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Use of Evapotranspiration (ET) Landfill Covers to Reduce Methane Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2015年第13期7卷 1087-1097页

作者： Tarek Abichou Tarek Kormi Cheng Wang Haykel Melaouhia Terry Johnson stephen dwyer Department of Civil Engineering Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA Ecole Nationale d’ Ingenieurs de Gabes Department de Genie Civil Gabes Tunisia LASMAP Ecole Polytechnique de Tunisie University of Carthage Tunisia Argonne National Laboratory Chicago IL USA. Waste Management Minneapolis MN USA. dwyer Engineering Albuquerque NM USA

Solid waste landfills need to have final covers to 1) reduce the infiltration of rainfall into the waste mass and 2) reduce surface greenhouse gas emissions. Most regulations require that such final covers include hydraulic barriers, such as compacted clays with or without geomembrane. Significant research has been undertaken to allow the use of evapotranspiration-based covers (often termed: Evapotranspiration (ET) Cover, Water Balance Covers, or Phyto Covers) as an alternative to the barrier concept covers. ET covers are designed so that they have the capacity to store water by the soil and also have plants or vegetation to remove the stored water. In ET covers, plant roots can enhance the aeration of soil by creating secondary macropores which improve the diffusion of oxygen into soil. Therefore, biological methane oxidation (a natural process in landfill soils) can be improved considerably by the soil structuring processes of vegetation, along with the increase of organic biomass in the soil associated with plant roots. This paper summarizes a study to investigate the capacity of an ET cover to reduce surface greenhouse gas emissions when implemented on a solid waste landfill. This study consisted of using a numerical model to estimate methane emission and oxidation through an ET cover under average climatic conditions in Bennignton, Nebraska, USA. Different simulations were performed using different methane loading flux (5 to 200 gm-2·d-1) as the bottom boundary. For all simulations, surface emissions were the lowest during the growing season and during warmer days of the year. Percent oxidation is the highest during the growing season and during warmer days. The lowest modeled surface emissions were always obtained during the growing season. Finally, correlations between percent oxidation and methane loading into simulated ET covers were proposed to estimate methane emissions and methane oxidation in ET covers.

关键词： Evapotranspiration Covers Methane Oxidation Landfills Greenhouse Gas Emissions

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Endoscopic papillary large balloon dilatation with sphincterotomy is safe and effective for biliary stone removal independent of timing and size of sphincterotomy

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第48期23卷 8597-8604页

作者： Usman Iqbal Aujla Nimzing Ladep Laura dwyer stephen Hood Nicholas Stern Richard Sturgess Digestive Diseases Unit Aintree University Hospital

AIM To describe the efficacy and safety of endoscopic papillary large balloon dilatation(EPLBD) in the management of bile duct stones in a Western population. METHODS Data was collected from the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) and Radiology electronic database along with a review of case notes over a period of six years from 1 st August 2009 to 31 st July 2015 and incorporated into Microsoft excel. Statistical analyses were performed using Med Calc for Windows,version 12.5(Med Calc Software,Ostend,Belgium). Simple statistical applications were applied in order to determine whether significant differences exist in comparison groups. We initially used simple proportions to describe the study populations. Furthermore,we used chi-square test to compare proportions and categorical variables. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test was applied in order to compare continuous variables. All comparisons were deemed to be statistically significant if P values were less than 0.05.RESULTS EPLBD was performed in 229 patients(46 females) with mean age of 68 ± 14.3 years. 115/229(50%) patients had failed duct clearance at previous ERCP referred from elsewhere with standard techniques. Duct clearance at the Index* ERCP(1 st ERCP at our centre) was 72.5%. Final duct clearance rate was 98%. EPLBD after fresh sphincterotomy was performed in 81(35.4%). Median balloon size was 13.5 mm(10-18). In addition to EPLBD,per-oral cholangioscopy(POC) and electrohydraulic lithotripsy(EHL) was performed in 35(15%) patients at index* ERCP. 63(27.5%) required repeat ERCP for stone clearance. 28(44.5%) required POC and EHL and 11(17.4%) had repeat EPLBD for complete duct clearance. Larger stone size(12.4 mm vs 17.4 mm,P < 0.000001),multiple stones(2,range(1-13) vs 3,range(1-12),P < 0.006) and dilated common bile duct(CBD)(12.4 mm vs 18.3 mm,P < 0.001) were significant predictors of failed duct clearance at index ERCP. 47 patients(20%) had ampullary or peri-ampullary diverticula. Procedure related adverse events included 2 cases of

