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Two plant NLR proteins confer strain-specific resistance conditioned by an effector from Pseudomonas syringae ***

Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2022年第8期49卷 823-832页

作者： Xiaojuan Zheng Zhaoyang Zhou Zhen Gong Meijuan Hu Ye Jin Ahn Xiaojuan Zhang Yan Zhao Guoshu Gong Jian Zhang Jianru Zuo Guan-Zhu Han sohn kee hoon Jian-Min Zhou State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyThe Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China College of Horticulture China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China College of Life Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional GenomicsNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingJiangsu 210023China Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang 37673Republic of Korea School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang 37673Republic of Korea Plant Protection Department and Major Crop Disease Laboratory College of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduSichuan 611130China Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory SanyaHainan 572025China

Pseudomonas syringae ***(Psa)causes bacterial canker,a devastating disease threatening the Actinidia fruit *** a search for non-host resistance genes against Psa,we find that the nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat receptor(NLR)protein ZAR1 from both Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana(Nb)recognizes Hop Z5 and triggers cell *** recognition requires ZED1 in Arabidopsis and JIM2 in Nb plants,which are members of the ZRK pseudokinases and known components of the ZAR1 ***,Arabidopsis ZAR1 and RPM1,another NLR known to recognize Hop Z5,confer disease resistance to Hop Z5 in a strain-specific ***,ZAR1,but not RPM1,is solely required for resistance to *** ES4326(Psm)carrying hop Z5,whereas RPM1 is primarily required for resistance to *** DC3000(Pst)carrying hop ***,the ZAR1-mediated resistance to Psm hop Z5 in Arabidopsis is insensitive to SOBER1,which encodes a deacetylase known to suppress the RPM1-mediated resistance to Pst hop *** addition,hop Z5 enhances *** virulence in the absence of ZAR1 or RPM1 and that SOBER1 abolishes such virulence *** the study suggests that ZAR1 may be used for improving Psa resistance in Actinidia and uncovers previously unknown complexity of effectortriggered immunity and effector-triggered virulence.

关键词： NLR ZAR1 Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae Immunity Disease resistance

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The Cause of Institutionalized Private Tutoring in Korea:Defective Public Schooling or a Universal Desire for Family Reproduction?

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ECNU Review of Education 2024年第1期7卷 12-41页

作者： Sang hoon Bae kee Ho Choi Sungkyunkwan University Seoul National University

Purpose:In Korea,private tutoring is considered a social evil that damages the capacity of public schooling and undermines social *** the government has implemented various policies to reduce private tutoring,ranging from improving the quality of education to providing"quasi-private tutoring"programs and regulating the shadow education market,total spending on private tutoring has continued to *** study examines a little noticed but important cause of institutionalized private tutoring in ***/Approach/Methods:The study employed a socio-ecological perspective to analyze both education and socio-structural *** extensive review of the government's private tutoring reduction policies and related literature was ***:Private tutoring functions as a means by which parents can help their children compete for admission to prestigious universities and pass on wealth and social status to their *** in private tutoring has become a social norm that is taken for *** root causes of institutionalized private tutoring lie in both educational and socio-structural ***/Nalue:The study suggests that government policies,when ignoring the long-established"grammar"of parents about children's education,may either end in failure or produce unintended consequences.

关键词： Private tutoring social reproduction unintended consequences upward mobility

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Vertical plane depth-resolved surface potential and carrier separation characteristics in flexible CZTSSe solar cells with over 12% efficiency

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Carbon Energy 2024年第3期6卷 36-52页

作者： Dae-Ho Son Ha Kyung Park Dae-Hwan Kim Jin-Kyu Kang Shi-Joon Sung Dae-Kue Hwang Jaebaek Lee Dong-Hwan Jeon Yunae Cho William Jo Taeseon Lee JunHo Kim Sang-hoon Nam kee-Jeong Yang Division of Energy Technology DGISTDaeguRepublic of Korea Research Center for Thin Film Solar Cells DGISTDaeguRepublic of Korea Department of Physics Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea Department of Physics Incheon National UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA

Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4(CZTSSe)solar cells have resource distribution and economic *** main cause of their low efficiency is carrier loss resulting from recombination of photo-generated electron and *** overcome this,it is important to understand their electron-hole behavior *** determine the carrier separation characteristics,we measured the surface potential and the local current in terms of the absorber *** elemental variation in the intragrains(IGs)and at the grain boundaries(GBs)caused a band edge shift and bandgap(Eg)*** the absorber surface and subsurface,an upward Ec and Ev band bending structure was observed at the GBs,and the carrier separation was *** the absorber center,both upward Ec and Ev and downward Ec-upward Ev band bending structures were observed at the GBs,and the carrier separation was *** improve the carrier separation and suppress carrier recombination,an upward Ec and Ev band bending structure at the GBs is desirable.

关键词： carrier separation CZTSSe flexible solar cell local current surface potential

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A plasma membrane nucleotide-binding leucinerich repeat receptor mediates the recognition of the Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum effector RipY in Nicotiana benthamiana

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Plant Communications 2023年第6期4卷 313-328页

作者： Boyoung Kim Wenjia Yu Haseong Kim Qian Dong Sera Choi Maxim Prokchorchick Alberto PMacho kee hoon sohn Cécile Segonzac Department of Agriculture Forestry and BioresourcesSeoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea Plant Immunity Research Center Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang 37673Republic of Korea Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea Present address:Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center University of Zürich8008 ZürichSwitzerland The Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation(INRES) University of BonnNussallee 953115 BonnGermany

Bacterial wilt disease caused by several Ralstonia species is one of the most destructive diseases in Solanaceae *** a few functional resistance genes against bacterial wilt have been cloned to ***,we showthat the broadly conserved typeⅢsecreted effector RipY is recognized by the Nicotiana benthamiana immune system,leading to cell death induction,induction of defense-related gene expression,and restriction of bacterial pathogen *** a multiplexed virus-induced gene-silencing-based *** nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor(NbNLR)library,we identified a coiled-coil(CC)nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor(CNL)required for recognition of RipY,which we named RESISTANCE TO RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM RIPY(RRS-Y).Genetic complementation assays in RRS-Y-silenced plants and stable rrs-y knockout mutants demonstrated that RRS-Y is sufficient to activate RipY-induced cell death andRipY-induced immunity to Ralstonia ***-Y function is dependent on the phosphate-binding loop motif of the nucleotide-binding domain but independent of the characterized signaling components ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1,ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1,and N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 and the NLR helpers NB-LRR REQUIRED FOR HR-ASSOCIATED CELL DEATH-2,-3,and-4 in *** further show that RRS-Y localization at the plasma membrane is mediated by two cysteine residues in the CC domain and is required for RipY *** also broadly recognizes RipY homologs across Ralstonia ***,we show that the C-terminal region of RipY is indispensable for RRS-Y ***,our findings provide an additional effector/receptor pair system to deepen our understanding of CNL activation in plants.

关键词： typeⅢsecreted effector plant immune system nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor virusinduced gene silencing

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Direct acetylation of a conserved threonine of RIN4 by the bacterial effector HopZ5 or AvrBsT activates RPM1-dependent immunity in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2021年第11期14卷 1951-1960页

作者： Arabidopsis Sera Choi Maxim Prokchorchik Hyeonjung Lee Ravi Gupta Yoonyoung Lee Eui-Hwan Chung Buhyeon Cho Min-Sung Kim Sun Tae Kim kee hoon sohn Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang 37673Republic of Korea School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang 37673Republic of Korea Department of Plant Bioscience Life and Industry Convergence Research InstitutePusan National UniversityMiryang 50463Republic of Korea Department of Botany School of Chemical and Life SciencesJamia HamdardHamdard NagarNew Delhi 110062India Division of Biotechnology Korea UniversitySeoul 02841Republic of Korea The Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation(INRES) University of BonnNussallee 953115 BonnGermany

