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Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the application of vetiver grass mulch in soil and water conservation

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2012年第2期27卷 168-177页

作者： somchai donjadee Chaiyuth CHINNARASRI Dept.of Irrigation Engineering Kasetsart Univ.Kampaeng Saen CampusNakorn Pathom 71340Thailand. Water Resources Engineering & Management Research Center(WAREE) Dept.of Civil EngineeringKing Mongkut's Univ.of Technology ThonburiBangkok 10140Thailand

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the performance of vetiver grass mulch(VGM) in soil and water *** study involved field experiments on 2m×10m plots with 2 slopes of 3%and 30%.Two rainfall intensities of 55 mm hrand 140 mm hrwere selected with a 1 hr for 2 year to 500 year return period.A set of artificial rainfall simulators was constructed and calibrated as part of the research *** dry matter quantities of VGM were used in the *** runoff volume per unit surface area decreased with an increase in the quantity of *** the 3%land slope,they varied from 5.6 to 13.4 mm and from 22.8 to 46.1 mm for rainfall intensities of 55 and 140 mm hr,*** the 30%land slope, they varied from 8.0 to 21.4 mm and from 29.4 to 59.6 mm for rainfall intensities of 55 and 140 mm hr,*** average soil losses were 0.32-2.85 kg mon the bare soil plots,and 0.07-1.80 kg mon the VGM *** VGM showed good potential for reducing runoff by 31.5-68.4%and soil loss by 33.7-82.4%,compared with the case without *** quantity of VGM equal to 0.75 kg mpresented the best performance in reducing runoff and soil loss.

关键词： Conservation Rainfall Runoff Soil erosion Vegetation

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Farmers' perceptions of and adaptations to drought in Herat Province, Afghanistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2018年第8期15卷 1741-1756页

作者： Mohammad Wasim IQBAL somchai donjadee Bancha KWANYUEN LIU Shi-yin Irrigation Technology Research Laboratory Department of Irrigation Engineering Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaeng Saen Kasetsart University Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security Yunnan University

Drought is a significant natural hazard in Herat Province, Afghanistan. The objective of this study was to explore farmers' perceptions of the drought's prevalence and characteristics, its socioeconomic and environmental impacts, their strategies for coping with and mitigating it, and types of conflicts and resolution mechanisms. A questionnaire was completed by 147 farming households. The results indicate that farmers' perceptions regarding drought are in line with the results obtained using the precipitation data. Even though the respondents have religious belief in interpreting the weather related issues, they also perceived drought as the climatic and environmental factors such as increased temperature, decreased precipitation, and other factors like war, financial weakness, deforestation, over-exploitation of groundwater, lack of electricity supply etc. The results show that drought has had serious economic impacts, including loss of employment and reduction in crop yield and livestock production, which have reduced farmers' livelihood options and weakened their financial situation. Social impacts have included migration, a sense of hopelessness and loss, conflicts over water, health problems, impacts on the schooling of children, malnutrition, and limits to food options. Significant environmental impacts such as an increase in temperature, pasture and forest degradation, deterioration of water quality, damage to fish and wildlife habitats, and groundwater depletion were also reported. Farmers used local techniques to adapt to drought and lessen its effects. Farmers perceived irrigation water to be a major source of conflict. Local elders, water-user associations, and formal courts were reported to be the most successful conflict resolution methods. It is expected that the results of this study will support policy makers within government and development agencies in Afghanistan to develop future drought adaptation policies.

关键词： Adaptation strategies Perception Agriculture Drought impacts Water conflict

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