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Legume Green Manure and intercropping for High Biomass Sorghum Production

Agricultural Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： Clark B. Neely Francis M. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L. S. Morgan Frank M. Hons William L. Rooney Gerald R. smith Department of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Soil Health institute Morrisville NC USA Department of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legumes were commonly used as green manure crops for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX examined legume integration into high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production systems on a Lilbert loamy fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. in this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ‘iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biomass sorghum production system to evaluate impacts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biomass sorghum and their impacts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). Main plots were split into crimson clover green manure (CLGM) and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm-season crop rotations: cowpea green manure (CPGM), cowpea-sorghum intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum monocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatments (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were randomized and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGM increased (P sorghum biomass yield (16.5 t DM∙ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatment reduced sorghum yield up to 62% compared to SORG;whereas CPGM increased sorghum yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum biomass yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over time indicated mineralization of organic N and may explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum biomass yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green manure crop but proved to be too competitive for successful intercropping in high-biomass sorghum production systems.

关键词： High-Biomass Sorghum Legumes Green Manure intercrop Cowpea Crimson Clover Soil Organic Carbon Soil Nitrogen

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The effects of advanced paternal age on fertility

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2013年第6期15卷 723-728,I0005页

作者： Jason R Kovac Josephine Addai Ryan P smith Robert M Coward Dolores J Lamb Larry i Lipshultz Scott Department of Urology Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology The Center for Reproductive Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030 USA

Modern societal pressures and expectations over the past several decades have resulted in the tendency for couples to delay conception. While women experience a notable decrease in oocyte production in their late thirties, the effect of age on spermatogenesis is less well described. While there are no known limits to the age at which men can father children, the effects of advanced paternal age are incompletely understood. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding advanced paternal age and its implications on semen quality, reproductive success and offspring health. This review will serve as a guide to physicians in counseling men about the decision to delay paternity and the risks involved with conception later in life.

关键词： aging male fertility outcomes male infertility paternal age

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inherent Complexities of a Multi-stakeholder Approach to Building Community Resilience

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international Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第1期11卷 32-45页

作者： Josephine Adekola Denis Fischabcher-smith Moira Fischabcher-smith Finance Accounting and RiskGlasgow Caledonian UniversityGlasgow G40BAScotlandUK College of Social Sciences University of GlasgowGlasgow G128QQScotlandUK

Enhancing community resilience has increasingly involved national and regional governments adopting a multi-stakeholder approach because of the potential interagency benefits. This has led to questions about how best to involve stakeholder groups in translating community resilience policies into practice. This exploratory study contributes to this discussion by addressing two key areas that are fundamental in the concerted effort to build community resilience to natural hazards:(1) stakeholder understanding of community resilience as a concept;and(2) the difficulties associated with the processes of risk assessment and preparedness that stakeholders face locally in building community resilience. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 25 practitioners and experts within Scotland’s resilience community, and were analyzed through an inductive approach to thematic analysis. These data show how the interpretation of community resilience differs across stakeholder groups. Analysis of the data reveals challenges around the nature of the risk assessment and its role in shaping risk perception and communication. Significant complications occur in communicating about low probability-high consequence events, perceived territoriality, competing risk prioritizations, and the challenges of managing hazards within a context of limited resources. The implications of these issues for policy and practice are also discussed.

关键词： Community disaster preparedness Community resilience Multi-stakeholder approach Natural hazards Risk assessment

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Novel Heat Transfer issues Associated with the Design and Safe Operation of the MEGAPiE Spallation Source Target

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Journal of Thermal Science 2007年第1期16卷 63-78页

作者： Brian L.smith Thermal Hydraulics Laboratory Paul Scherrer InstituteSwitzerland

Critical heat transfer problems are discussed in the context of the operation of a spallation source target, which represents a first demonstration of the feasibility of an innovative concept for generating energy using a particle accelerator. Within the framework of the umbrella project MEGAPiE, an R＆D support group was organized to take responsibility for target cooling. This involved the use of advanced numerical methods - Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） and Finite Element Method （FEM） - validated against suitable experimental data, and by means of appropriate benchmarking exercises. The design studies using CFD resulted in an optimum flow configuration being defined for the coolant circulation. Flow visualization tests were undertaken using a glass/water test section, with the velocity field mapped using optical and ultrasonic measuring techniques. These were followed by heat transfer tests, using the actual target materials （lead-bismuth-eutectic coolant and steel confinement）. Further CFD/FEM work to analyze operational transients and accident sequences was also carded out, and is described in the paper.

