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Level of Adherence to Cytotoxic Drugs by Breast Cancer Patients’ in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital

Journal of Cancer Therapy 2015年第4期6卷 383-389页

作者： Popoola Abiodun Samira Makanjuola sowunmi anthonia Igwilo Adaeze Mobolaji Oludara Ibrahim Nasir Omodele Foluso Oncology Unit Department of Radiology Lagos State University College of Medicine Ikeja Nigeria Department of Pharmacology Lagos State University College of Medicine Ikeja Nigeria Department of Radiotherapy Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idiaraba Nigeria Department of Surgery Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja Nigeria

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases in women and adjuvant combination chemotherapy has been shown to reduce mortality from this disease. Adherence to medical treatment is a multifaceted issue that can substantially alter the outcomes of therapy. Patient non-adherence to chemotherapy is the ultimate barrier to the treatment effectiveness. Objective: This study was carried out to determine the relationship between cancer chemotherapy adherence and breast cancer staging, patient’s perception of cancer care and patient’s socio-demographic characteristics. Material and method: This was a cross sectional study selection of respondents and was based on simple random sampling technique, 184 patients were interviewed and data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic data, adherence data, and facility-related information. Results: There was a significant association between marital status and non-adherence (P?= 0.013). Both separated and single subjects had higher proportion of non-adherence compared with married subjects. Analysis of perception of chemotherapy care revealed a significant association between the satisfaction score and non-adherence, with non-adherent patients showing higher scores or being less satisfied. The quality of service (P?= 0.0052);rating of needs been met (P?= 0.0079);rating on whether the services helped the subject (P?= 0.0405);rating on the general satisfaction of the services provided (P?= 0.0115);and rating on whether subject would seek help again (P?= 0.0320) all had a significant association with non-adherence. Conclusion: The awareness of oncologist and patient of the problem of non-adherence and communication regarding the importance of adherence to therapy may improve health outcomes.

关键词： Chemotherapy Adherence Breast Cancer

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Application of Machine Learning for Flood Prediction and Evaluation in Southern Nigeria

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2024年第3期14卷 299-316页

作者： Emeka Bright Ogbuene Chukwumeuche Ambrose Eze Obianuju Getrude Aloh Andrew Monday Oroke Damian Onuora Udegbunam Josiah Chukwuemeka Ogbuka Fred Emeka Achoru Vivian Amarachi Ozorme Obianuju Anwara Ikechukwu Chukwunonyelum anthonia Nneka Nebo Obiageli Jacinta Okolo Centre for Environmental Management and Control (CEMAC) University of Nigeria Enugu Nigeria Department of Geography Enugu State University of Science and Technology ESUT Enugu Nigeria School of Civil Engineering Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK

This study explored the application of machine learning techniques for flood prediction and analysis in southern Nigeria. Machine learning is an artificial intelligence technique that uses computer-based instructions to analyze and transform data into useful information to enable systems to make predictions. Traditional methods of flood prediction and analysis often fall short of providing accurate and timely information for effective disaster management. More so, numerical forecasting of flood disasters in the 19th century is not very accurate due to its inability to simplify complex atmospheric dynamics into simple equations. Here, we used Machine learning (ML) techniques including Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LR), Naïve Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Neural Networks (NN) to model the complex physical processes that cause floods. The dataset contains 59 cases with the goal feature “Event-Type”, including 39 cases of floods and 20 cases of flood/rainstorms. Based on comparison of assessment metrics from models created using historical records, the result shows that NB performed better than all other techniques, followed by RF. The developed model can be used to predict the frequency of flood incidents. The majority of flood scenarios demonstrate that the event poses a significant risk to people’s lives. Therefore, each of the emergency response elements requires adequate knowledge of the flood incidences, continuous early warning service and accurate prediction model. This study can expand knowledge and research on flood predictive modeling in vulnerable areas to inform effective and sustainable contingency planning, policy, and management actions on flood disaster incidents, especially in other technologically underdeveloped settings.