Plant pathogenic bacteria deliver effectors into plant cells to suppress immunity and promote pathogen survival;however, these effectors can be recognised by plant disease resistance (R) proteins to activate innate immunity. The bacterial acetyltransferase effectors HopZ5 and AvrBsT trigger immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes lacking SUPPRESSOR OF AVRBST-ELICITED RESISTANCE 1 (SOBER1). Using an Arabidopsis accession, Tscha-1, that naturally lacks functional SOBER1 but is unable to recognise HopZ5, we demonstrate that RESISTANCE TO P. SYRINGAE PV MACULICOLA 1 (RPM1) and RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN 4 (RIN4) are indispensable for HopZ5- or AvrBsT-triggered immunity. Remarkably, T166 of RIN4, the phosphorylation of which is induced by AvrB and AvrRpm1, was directly acetylated by HopZ5 and AvrBsT. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the acetylation of RIN4 T166 is required and sufficient for HopZ5- or AvrBsT-triggered RPM1-dependent defence activation. Finally, we show that SOBER1 interferes with HopZ5- or AvrBsT-triggered immunity by deacetylating RIN4 T166. We have thus elucidated detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the activation and suppression of plant innate immunity triggered by two bacterial acetyltransferases, HopZ5 and AvrBsT from different bacterial pathogens.

关键词： Acetyltransferase effectors Effector-triggered immunity Immunity suppressors NLR Plant deacetylase Plant immunity

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Beta-nerve growth factor gene therapy alleviates pyridoxine-induced neuropathic damage by increasing doublecortin and tyrosine kinase A in the dorsal root ganglion

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第1期15卷 162-168页

作者： Hyun-kee Cho Woosuk Kim Kwon-Young Lee Jin-Ok Ahn Jung hoon Choi In Koo Hwang Jin-Young Chung Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science College of Veterinary MedicineKangwon National UniversityChuncheonKangwon-doSouth Korea Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Veterinary MedicineResearch Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea Department of Anatomy College of Veterinary MedicineKangwon National UniversityChuncheonKangwon-doSouth Korea

Beta-nerve growth factor(β-NGF) is known to be a major leading cause of neuronal plasticity. To identify the possible action mechanisms of β-NGF gene therapy for sciatic nerve recovery, experimental dogs were randomly divided into control, pyridoxine, and pyridoxine + β-NGF groups. We observed chronological changes of morphology in the dorsal root ganglia in response to pyridoxine toxicity based on cresyl violet staining. The number of large neurons positive for cresyl violet was dramatically decreased after pyridoxine intoxication for 7 days in the dorsal root ganglia and the neuron number was gradually increased after pyridoxine withdrawal. In addition, we also investigated the effects of β-NGF gene therapy on neuronal plasticity in pyridoxine-induced neuropathic dogs. To accomplish this, tyrosine kinase receptor A(TrkA), βIII-tubulin and doublecortin(DCX) immunohistochemical staining was performed at 3 days after the last pyridoxine treatment. TrkA-immunoreactive neurons were dramatically decreased in the pyridoxine group compared to the control group, but strong TrkA immunoreactivity was observed in the small-sized dorsal root ganglia in this group. TrkA immunoreactivity in the dorsal root ganglia was similar between β-NGF and control groups. The numbers of βIII-tubulin-and DCX-immunoreactive cells decreased significantly in the pyridoxine group compared to the control group. However, the reduction of βIII-tubulin-and DCX-immunoreactive cells in the dorsal root ganglia in the β-NGF group was significantly ameliorated than that in the pyridoxine group. These results indicate that β-NGF gene therapy is a powerful treatment of pyridoxine-induced neuropathic damage by increasing the TrkA and DCX levels in the dorsal root ganglia. The experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(IACUC) of Seoul National University, South Korea(approval No. SNU-060623-1, SNU-091009-1) on June 23, 2006 and October 9, 2009, respectively.

