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Intrinsic carrier multiplication in layered Bi_(2)O_(2)Se avalanche photodiodes with gain bandwidth product exceeding 1 GHz

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Nano Research 2021年第6期14卷 1961-1966页

作者： Vinod K.Sangwan Joohoon Kang David Lam J.Tyler Gish spencer a.wells Jan Luxa James P.Male GJeffrey Snyder Zdenek Sofer Mark C.Hersam Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnicka 516628Prague 6Czech Republic Department of Chemistry Northwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Northwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA

Emerging layered semiconductors present multiple advantages for optoelectronic technologies including high carrier mobilities,strong light-matter interactions,and tunable optical absorption and ***,metal-semiconductor-metal avalanche photodiodes(APDs)are fabricated from Bi2O2Se crystals,which consist of electrostatically bound[Bi2O2]2+and[Se]2−*** resulting APDs possess an intrinsic carrier multiplication factor up to 400 at 7 K with a responsivity gain exceeding 3,000 A/W and bandwidth of~400 kHz at a visible wavelength of 515.6 nm,ultimately resulting in a gain bandwidth product exceeding 1 *** to exceptionally low dark currents,Bi2O2Se APDs also yield high detectivities up to 4.6×1014 Jones.A systematic analysis of the photocurrent temperature and bias dependence reveals that the carrier multiplication process in Bi2O2Se APDs is consistent with a reverse biased Schottky diode model with a barrier height of~44 meV,in contrast to the charge trapping extrinsic gain mechanism that dominates most layered semiconductor *** this manner,layered Bi2O2Se APDs provide a unique platform that can be exploited in a diverse range of high-performance photodetector applications.

关键词： layered semiconductor photodetector high-frequency Schottky diode impact ionization

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人类的旅程

人类的旅程

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作者： (美)斯宾塞·韦尔斯(spencer wells)

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Advances in lower extremity peripheral nerve surgery

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Plastic and Aesthetic Research 2023年第1期10卷 513-528页

作者： Anna Garbuzov Ramin Shekouhi D.spencer Nichols Harvey Chim University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School JeffersonLA 70121USA College of Medicine University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaFL 32610USA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of SurgeryUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaFL 32610USA Lilian S.wells Department of Neurosurgery University of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaFL 32610USA

Peripheral nerve injury(PNI)is a common source of pain and disability in *** many patients are affected by PNI,peripheral nerve surgery advancements in the lower extremity have lagged behind the upper ***,principles that have demonstrated success in the upper extremity have been implemented in the lower *** with recent advances include the advent of novel nerve transfers in the lower extremity and using stem cells and electrical stimulation(ES)for nerve *** article focuses on advances in nerve transfers for lower extremity PNI and provides details on the basic science and clinical applications of newer interventions.

关键词： Stem cells peripheral nerve surgery nerve transfer electrical stimulation nerve repair nerve regeneration

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Petroleum geoscience in Norden - exploration, production and organization

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Episodes 2008年第1期31卷 115-124页

作者： Anthony M. spencer Per Ivar Briskeby Lone Dyrmose Christensen Rune Foyn Marie KjФlleberg Erling Kvadsheim Ian Knight Morten Rye-Larsen John Williams StatoilHydro Forushagen 4035 Stavanger Norway. StatoilHydro 0240 Oslo Norway. StatoilHydro 9481 Harstad Norway. ConocoPhillips P.O. Box 220 4098 Tananger Norway. Norwegian Petroleum Directorate P.O. Box 600 4003 Stavanger Norway. StatoilHydro PO Box 7200 5020 Bergen Norway.

Offshore exploration in Norway and Denmark-in the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea-has involved drilling about 850 wildcat wells, resulting in about 300 oil and gas finds, of which 84 are fields with production. The recoverable resources of all these finds total about 65 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Almost all these hydrocarbons come from a Jurassic source and the main reservoirs and traps are Jurassic sandstones in fault blocks and Paleocene sandstones or Cretaceous chalks in gentle domes. The article describes four major fields-Ekofisk, Gullfaks, Ormen Lange and SnФhvitto illustrate some of the many challenges in developing and producing the hydrocarbons. Elsewhere in Norden, there has been much less exploration. Drilling results have mostly been negative in mainland Sweden, onshore Denmark, onshore Svalbard and on- and offshore West Greenland. Minor oil finds have been made in Palaeozoic rocks in the Baltic Sea. The first wells have recently been drilled off the Faroe Islands, resulting in one discovery. No drilling has taken place on- or offshore East Greenland. As a result of the hydrocarbon activities in Norway and Denmark, petroleum geoscience there has flourished, with 2000 geoscientists currently employed in the industry, many technical innovations made, a wealth of publically available information and a great increase in the understanding of the geology.

关键词：石油勘探地球科学资源开发地质特征

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