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Formally Analyzing Expected Time Complexity of Algorithms Using Theorem Proving

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2010年第6期25卷 1305-1320页

作者： Osman Hasan sofiène Tahar Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Concordia University

Probabilistic techniques are widely used in the analysis of algorithms to estimate the computational complexity of algorithms or a computational ***,such analyses are performed using paper-and-pencil proofs and the results are sometimes validated using simulation *** techniques are informal and thus may result in an inaccurate *** this paper,we propose a formal technique for analyzing the expected time complexity of algorithms using higher-order-logic theorem *** approach calls for mathematically modeling the algorithm along with its inputs,using indicator random variables,in higher-order *** model is then used to formally reason about the expected time complexity of the underlying algorithm in a theorem *** paper includes the higher-order-logic formalization of indicator random variables,which are fundamental to the proposed *** order to illustrate the practical effiectiveness and utilization of the proposed infrastructure,the paper also includes the analysis of algorithms for three well-known problems,i.e.,the hat-check problem,the birthday paradox and the hiring problem.

关键词： formal method higher-order logic probability theory theorem proving birthday paradox hat-check problem hiring problem

IoT-Fog Architectures in Smart City Applications:A Survey

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China Communications 2021年第11期18卷 117-140页

作者： Shahid Sultan Hajam Shabir Ahmad sofi Department of Information Technology National Institute of TechnologyHazaratbal Srinagar 190006Jammu and KashmirIndia

Smart cities improve the quality of life of people by utilizing the benefits of Information and communication technology(ICT)and the Internet of things(IoT).The applications of the smart city often rely on the cloud for *** doubt cloud provides an ample amount of resources as a service but still it has limitations in terms of unreliable latency,mobility,and location awareness due to their multi-hop distance from the IoT *** computing avoids these limitations by providing services nearer to the *** this work we investigate the already proposed IoT-Fog based application specific smart city architectures and review them based on scalability,heterogeneity,mobility,energy conservation,latency,and ***,we discuss the applications and highlight the challenges that fog computing *** also present a case study of a smart city scenario with multiple applications of IoT.

关键词： fog computing edge computing mobile edge computing resource allocation,offloading software defined networks smart city smart grid

Aamar-e-Advia(shelf-lives) of drugs in Unani system of medicine:A conceptual review

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Journal of Integrative Medicine 2020年第2期18卷 114-124页

作者： Ameena Yasmeen Ghulamuddin sofi Kaleemullah Khan Department of Ilmul Advia(Pharmacology) Government Unani Medical CollegeRajiv Gandhi University of Health SciencesBengaluru-560079KarnatakaIndia Department of Ilmul Advia(Pharmacology) National Institute of Unani MedicineRajiv Gandhi University of Health SciencesBengaluru-560091KarnatakaIndia Registered clinical practitioner and Independent researcher Mysore-570019KarnatakaIndia

In an era of globalization and increased global demand for herbal medicines, it is essential to ensure the quality and consistency of drugs. Changes in the quality of an herbal product over time should be detectable. The assessments of chemical quality and therapeutic efficacy of herbal drugs are necessary to establish their shelf-lives. Thus, stability testing is needed to establish standards for herbal products. Unani medicine has its own conceptual framework for studying health and disease. The mode of treatment includes Ilaj bit Tadbeer(regimental therapy), Ilaj bil Ghiza(dietotherapy), Ilaj bil Dawa(pharmacotherapy) and Ilaj bil Yad/Jarahat(surgery) as a final option. Ilaj bil Dawa is the most used mode of *** drugs include either crude drugs prepared from plant, animal and mineral sources, called Mufrad(single) drugs or various formulations prepared from these crude drugs, called Murakkab(compound)drugs. To date, stability studies have been carried out on compound drugs, whereas only a few single drugs had had their stability tested. These studies are needed to understand how the quality of an herbal drug varies over the time when it is prepared and consumed. This may also help to standardize procedures for manufacturing compound formulations ab initio. The present study reviews the concept of Aamar-e-Advia(shelf-lives) described in the literature of the Unani system of medicine. Further, various factors that are considered important to assess the shelf-life of Unani drugs are discussed in the context of contemporary protocols for shelf-life assessment.