关键词： computational fluid dynamics finite element method liquid-metal coolant spallation source target

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Anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice： evidence for induced structural and functional sperm defects after short-, but not long-, term exposure

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第2期17卷 261-268,I0009页

作者： Michelle A smith Rowan Michael Rolands G Aravindan Soma Dash Syed i Shah Deni S Galileo Patricia A Martin-DeLeon Department of Biological Sciences University of Delaware Newark DE USA Departments of Physics and Astronomy and of Material Science Engineering University of Delaware Newark DE USA.

锐钛型钛二氧化物纳米颗粒（TNPs）广泛应用在商业领域，并且存在于不同的产品中。为明确更小剂量的锐钛型钛二氧化物纳米颗粒（ATNPs）间隔一定距离进入体内到达阴囊后是否能诱导精子缺陷的发生，雄性成年小鼠持续3天腹腔内注射100％A... 详细信息

锐钛型钛二氧化物纳米颗粒（TNPs）广泛应用在商业领域，并且存在于不同的产品中。为明确更小剂量的锐钛型钛二氧化物纳米颗粒（ATNPs）间隔一定距离进入体内到达阴囊后是否能诱导精子缺陷的发生，雄性成年小鼠持续3天腹腔内注射100％ATNP（2．5或5mg／kg），然后在注射后1周、2周、3周或5周（长时间暴露）或者是注射后24小时、48小时或120小时（短时间暴露）处死。透射电镜表明在注射后120小时收集到的阴囊脂肪组织中，附睾组织和附睾液均出现炎症反应。在注射后120小时和3周后，睾丸组织间质间隙增大。利用末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的缺口末端标记技术发现在注射后的雄鼠体内阳性（即凋亡）精子（P=0．002）和间质细胞（P=O．04）数目均显著增加。与对照组相比，短时间暴露而不是长时间暴露的附睾尾部精子鞭毛异常、过量胞浆残余（ERC）的发生率增加，精子无顶体反应的发生率增加（呈剂量依赖性）。ERC与无顶体反应是否存在相关性目前尚不清楚。与对照组相比，暴露120小时组快速运动精子数量和线粒体膜电位均显著下降（P〈0．05），同时，活性氧水平显著增加（P〈0．00001）。这些结果表明在注射后4．8天，ANTP能够引发不育的精子结构和功能的异常，并且通过氧化应激造成DNA的损伤。同时，在暴露后的10天到5周末检测到精子的异常，这表明精子的这种异常是暂时性的。

关键词：胞浆小滴氧化应激精子活动缺陷无顶体反应

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Evolving carbon dioxide emission rate intensities of coal-fired power plant on U.S. electricity operating systems

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2018年第6期6卷 1103-1112页

作者： Robert Kennedy smith U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy

For many years, coal-fired power plant generation comprised the largest share of electricity in the *** sector. While natural gas plants now constitute a greater portion of the total, coal is projected to remain a shrinking but significant component of U.S. electricity production. Natural gas-fired technologies are dispatchable and versatile generation sources, but the recent and anticipated growth of wind and solar technologies will add nondispatchable, intermittent power generation sources to *** grids. Numerous emissions-related benefits arise from the deployment of these technologies, but they must coexist with coal plants, many of which run most efficiently under baseload operating procedures. Historical monthly emissions data has been analyzed on a sample of coal plants to show how modified coal operations have affected plant emission rates, as measured by carbon dioxide emitted per unit of electricity output. Statistically significant correlations between plant capacity factors and emission rate intensity have been observed by the majority of the sample, showing a worsening under more sporadic operations. Since nearly all of the coal plants in the sample are generating less electricity, determining the emission impact of operational decisions will assist policymakers as they seek to minimize total system emissions without severe disruptions to electricity cost and service reliability.