关键词： Machine Learning Flood Prediction Evaluation Southern Nigeria

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Mycogenic Silver Nanoparticles From Endophytic Trichoderma atroviride with Antimicrobial Activity

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2020年第2期8卷 171-185页

作者： Ahmed Abdel-Azeem Amr A.Nada anthonia O’Donovan Vijay Kumar Thakur Amr Elkelish Microbiology Section Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Suez CanalIsmailia41522Egypt Department of Analysis and Evaluation Egyptian Petroleum Research InstituteNasr CityCairoP.B.11727Egypt Institut Européen des Membranes IEMUMR-5635Univ MontpellierENSCMCNRSMontpellierFrance School of Science and Computing Galway-Mayo Institute of TechnologyGalwayIreland Enhanced Composites and Structures Center School of AerospaceTransport and ManufacturingCranfield UniversityBedfordshireUK Botany Section Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Suez CanalIsmailia41522Egypt

There is an increasing interest in developing nanoparticles with diverse biologic *** this end,we prepared 10 to 15 nm silver nanoparticles(AgNP)from native isolates of Trichoderma *** this study,endophytic fungi hosted four medicinal plants in Saint Katherine Protectorate,South Sinai,Egypt have been isolated by surface sterilization technique on four isolation *** species,based on their frequency of occurrence,out of twenty recovered taxa were tested for their capability to synthesize extracellular *** atroviride hosted Chiliadenus montanus was found to be the best candidate for the production of mycogenic AgNPs among all examined *** mycosynthesized AgNPs were compared with chemically synthesized and characterized using Ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis)spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD)and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)*** HRTEM result showed the distribution of spherical AgNPs ranging from 10 to 15 *** atroviride isolate was subjected to sequencing for confirmation of phenotypic *** internal transcribed spacer(ITS)1-5.8 s-ITS2 rDNA sequences obtained were compared with those deposited in the GenBank Database and registered with accession number MH283876 in the NCBI ***,anticandidal and antifungal effects of chemically and mycosynthesized AgNPs were examined at various concentrations in vitro against six pathogenic bacteria and 4 pathogenic fungi by agar well diffusion *** antibiotics;Gentamicin,Amoxicillin,Clotrimazole,and Nystatin at 5μg/disk were taken as positive controls,while 5%DMSO was used as the negative *** data revealed that the application of mycogenic AgNPs at a concentration of 100 ppm resulted in maximum inhibition of pathogenic bacteria and *** data suggest that AgNPs from native isolates of Trichoderma atroviride(MH283876)offer a source of rapid synthesis of eco-friendly,e

关键词： Antimicrobial endobionts mycogenic AgNPS Saint Katherine Protectorate

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Experience with Prosthetic Valve Replacement in Indigents with Rheumatic Heart Disease in Nigeria: 10-Year Follow-Up

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 2015年第8期5卷 75-81页

作者： Jonathan O. Nwiloh Mobolaji A. Oludara Phillip A. Adebola Sunday A. Edaigbini Solomon Danbauchi anthonia C. sowunmi JN Heart Center St. Joseph’s Hospital Adazi-Nnukwu Anambra State Nigeria Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Lagos Nigeria Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria Nigeria Lagos University Teaching Hospital Lagos Nigeria