关键词： β-nerve growth factor βIII-tubulin doublecortin gene therapy neuron-glial antigen 2 neuropathy pyridoxine

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Endoscopic submucosal dissection as alternative to surgery for complicated gastric heterotopic pancreas

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2020年第20期8卷 4708-4718页

作者： Jin Hee Noh Do hoon Kim So-Woon Kim Young Soo Park Hee Kyong Na Ji Yong Ahn kee Wook Jung Jeong hoon Lee kee Don Choi Ho June Song Gin Hyug Lee Hwoon-Yong Jung Department of Gastroenterology University of Ulsan College of MedicineAsan Medical CenterSeoul 05505South Korea Department of Pathology University of Ulsan College of MedicineAsan Medical CenterSeoul 05505South Korea

BACKGROUND Gastric heterotopic pancreas(GHP)is generally asymptomatic and rarely features complications such as pancreatitis,pseudocysts,gastric outlet obstruction,bleeding,obstructive jaundice,or ***,the treatment of complicated GHP is challenging and often requires surgical *** To investigate the clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)as alternative to surgical resection for complicated *** This is a single-center,retrospective *** January 2013 and December 2017,a total of 5 patients underwent ESD for complicated GHP at Asan Medical *** who were diagnosed with complicated GHP were treated conservatively as with general practice for acute *** conservative management for resolving the acute phase of pancreatitis,ESD was performed as definitive treatment for complicated *** was performed using the conventional method under conscious *** clinical features of patients and tumors,procedure-related characteristics,and long-term outcomes were *** The age of the 5 patients ranged from 28-43 *** of the patients were *** lesions were located in the greater curvature of the *** endoscopic ultrasonography during the pain episode,all lesions were located across the muscularis mucosa,submucosa,and proper muscle *** median lesion size was 20[interquartile range(IQR),18-35]during the pain episode at the time of the diagnosis of complicated GHP,and 15 mm(IQR,9-33)at the time of ESD after conservative *** procedure time ranged from 15-120 *** were no procedure-related adverse events such as perforation or *** length of hospital stay after the procedure ranged from 2-4 *** patients were symptom free during the median follow-up period of 46.0 mo(IQR,39-60).CONCLUSION ESD appears to be a feasible and effective treatment option for complicated GHP based on the favorable clinical outcomes.

关键词： Endoscopic submucosal dissection Gastric Heterotopic pancreas Pancreatitis

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Silver-palladium alloy deposited by DC magnetron sputtering method as lubricant for high temperature application

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中国有色金属学会会刊：英文版 2009年第4期19卷 1001-1004页

作者： Jung-Dae KWON Sung-Hun LEE Koo-Hyun LEE Jong-Joo RHA kee-Seok NAM Sang-hoon CHOI Dong-Min LEE Dong-Il KIM Materials Processing Division Korea Institute of Materials Science Technology Research & Development Institute Korea Plant Service and Engineering

The silver-palladium(Ag-Pd) alloy coating as a solid lubricant was investigated for its application to the high temperature stud bolts used in nuclear power plants.A hex bolt sample was prepared in the following steps:1) bolt surface treatment using alumina grit blasting for cleaning and increasing the surface area;2) nickel(Ni) film coating as a glue layer on the surface of the bolt;and 3) Ag-Pd alloy coating on the Ni *** films were deposited by using a direct current(DC) magnetron sputtering *** thickness and composition of the Ag-Pd alloy film have effect on the friction coefficient,which was determined using axial force measurement.A 500 nm-thick Ag-Pd(80-20,molar ratio) alloy film has the lowest friction coefficient of 0.109.A cyclic test was conducted to evaluate the durability of bolts coated with either the Ag-Pd(80-20) alloy film or N-5000 *** a cycle,the bolts were inserted into a block using a torque wrench,which was followed by heating and *** only one cycle,it was not possible to remove the bolts coated with the N-5000 oil from the ***,the bolts coated with the Ag-Pd(80-20) alloy could be easily removed up until 15 cycles.

