） exist, and the major potential risks of TRT have been well established. The risk of developing polycythemia secondary to exogenous testosterone （T） has been reported to range from 0.4% to 40%. Implantable T pellets have been used since 1972, and secondary polycythemia has been reported to be as low as 0.4% with this administration modality. However, our experience has suggested a higher rate. We conducted an institutional review board-approved, single-institution, retrospective chart review （2009-2013） to determine the rate of secondary polycythemia in 228 men treated with subcutaneously implanted testosterone pellets. Kaplan-meyer failure curves were used to estimate time until the development of polycythemia （hematocrit 〉50%）. The mean number of pellets administered was 12 （range： 6-16）. The mean follow-up was 566 days. The median time to development of polycythemia whereby 50% of patients developed polycythemia was 50 months. The estimated rate of polycythemia at 6 months was 10.4%, 12 months was 17.3%, and 24 months was 30.2%. We concluded that the incidence of secondary polycythemia while on T pellet therapy may be higher than previously established.

关键词： hypogonadism pellet polycythemia testosterone

SPECTRAl ImAGING AND ANAlYSIS TO YIElD TISSUE OPTICAl PROPERTIES

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Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 2009年第2期2卷 123-129页

作者： steven l.JACQUES Departments of Dermatology and Biomedical Engineering Oregon Health&Science University PortlandOregonUSA

An introduction to the basics of spectral imaging as applied to biological tissues is *** example of a spectral image of a face is used to demonstrate the data and spectral analysis that specify the melanin content(m),blood content(B),tissue oxygen saturation(S),water content(W),fraction of scattering due to Rayleigh scattering(f)and due to mie scattering(1−f),and the reduced scattering coefficient at 500-nm wavelength(µs 500 nm).The sensitivity of reflectance spectra to variation in the various parameters is illustrated.

关键词： Spectroscopy spectral imaging tissue optical properties optical diagnostics.

Time-resolved, defect-hosted, trace element mobility in deformedWitwatersrand pyrite

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第1期10卷 55-63页

作者： Denis Fougerouse steven m.Reddy Christopher l.Kirkland David W.Saxey William D.Rickard Robert m.Hough School of Earth and Planetary Sciences The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR) Curtin University Geoscience Atom Probe Advanced Resource Characterisation Facility John de Laeter Centre Curtin University CSIRO minerals Resources

The Pb isotopic composition of rocks is widely used to constrain the sources and mobility of melts and hydrothermal fluids in the Earth's crust. In many cases, the Pb isotopic composition appears to represent mixing of multiple Pb reservoirs. However, the nature, scale and mechanisms responsible for isotopic mixing are not well known. Additionally, the trace element composition of sulphide minerals are routinely used in ore deposit research, mineral exploration and environmental studies, though little is known about element mobility in sulphides during metamorphism and deformation. To investigate the mechanisms of trace element mobility in a deformed Witwatersrand pyrite(FeS_2), we have combined electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD) and atom probe microscopy(APm). The results indicate that the pyrite microstructural features record widely different Pb isotopic compositions, covering the entire range of previously published sulphide Pb compositions from the Witwatersrand basin. We show that entangled dislocations record enhanced Pb, Sb, Ni, Tl and Cu composition likely due to entrapment and short-circuit diffusion in dislocation cores. These dislocations preserve the Pb isotopic composition of the pyrite at the time of growth(~3 Ga) and show that dislocation intersections, likely to be common in deforming minerals, limit trace element mobility. In contrast, Pb, As, Ni, Co, Sb and Bi decorate a highangle grain boundary which formed soon after crystallisation by sub-grain rotation *** isotopic composition within this boundary indicates the addition of externally-derived Pb and trace elements during greenschist metamorphism at ~2 Ga. Our results show that discrete Pb reservoirs are nanometric in scale, and illustrate that grain boundaries may remain open systems for trace element mobility over 1 billion years after their formation.

关键词： Atom probe microscopy Nanoscale Nanogeochronology microstructure Isotope geochemistry Common Pb