Purpose: Active heart surgery programs are few in sub Saharan Africa outside of South Africa, with majority being low volume centers performing small numbers annually. We reviewed our long term outcome to identify factors associated with increased morbidity and mortality, to guide future choice of prosthetic valves in our mostly indigent patients afflicted with rheumatic valvular disease. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent heart valve replacement at Lagos State University and Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospitals from November 2004 to February 2009. Results: Twenty six patients, 19 (73.1%) females, age 12 - 47;mean 26.69 ± 9.87 years, underwent heart valve replacement. 19 (73.1%) patients had mitral and 7 (26.9%) aortic valve replacement. Mechanical valve was implanted in all except in 2 (7.7%) patients. Left ventricular ejection fraction was >50% in 14 (53.8%), 24 (92.3%) were in New York Heart Association class III/IV, 10 (38.5%) had severe pulmonary hypertension and logistic euroscore was 5.84 ± 3.81. Operative mortality was 11.5% (3/26) and morbidity 7.7% (2/26). Follow-up for survivors was 83.0 ± 27.9 months. 10-year freedom from bleeding and thromboembolism was 70.0% and survival 86.0%. Linearized rate for bleeding was 4.58 and thromboembolism 1.52. Conclusion: Late complications in survivors were primarily anticoagulant related occurring predominantly in child bearing age females especially during pregnancy. Bleeding complications were often associated with noncompliance due to poor socioeconomic status. With average life expectancy of 53 years for females, bioprosthetic valves despite higher structural failure rate, may be best suited especially in child bearing age females still desirous of childbirth to decrease valve related complications. Longer duration of follow-up and meta-analysis of future reported series from the sub region may help clarify the optimal prosthetic valve in sub Saharan Africa with its known poor health inf

关键词： Rheumatic Valve Disease Prosthetic Valve Anticoagulation Complications

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Diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: The past, present and future

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World Journal of Diabetes 2014年第6期5卷 905-911页

作者： anthonia Okeoghene Ogbera Chukwuma Ekpebegh Department of Medicine En-docrine UnitLagos State University College of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Health SciencesWalter Sisulu UniversityMthathaEast-ern Cape Province

Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a diverse group of metabolic disorders that is often associated with a high disease burden in developing countries such as Nigeria. In the early nineties, not much was known about DM in Nigeria and traditionally, people related DM to "curses" or "hexes" and diagnosis was made based on blood or urinary tests for glucose. Currently, oral hypoglycaemic agents but not insulin are readily accessible and acceptable to persons with DM. The cost of diabetes care is borne in most instances by individuals and often payment is "out of pocket"-this being a sequel of a poorly functional national health insurance scheme. An insulin requiring individual on a minimum wage would spend 29% of his monthly income on insulin. Complementary and alternative medicines are widely used by persons with DM and form an integral component of DM care. Towards reducing the burden of DM in Nigeria, we suggest that there be concerted efforts by healthcare professionals and stakeholders in the health industry to put in place preventative measures, a better functioning health insurance scheme and a structured DM program.

关键词： Diabetes mellitus Prevalence Costs Insulin Burden

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Aerobic Training Impacts on Blood Cholesterol of Women with Gestational Diabetes

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021年第4期11卷 474-483页

作者： Jovita A. Daniel Emily Nzeribe anthonia A. Udoaku Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics School of Health Technology Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria

Gestational diabetes mellitus has been identified as a major complication of pregnancies and has remained a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, as well as maternal morbidity. Lipid abnormalities significantly contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other morbidities in diabetics. One of the benefits of regular exercise is a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors through the improvement of the lipid profile and reduction of hypertension. This study investigated the effect of aerobic training on the cholesterol level of women with gestational diabetes. Thirty-four (34) women who met the inclusion criteria for this study were randomized into Exercise and Control groups. Exercise group participated in structured exercise programme, 3 sessions a week for 8 weeks with each session lasting a maximum of 60 minutes while the Control group did not participate in any form of structured exercise programme for the period of the study. Data were collected at baseline, at 4th week and at 8th week into the exercise programme. Thirty (30) of the participants completed the study and so only their data were analysed using Repeated Measure ANOVA and Independent t-test. The result showed significant changes in the total cholesterol (F[2, 28]) = 268.316, P = 0.001), of the Exercise group compared to the control. Independent t-test used to compare the lipid profile of the Experimental and Control groups showed significant difference between the means of the 2 groups at week 4 (total cholesterol (t(28) 2.164, P = 0.039, triglyceride [t(28) 3.146 P =