关键词：银钯合金直流电高温润滑剂沉积磁控溅射法固体润滑涂层高温螺栓

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Reevaluation of the expanded indications in undifferentiated early gastric cancer for endoscopic submucosal dissection

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第15期28卷 1548-1562页

作者： Jiyoung Yoon Seung-Yeon Yoo Young Soo Park kee Don Choi Beom Su Kim Moon-Won Yoo In Seob Lee Jeong Hwan Yook Ga Hee Kim Hee Kyong Na Ji Yong Ahn Jeong hoon Lee kee Wook Jung Do hoon Kim Ho June Song Gin Hyug Lee Hwoon-Yong Jung Department of Gastroenterology Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505South Korea Department of Pathology Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505South Korea Department of Surgery Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505South Korea

BACKGROUND Although the criteria for the indication of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)for undifferentiated early gastric cancer(UD-EGC)have been recently proposed,accumulating reports on the non-negligible rate of lymph node metastasis(LNM)after indicated ESD raise questions on the reliability of the current *** To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of LNM in UD-EGC cases meeting the expanded indication for *** We retrospectively reviewed 4780 UD-EGC cases that underwent surgical resection between January 2008 and February 2019 at Asan Medical Center,a tertiary university hospital in *** identify the risk factors of LNM of UDEGC meeting the expanded criteria for ESD,we performed a case-control study by matching the cases with LNM to those without at a ratio of 1:*** reviewed the clinical,endoscopic,and histologic features of the cases to identify features with a significant difference according to the presence of *** and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the odds ratios(ORs).RESULTS Of the 4780 UD-EGC cases,1240(25.9%)were identified to meet the expanded indication for *** the 1240 cases,14(1.1%)cases had *** the various clinical,endoscopic,and histopathological features that were evaluated,mixed histology(tumors consisting of 10%-90%of signet ring cells)had a marginally significant association(P=0.059)with the risk of ***,diffuse blurring of the muscularis mucosae(MM)underneath the tumorous epithelium,a previously unrecognized histologic feature,had a significant association with the absence of LNM(P=0.028).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the blurring of MM was the only explanatory variable significantly associated with a reduced risk of LNM(OR:0.12,95%CI:0.02-0.95;P=0.045).CONCLUSION The risk of LNM is higher than expected when using the current expanded indication for *** evaluation could provide useful clues for reducing the

关键词： Gastric cancer Undifferentiated carcinoma Endoscopic submucosal dissection Lymph node metastasis

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A Cell-Based Linear Smoothed Finite Element Method for Polygonal Topology Optimization

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2022年第6期131卷 1615-1634页

作者： Changkye Lee Sundararajan Natarajan Seong-hoon kee Jurng-Jae Yee University Core Research Center for Disaster-Free&Safe Ocean City Construction Dong-A UniversityBusan49315Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India Department of Architectural Engineering Dong-A UniversityBusan49315Korea

The aim of this work is to employ a modified cell-based smoothed finite element method(S-FEM)for topology optimization with the domain discretized with arbitrary *** the present work,the linear polynomial basis function is used as the weight function instead of the constant weight function used in the standard *** improves the accuracy and yields an optimal convergence *** gradients are smoothed over each smoothing domain,then used to compute the stiffness *** the proposed scheme,an optimum topology procedure is conducted over the smoothing *** materials are distributed over each smoothing domain and the filtering scheme relies on the smoothing *** tests are carried out to pursue the performance of the proposed optimization by comparing convergence,efficiency and accuracy.

关键词： Smoothed finite element method linear smoothing function topology optimization solid isotropic material with penalization(SIMP) polygonal finite element cell

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