关键词： Endoscopic sphincterotomy endoscopic papillary large balloon dilatation Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Adverse events Common bile duct stones

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VETA:Visual eye-tracking analytics for the exploration of gaze patterns and behaviours

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Visual Informatics 2022年第2期6卷 1-13页

作者： Sarah Goodwin Arnaud Prouzeau Ryan Whitelock-Jones Christophe Hurter Lee Lawrence Umair Afzal Tim dwyer Monash University ClaytonAustralia Inria&LaBRI(University of Bordeaux CNRSBordeaux-INP)BordeauxFrance ENAC UniversitédeToulouseToulouseFrance Swinburne University of Technology MelbourneAustralia

Eye tracking is growing in popularity for multiple application areas,yet analysing and exploring the large volume of complex data remains difficult for most users.We present a comprehensive eye tracking visual analytics system to enable the exploration and presentation of eye-tracking data across time and space in an efficient manner.The application allows the user to gain an overview of general patterns and perform deep visual analysis of local gaze exploration.The ability to link directly to the video of the underlying scene allows the visualisation insights to be verified on the fly.The system was motivated by the need to analyse eye-tracking data collected from an‘in the wild’study with energy network operators and has been further evaluated via interviews with 14 eye-tracking experts in multiple domains.Results suggest that,thanks to state-of-the-art visualisation techniques and by providing context with videos,our system could enable an improved analysis of eye-tracking data through interactive exploration,facilitating comparison between different participants or conditions,thus enhancing the presentation of complex data analysis to non-experts.This research paper provides four contributions:(1)analysis of a motivational use case demonstrating the need for rich visual-analytics workflow tools for eye-tracking data;(2)a highly dynamic system to visually explore and present complex eye-tracking data;(3)insights from our applied use case evaluation and interviews with experienced users demonstrating the potential for the system and visual analytics for the wider eye-tracking community.

关键词： Eye tracking Visual analytics Spatial-temporal visualisation

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Microtubule dynamics in axon guidance

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2014年第4期30卷 569-583页

作者： Guofa Liu Trisha dwyer Department of Biological Sciences University of Toledo ToledoOH 43606USA

Precise modulation of the cytoskeleton is involved in a variety of cellular processes including cell division, migration, polarity, and adhesion. In developing post-mitotic neurons, extracellular guidance cues not only trigger signaling cascades that act at a distance to indirectly regulate microtubule distribution, and assembly and disassembly in the growth cone, but also directly modulate microtubule stability and dynamics through coupling of guidance receptors with microtubules to control growth-cone turning. Microtubule-associated proteins including classical microtubule-associated proteins and microtubule plus-end tracking proteins are required for modulating microtubule dynamics to influence growth-cone steering. Multiple key signaling components, such as calcium, small GTPases, glycogen synthase kinase-313, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, link upstream signal cascades to microtubule stability and dynamics in the growth cone to control axon outgrowth and projection. Understanding the functions and regulation of microtubule dynamics in the growth cone provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of axon guidance.

关键词： axon guidance growth cone microtubule dynamics signal transduction

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Serum estradiol levels decrease after oophorectomy in transmasculine individuals on testosterone therapy

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2023年第3期25卷 309-313页

作者： Sahil Kumar Elise Bertin Cormac O' dwyer Amir Khorrami Richard Wassersug Smita Mukherjee Neeraj Mehra Marshall Dahl Krista Genoway Alexander G Kavanagh Faculty of Medicine University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4British ColumbiaCanada Gender Surgery Program Vancouver Coastal HealthVancouver V5Z 1M9British ColumbiaCanada Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4British ColumbiaCanada Division of Endocrinology Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z2British ColumbiaCanada Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of British ColumbiaVancouver V5Z 1M9British ColumbiaCanada Department of Urologic Sciences University of British ColumbiaVancouver V5Z 1M9British ColumbiaCanada