关键词： Gestational Diabetes Antenatal Exercise Total Cholesterol Aerobic Training

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coinfection with Malaria in Selected States in Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第2期14卷 442-455页

作者： Oluwagbemiga Olanrewaju Aina Olufemi Samuel Amoo Kazeem Adewale Osuolale Adewale Kayode Ojogbede Azuka Patrick Okwuraiwe David Ayoola Oladele Adesola Zaidat Musa Tajudeen Akanji Bamidele Celestina Onyinye Okoyenta Abideen Olurotimi Salako Toyosi Yekeen Raheem Ifeoma Eugenia Idigbe Fehintola anthonia Ige Joseph Ojonugwa Shaibu Gregory Aigbe Ohihoin Kikelomo Wright Bisola Adebayo Hussein Abdu-Razzaq Abdulrahman Ahmad Mustapha Imam Bashir Bello Tambuwal Muhammad Shuaibu Gobir Richard Ikwuogu Christian Tetsola Gloria Patrick-Ferife Nathaniel Enamuotor Mildred Okowa William Nwachukwu Cornelius Ohonsi Magdalene Egede Chinwe Ochu Ehimario Igumbor Oliver Chukwujekwu Ezechi Babatunde Lawal Salako Rosemary Ajuma Audu Biochemistry and Nutrition Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Centre for Human Virology and Genomics Microbiology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Monitoring and Evaluation Unit Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Public Health and Epidemiology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Clinical Sciences Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care Lagos State University College of Medicine Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Lagos Nigeria Research Unit Lagos State Ministry of Health Lagos Nigeria Sokoto State Ministry of Health Sokoto Nigeria Department of Medical Biochemistry Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria Delta State Ministry of Health Asaba Nigeria Nigeria Centre for Disease Control Abuja Nigeria Center for Infectious Disease Research Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Plasmodium species are the causative agents of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and malaria respectively with similar clinical presentations. The objective of this study is to determine the burden of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in the general population. Five (5 mLs) of blood samples were collected for SARS-CoV-2 and malaria parasite test. The malaria test was performed using a commercially available one-step malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (Pf HRP-II) rapid test kit. The results of the study showed that the participants that were coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 IgG and malaria were 13 (2.5%) in Lagos, 1114 (39.1%) in Delta and 49 (2.3%) in Sokoto States. The prevalence of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in urban areas in Lagos, Delta and Sokoto States were 7 (2.2%), 1373 (48.1%), and 5 (0.2%) respectively. In rural areas, the prevalence of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in Lagos, Delta and Sokoto States were 6 (0.3%), 365 (12.8%), and 44 (2.1%) respectively in this study. This suggests that participants in the urban areas were more prone to co-infections than the rural areas in Lagos and Delta states, while it was otherwise in Sokoto State. In conclusion, the co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria was very high in Delta State compared to the other States. It is important for clinics to screen for both diseases when patients present with symptoms of malaria. This is because the infections have similar symptoms and the public is quick to assume malaria infection without diagnosing for COVID-19 and vice versa.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 Malaria Coinfection

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国际组织在地区冲突解决中的角色——以联合国在苏丹冲突中的角色为例

国际组织在地区冲突解决中的角色——以联合国在苏丹冲突中的角色...

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作者： Nlebedum Chiamaka anthonia 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

本论文分析了联合国在解决不同国家内部的冲突中扮演了什么样的角色,本论文分析的案例是第一次苏丹内战。苏丹国内的冲突是一个糟糕的噩梦,它发生苏丹在人力资源处于劣势情况下,其在政治上、伦理上、宗教上还有财富的积累规模对邻国产... 详细信息