关键词： Drug stability Shelf-life Expiry date Unani medicine Aamar-e-Advia Drug potency

Mediterranean diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:New therapeutic option around the corner?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第23期20卷 7339-7346页

作者： Francesco sofi Alessro Casini Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence50134 FlorenceItaly Agency of Nutrition Careggi University Hospital50134 FlorenceItaly Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation Florence 50134 FlorenceItaly

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)represents the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries,being considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic *** has a common pathogenic background to that of metabolic syndrome,and shares many risk factors such as obesity,hypertension,insulin resistance and *** there is no currently available evidence-based established treatment for NAFLD,all the recommendations from the medical associations indicate that the most effective treatment is to reduce weight through lifestyle ***,indeed,plays a key role in the management of NAFLD patients,as both the quantity and quality of the diet have been reported to have a beneficial role in the onset and severity of the liver *** all the diets that have been proposed,a Mediterranean diet was the most effective dietary option for inducing weight loss together with beneficial effects on all the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome and *** the last few years,research has demonstrated a beneficial effect of a Mediterranean diet in *** this review,we will examine all the available data on the association between diet,nutrients and the Mediterranean diet in association with onset and severity of NAFLD.

关键词： Mediterranean diet Diet Prevention Metabolic syndrome Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

A review on offloading in fog-based Internet of Things:Architecture,machine learning approaches,and open issues

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High-Confidence Computing 2023年第2期3卷 83-92页

作者： Kalimullah Lone Shabir Ahmad sofi National Institute of Technology SrinagarJammu and Kashmir 190006India

There is an exponential increase in the number of smart devices,generating helpful information and posing a serious challenge while processing this huge *** processing is either done at fog level or cloud level depending on the size and nature of the *** data to fog or cloud adds latency,which is less in fog and more in the *** methods of processing data and tasks at fog level or cloud are mostly machine learning *** this paper,we will discuss all three levels in terms of architecture,starting from the internet of things to fog and fog to ***,we will describe machine learning-based offloading from the internet of things to fog and fog to ***,we will come up with current research directions,issues,and challenges in the IoT–fog–cloud environment.

关键词： Fog computing Internet of Things Machine learning Architectures Offloading Data

Formal Reasoning About Finite-State Discrete-Time Markov Chains in HOL

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2013年第2期28卷 217-231页

作者： Liya Liu Osman Hasan sofiène Tahar Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Concordia University

Markov chains are extensively used in modeling different aspects of engineering and scientific systems, such as performance of algorithms and reliability of systems. Different techniques have been developed for analyzing Markovian models, for example, Markov Chain Monte Carlo based simulation, Markov Analyzer, and more recently probabilistic model- checking. However, these techniques either do not guarantee accurate analysis or are not scalable. Higher-order-logic theorem proving is a formal method that has the ability to overcome the above mentioned limitations. However, it is not mature enough to handle all sorts of Markovian models. In this paper, we propose a formalization of Discrete-Time Markov Chain （DTMC） that facilitates formal reasoning about time-homogeneous finite-state discrete-time Markov chain. In particular, we provide a formal verification on some of its important properties, such as joint probabilities, Chapman-Kolmogorov equation, reversibility property, using higher-order logic. To demonstrate the usefulness of our work, we analyze two applications： a simplified binary communication channel and the Automatic Mail Quality Measurement protocol.