Transmasculine individuals,considering whether to undergo total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy,have the option to have a concomitant oophorectomy.While studies have evaluated hormone changes following testosterone therapy initiation,most of those patients have not undergone oophorectomy.Data are currently limited to support health outcomes regarding the decision to retain or remove the ovaries.We performed a retrospective chart review of transmasculine patients maintained on high-dose testosterone therapy at a single endocrine clinic in Vancouver,British Columbia,Canada.Twelve transmasculine individuals who underwent bilateral oophorectomy and had presurgical and postsurgical serum data were included.We identified 12 transmasculine subjects as controls,who were on testosterone therapy and did not undergo oophorectomy,but additionally matched to the first group by age,testosterone dosing regimen,and body mass index.There was a statistically significant decrease in the estradiol levels of case subjects postoophorectomy,when compared to presurgical estradiol levels(P=0.02).There was no significant difference between baseline estradiol levels between control and case subjects;however,the difference in estradiol levels at follow-up measurements was significant(P=0.03).Total testosterone levels did not differ between control and case subjects at baseline and follow-up(both P>0.05).Our results demonstrate that oophorectomy further attenuates estradiol levels below what is achieved by high-dose exogenous testosterone alone.Correlated clinical outcomes,such as impacts on bone health,were not available.The clinical implications of oophorectomy versus ovarian retention on endocrinological and overall health outcomes are currently limited.

关键词： estradiol gender-affirming surgery hysterectomy oophorectomy testosterone therapy transmasculine

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A review on the coordinative structure of human walking and the application of principal component analysis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2013年第7期8卷 662-670页

作者： Xinguang Wang Nicholas O'dwyer Mark Halaki Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science The University of Sydney School of Science and Health The University of Western Sydney School of Human Movement Studies Charles Sturt University

Walking is a complex task which includes hundreds of muscles, bones and joints working together to deliver smooth movements. With the complexity, walking has been widely investigated in order to identify the pattern of multi-segment movement and reveal the control mechanism. The degree of freedom and dimensional properties provide a view of the coordinative structure during walking, which has been extensively studied by using dimension reduction technique. In this paper, the studies related to the coordinative structure, dimensions detection and pattern reorganization during walking have been reviewed. Principal component analysis, as a popular technique, is widely used in the processing of human movement data. Both the principle and the outcomes of principal component analysis were introduced in this paper. This technique has been reported to successfully reduce the redundancy within the original data, identify the physical meaning represented by the extracted principal components and discriminate the different patterns. The coordinative structure during walking assessed by this technique could provide further information of the body control mechanism and correlate walking pattern with injury.

关键词： neural regeneratJon reviews human walking coordinative structure pattern, synergy principalcomponent analysis dimension reduction gender walking speed correlation linear systemanalysis coherence neuroregeneration

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Cardiac mechanostructure: Using mechanics and anisotropy as inspiration for developing epicardial therapies in treating myocardial infarction

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Bioactive Materials 2021年第7期6卷 2198-2220页

作者： Kiera D.dwyer Kareen L.K.Coulombe Center for Biomedical Engineering School of EngineeringBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA

The mechanical environment and anisotropic structure of the heart modulate cardiac function at the cellular,tissue and organ levels.During myocardial infarction(MI)and subsequent healing,however,this landscape changes significantly.In order to engineer cardiac biomaterials with the appropriate properties to enhance function after MI,the changes in the myocardium induced by MI must be clearly identified.In this review,we focus on the mechanical and structural properties of the healthy and infarcted myocardium in order to gain insight about the environment in which biomaterial-based cardiac therapies are expected to perform and the functional deficiencies caused by MI that the therapy must address.From this understanding,we discuss epicardial therapies for MI inspired by the mechanics and anisotropy of the heart focusing on passive devices,which feature a biomaterials approach,and active devices,which feature robotic and cellular components.Through this review,a detailed analysis is provided in order to inspire further development and translation of epicardial therapies for MI.

关键词： Anisotropy Cardiac biomechanics Epicardial therapies Ventricular restraint Cardiac tissue engineering

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Development and validation of a novel PCR-RFLP based method for the detection of 3 primary mitochondrial mutations in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy patients

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Eye and Vision 2015年第1期2卷 170-176页

作者： Siobhan Eustace Ryan Fergus Ryan David Barton Veronica O’dwyer Derek Neylan National Optometry Centre Dublin Institute of TechnologyKevin StreetDublin 8Ireland School of Biological Sciences Dublin Institute of TechnologyKevin StreetDublin 8Ireland Centre for Medical Genetics Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick ChildrenCrumlinDublin 12Ireland