本论文分析了联合国在解决不同国家内部的冲突中扮演了什么样的角色,本论文分析的案例是第一次苏丹内战。苏丹国内的冲突是一个糟糕的噩梦,它发生苏丹在人力资源处于劣势情况下,其在政治上、伦理上、宗教上还有财富的积累规模对邻国产生严重影响,且不管此国空前的冲突本性,联合国和国际社会在最开始的干涉行动中几乎没有参与,这导致了这些令人恐怖的情况加剧。尽管联合国随后进行了干涉,结束了冲突并且维护和平,但是有争议认为干涉行动是在很多人毫无理由地在进行抗争中付出了生命代价之后才进行的。本论文调查了联合国在倡议苏丹国内冲突和平解决中扮演的角色,后者经历了从1955年——1972年(第一次世界大战)几十年的血腥内战。冲突的产生是因为南北苏丹人民来自自然资源的收入分配的不公平以及宗教分歧,北部苏丹人信奉伊斯兰教并且想推行伊斯兰教教法,与此同时南方苏丹人是基督徒所以他们不愿意放弃自己的文化和信仰,这就导致了两方互相产生敌意和怨恨。还有政府的席位一直被穆斯林占领,南方的基督徒受到了忽视。在1956年苏丹从殖民地独立后,南方人开始寻求分配公平和议席的分配但是北方人不愿意顺从,所以冲突开始增长并且人们开始选择阵营,当冲突升级后,双方都开始互相杀戮并且摧毁价值百万的财产,射杀公民,滥用国际人权关注的底线,这些都呈现了援助的必要性,以使无辜的生命从致命的政治、伦理、宗教和经济的斗争中受到保护,这些对人性威胁击败了了当时的社会秩序。本论文旨在揭露联合国在首倡解决苏丹冲突时所扮演的角色,也会分析以下问题:(1)为什么苏丹国内的冲突在联合国认为干涉行动成功后依然严重?(2)为什么联合国在某国开始另一次维和行动,但此国之前的维和行动已经被宣称是成功的?(3)为什么联合国在倡议和平时要通过不同的动态同步方法?本论文探讨了联合国在上述的冲突中的干涉和执行任务是不能保证未来在非洲不会再发生冲突的,原因是联合国在改革后更加关注维持一个参与政治的高调姿态,不愿意再次缺席,联合国关于达成解决非洲冲突的方式对冲突发生的本源和基础是非决定性的。这意味着导致冲突发展的基础的核心问题因为联合国的理念中政治性的一面被忽视了,因此为混乱情况的再次发生做了铺垫。在这里要重要强调,苏丹并不是非洲大陆上第一个目睹联合国以寻求避免深深根植的冲突再次发生为目标的干涉行动。本论文强调了联合国的改革战略,并且分析了联合国的改革还是不足以预防冲突在未来发生。尽管和平是暂时的,但对于这个使国家陷入彻底的混乱的缺陷的严肃的考量和改正将会帮助稳定和平并且使冲突严重的国家里的人民理解和谐治理。定性研究方法被运用来呈现此研究中的个体冲突情况将联合国的角色引入为第三方中介变量。对比分析方法也被应用,通过观察联合国作为世界性实体在冲突中所扮演的角色而实施这个分析方法,还分析第三方中介变量的影响是与成功还是失败相关联。每一章节都以简介,背景的详细解释,研究的重要性,到研究方法和研究问题,再到建构主义的理论应用为结构展开。第二章节解释了苏丹冲突及冲突的过程,第三章节阐释了联合国改革的过程和目的,也阐释了联合国在冷战后的改革和预防冲突的管理。第四章节主要关注点是联合国南苏丹特派团,建立联合国南苏丹特派团的提议,以其建立为结尾,其建立时间是在联合国从苏丹解放南苏丹的第一次行动时。第五章节解释了联合国在解决苏丹冲突问题中所扮演的角色,还解释了政治情况、选举和公投、安全部门、裁军、复员、重新融合、人权和性别等问题。所有这些在联合国倡议和平的过程中扮演了至关重要的角色。第六章节给出了一个关于本研究的简洁分析。本研究为对外政策分析的文献做出了贡献,论文强调了联合国的改革身份并且分析了联合国的改革实践还是不足以预防未来冲突的发生,和平只是暂时的,对于这个使国家陷入彻底的混乱的缺陷的严肃的考量和改正将会帮助稳定和平并且使冲突严重的国家理解和谐治理。