关键词： discrete-time Markov chain higher-order logic probability theory theorem prover

Class Imbalanced Problem:Taxonomy,Open Challenges,Applications and State-of-the-Art Solutions

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China Communications 2024年第11期21卷 216-242页

作者： Khursheed Ahmad Bhat Shabir Ahmad sofi Department of Information Technology National Institute of TechnologyHazratbal Srinagar 190006Jammu and KashmirIndia

The study of machine learning has revealed that it can unleash new applications in a variety of *** limitations limit their expressiveness,and researchers are working to overcome them to fully exploit the power of data-driven machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)*** data imbalance presents major hurdles for classification and prediction problems in machine learning,restricting data analytics and acquiring relevant insights in practically all real-world research *** visual learning,network information security,failure prediction,digital marketing,healthcare,and a variety of other domains,raw data suffers from a biased data distribution of one class over the *** article aims to present a taxonomy of the approaches for handling imbalanced data problems and their comparative study on the classification metrics and their application *** have explored very recent trends of techniques employed for solutions to class imbalance problems in datasets and have also discussed their *** article has also identified open challenges for further research in the direction of class data imbalance.

关键词： class imbalance classification deep learning GANs sampling

Spider monkey optimization based resource allocation and scheduling in fog computing environment

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High-Confidence Computing 2023年第3期3卷 81-88页

作者： Shahid Sultan Hajam Shabir Ahmad sofi Department of Information Technology National Institute of Technology SrinagarSrinagar 190006India

Spider monkey optimization(SMO)is a quite popular and recent swarm intelligence algorithm for numerical *** is Fission-Fusion social structure based algorithm inspired by spider monkey’s *** algorithm proves to be very efficient in solving various constrained and unconstrained optimization *** paper presents the application of SMO in fog *** propose a heuristic initialization based spider monkey optimization algorithm for resource allocation and scheduling in a fog computing *** algorithm minimizes the total cost(service time and monetary cost)of tasks by choosing the optimal fog *** job fastest processor(LJFP),shortest job fastest processor(SJFP),and minimum completion time(MCT)based initialization of SMO are proposed and compared with each *** performance is compared based on the parameters of average cost,average service time,average monetary cost,and the average cost per *** results demonstrate the efficacy of MCT-SMO as compared to other heuristic initialization based SMO algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO).

关键词： Swarm intelligence Spider monkey optimization Fog computing Task scheduling

Variability in seed traits and genetic divergence in a clonal seed orchard of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

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Journal of Forestry Research 2012年第1期23卷 109-114页

作者： Ombir singh Altaf Hussain sofi Forest Tree Seed Laboratory Silviculture DivisionForest Research InstituteDehradun-248006India

The variations in seed and pod traits, genetic superiority and genetic divergence were evaluated for a Clonal Seed Orchard （CSO） of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. at Bithmera, India consisting of 20 clones from different agro-climatic conditions of four northern states （Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Rajasthan）. The seeds and pods of various clones in the orchard exhibited significant variability in size, weight and other characters. Significant positive correlations were observed between seed length and seed width （p〈0.05）, seed length and sccd thickness （p〈0.01）, seed length and seed weight （p〈0.01）, seed thickness and seed weight （p〈0.01）, seed length and germination value （p〈0.05）. The ge- netic parameters for seed and pod traits also showed a wide range of variations in the orchard. Heritability values were found to be over 50 percent for most of ~e seed and pod traits. Seed weight, seed length and seed thickness showed high heritability values coupled with maximum genetic gain for these characters. Ward＇s minimum variance dendrogram of clones of D. sissoo showed three distinct clusters; cluster I was the largest with 12 better clones whereas cluster 2 and 3 consisting of seven moderate clones and one poor clone, respectively. Mean cluster values showed sufficient variation among the clusters for seed weight, germina- tion value and seed length. The possible hybridization between best clones of cluster I to the disease resistant clone of cluster 2 （resistant against deadly Gandoderma lucidum root rot disease of D. sissoo） is also suggested for further breeding programmes of the species. The deploy- ment of clone 194 （better performed and disease resistant） is also rec- ommended in future plantation programmes of D. sissoo in northern India.

关键词： clones Dalbergia sissoo divergence seed traits variability