Background:Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy(LHON;MIM 535000)is one of the most commonly inherited optic neuropathies and it results in significant visual morbidity among young adults with a peak age of onset between the ages of 15–30.The worldwide incidence of LHON is approximately 1 in 31,000.95%of LHON patients will have one of 3 primary mitochondrial mutations,G3460A(A52T of ND1),G11778A(R340H of ND4)and T14484C(M64V of ND6).There is incomplete penetrance and a marked gender bias in the development of visual morbidity with approximately 50%of male carriers and 10%of female carriers developing optic neuropathy.Visual recovery can occur but is dependent on the mutation present with the highest level of visual recovery seen in patients who have the T14484C mutation.The 3 primary mutations are typically identified by individual end-point PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)or individual targeted bi-directional Sanger sequencing reactions.The purpose of this study was to design a simple multiplex PCR-RFLP that could detect these 3 primary LHON mutations in one assay.Methods:PCR primers were designed to incorporate a MaeIII restriction site in the presence of 3460A and 14484C mutations with the 11778A mutation naturally incorporating a MaeIII site.A multiplex PCR-RFLP assay was developed to detect the 3 common mutations in a single assay.Synthetic LHON controls based on the mitochondrial genome harbouring the 3 common mutations were synthesized and cloned into plasmids to act as reliable assay controls.DNA from previously tested patients and the synthetic LHON controls were subjected to the multiplex PCR-RFLP assay.The RFLP products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis.Results:The novel PCR-RFLP assay accurately detects the 3 primary mutations both in patient DNA and in synthesized DNA control samples with a simple visual mutation detection procedure.The synthesized DNA was demonstrated to be a robust control for the detection of LHON Mutations.Conclusion:In this paper,we describe a novel,ro

关键词： LHON Mitochondrial mutations Mutation detection Visual morbidity Multiplex PCR

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Satellite remote sensing of grasslands:from observation to management

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2016年第6期9卷 649-671页

作者： Iftikhar Ali Fiona Cawkwell Edward dwyer Brian Barrett Stuart Green Department of Geography University College CorkCorkIreland Spatial Analysis Unit TeagascDublinIreland EurOcean-European Centre for Information on Marine Science and Technology LisbonPortugal School of Geographical and Earth Sciences University of GlasgowGlasgowUK

Aims Grasslands are the world’s most extensive terrestrial ecosystem,and are a major feed source for livestock.Meeting increasing demand for meat and other dairy products in a sustainable manner is a big challenge.At a field scale,Global Positioning System and ground-based sensor technologies provide promising tools for grassland and herd management with high precision.With the growth in availability of spaceborne remote sensing data,it is therefore important to revisit the relevant methods and applications that can exploit this imagery.In this article,we have reviewed the(i)current status of grassland monitoring/observation methods and applications based on satellite remote sensing data,(ii)the technological and methodological developments to retrieve different grassland biophysical parameters and management characteristics(i.***.degradation,grazing intensity)and(iii)identified the key remaining challenges and some new upcoming trends for future development.Important Findings The retrieval of grassland biophysical parameters have evolved in recent years from classical regression analysis to more complex,efficient and robust modeling approaches,driven by satellite data,and are likely to continue to be the most robust method for deriving grassland information,however these require more high quality calibration and validation data.We found that the hypertemporal satellite data are widely used for time series generation,and particularly to overcome cloud contamination issues,but the current low spatial resolution of these instruments precludes their use for field-scale application in many countries.This trend may change with the current rise in launch of satellite constellations,such as RapidEye,Sentinel-2 and even the microsatellites such as those operated by Skybox Imaging.Microwave imagery has not been widely used for grassland applications,and a better understanding of the backscatter behaviour from different phenological stages is needed for more reliable products in cloudy regions.The development of hyperspectra

关键词： remote sensing agricultural grassland grassland biomass pasture management grazing intensity

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NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE XZ TAURI SUPERSONIC ASTROPHYSICAL JET

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Acta Mathematica Scientia 2009年第6期29卷 1677-1683页

作者： Carl L. Gardner Steven J. dwyer School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA

Computational gas dynamical simulations using the WENO-LF method are applied to modeling the high Mach number astrophysical jet XZ Tauri, including the effects of radiative cooling. Mach 55 simulations of the pulsed proto-jet are presented and analyzed in terms of interacting nonlinear waves： terminal Mach disks, bow shocks, and Meshkov-Richtmyer instabilities of the leading jet contact boundary.

关键词： astrophysical jets ENO. method gas dynamics

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