关键词：联合国苏丹干涉

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Microbiological Profile of Some Ghanaian Herbal Preparations—Safety Issues and Implications for the Health Professions

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2012年第3期2卷 121-130页

作者： Joseph A. Ampofo anthonia Andoh Wilhermina Tetteh Mohammed Bello Microbiology Section Environmental Biology and Health Division Water Research Institute Accra Ghana

Thirty-one herbal preparations produced and sold on the Ghanaian market were randomly purchased from sales outlets and analyzed for their microbiological quality by testing for the presence of total coliform bacteria, faecal coliform bac- teria, and total heterotrophic bacteria count. Also tested for was detection of pathogenic bacteria such as the Salmonella spp. and Clostridium spp. Opportunistic bacterial pathogens (Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.) and mould were also tested for. The herbal preparations tested came from different processing companies and in- cluded those labeled as suitable for treating arthritis, asthma, anaemia, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, cough, hypertension, dysmenorrhoea, malaria, urine retention and loss of appetite. Aliquots of the various herbal products were cultured on various selective media. Eight (8) of the products showed the presence of all microorganism analyzed for including the pathogenic ones and are recommended not be used. Five (5) of the products did not have any microorganism present. Eleven (11) products showed the presence of only total heterotrophic bacteria and the values ranged from 1 to 94 cfu per ml. These two groups of total of sixteen (16) products can be used without any microbiological risk. Another three (3) products showed presence of only total heterotrophic bacteria but the values ranged from 118 to 1648 cfu per ml. Majority of the herbal preparations showed the presence of pathogenic bacteria. These three products may pose danger to the user can be used with caution. None of the herbal products recorded the presence of Enterococcus spp.

关键词： Herbal Preparations Bacterial Pathogens Opportunistic Pathogens Mould

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ESL pre-service teachers＇ views of Teaching Practice supervision and assessment in Nigeria

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Sino-US English Teaching 2010年第4期7卷 15-28页

作者： Funke Lawal anthonia Maduekwe Nonye Ikonta Oyenike Adeosun Department of Arts ＆ Social Sciences Education Faculty of Education University of Lagos Lagos 10000 Nigeria

This paper suggests that English as a Second Language （ESL） pre-service teachers＇ views and opinions about Teaching Practices be used by faculty to make TP more effective and interesting for the professional development of teachers. The main objective was to study the motivational dimensions of Teaching Practice （TP）, analyze trainees perception of the strength of their content courses （knowledge base） and pedagogy programme （psychology, teaching methods）, and investigate the quality of TP orientation program supervision and assessment by faculty （teacher trainers）. A survey was carried out to determine procedures and processes for minimizing anxieties and fears concerning TP and the relationship between faculty and trainees, mentoring and monitoring procedures, the giving of feedback and utilization of the views of students. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on the content courses or subjects which students found difficult, irrelevant or not adequately taught, what faculty should do to make TP experience better and rewarding to make them become professional teachers. Participants in the study found pedagogy courses relevant to their training and quite enjoyable. They also acknowledge that the courses help them to develop learner centered instructional skills and competence in classroom management. On the contrary, participants confessed they were weak in grammar and spoken English because these were not adequately taught, they also limited exposure to reading and writing. Focused group discussion with students revealed that TP Orientation Programs were too crowded and ill-organized to meet their needs and reduce their anxiety. The points of focus of the orientation-dress code, comportment in schools-were not as crucial as some issues-mentoring, relationship between faculty and students-which were left out. Respondents rated TP supervision and assessment very low because of inadequacies in the number of visits, lack of feedback and low level inte

关键词： pre-service teachers Teaching Practice supervision assessment Nigeria

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