关键词： Coal Emission intensity Renewable generation Baseload power generation

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解决围绕碳酸盐岩风化碳汇的争议

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中国科学：地球科学 2024年第9期54卷 2747-2761页

作者：白晓永张思蕊 Pete smith 李朝君熊练杜朝超薛盈盈李姿霖龙明康李明会张小芸杨姝罗青沈晓倩中国科学院地球化学研究所环境地球化学国家重点实验室贵阳550081 中国科学院大学北京100049 institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of AberdeenAberdeen AB243UUUK 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院贵阳550025 贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院贵阳550025 中国科学院地球环境研究所中国科学院第四纪与全球变化卓越研究中心西安710061

在全球碳循环过程,碳酸盐岩风化碳汇(CCSs)的重要性几乎与植被碳汇相同.然而,由于碳酸盐溶解过程可逆,在各国制定应对全球气候问题的碳中和政策时, CCSs引发了争议.因此,为了解决这些争议,本文回顾了对CCSs研究的最新进展,并围绕其存在... 详细信息

在全球碳循环过程,碳酸盐岩风化碳汇(CCSs)的重要性几乎与植被碳汇相同.然而,由于碳酸盐溶解过程可逆,在各国制定应对全球气候问题的碳中和政策时, CCSs引发了争议.因此,为了解决这些争议,本文回顾了对CCSs研究的最新进展,并围绕其存在的一些悬而未决的争议进行了探讨.分析了有关CCSs的五个争议,分别揭示了CCSs的存在,量化了它们的重要性,澄清了它们的时空格局,并记录了它们在全球变化背景下如何增加和演变.通过解决这些争议,将有助于明确CCSs在全球陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用.

关键词：碳汇碳酸盐岩风化碳循环气候变化人工干预

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早产和低出生体重婴儿的睡眠体位和婴儿猝死综合征:采取针对性干预措施的时机

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（儿科学分册） 2006年第9期2卷 4-4页

作者： Blair P.S. Platt M.W. smith i.J. Fleming P.J. 张振 institute of Child Life and Health UBHT Education Centre Upper Maudlin St Bristol BS2 8AE United Kingdom Prof.

Aims: To determine the combined effects of sudden infant death syndrome (SiDS) risk factors in the sleeping environment for infants who were “ small at birth” (pre-term (< 37 weeks), low birth weight (< 2500 g), or ... 详细信息

Aims: To determine the combined effects of sudden infant death syndrome (SiDS) risk factors in the sleeping environment for infants who were “ small at birth” (pre-term (irth weight (ion based, case-control study in five former health regions in England (population 17.7 million) with 325 cases and 1300 controls. Parental interviews were carried out after each death and reference sleep of age matched controls. Results: Of the SiDS infants, 26% were “ small at birth” compared to 8% of the controls. The most common sleeping position was supine, for both controls (69% ) and those SiDS infants (48% ) born at term or ≥ 2500 g, but for “ small at birth” SiDS infants the commonest sleeping position was side (48% ). The combined effect of the risk associated with being “ small at birth” and factors in the infant sleeping environment remained multiplicative despite controlling for possible confounding in the multivariate model. This effect was more than multiplicative for those infants placed to sleep on their side or who shared the bed with parents who habitually smoked, while for those “ small at birth” SiDS who slept in a room separate from the parents, the large combined effect showed evidence of a significant interaction. No excess risk was identified from bed sharing with non-smoking parents for infants born at term or birth weight ≥ 2500 g. Conclusion: The combined effects of SiDS risk factors in the sleeping environment and being pre-term or low birth weight generate high risks for these infants. Their longer postnatal stay allows an opportunity to target parents and staff with risk reduction messages.

关键词：低出生体重婴儿婴儿猝死综合征足月产睡眠状况睡眠环境卫生保健病例对照研究人口总数倍增效

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Optimal Dearsenification Parameters of Gold Sulfide Concentrate with a High As Content

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2005年第2期21卷 274-276页

作者： YaozhongLAN RoseW.smith MaterialsDepartment YunnanUniversityKunming650091China MetallurgicalandMaterialsDepartment NevadaUniversityofRenoNV89503NevadaUSA

The gold sulfide concentrate with a high As content in Liangshan District, Sichuan Province, China, is a potentially important resource. This paper describes experiments of dearsenification of gold concentrate in a weakly reduced atmosphere in a rotary pipe furnace. The results showed that the optimal parameters were a temperature range of 650-700℃, 15%-16% CO2 of gas and a reaction time of 30-40 min. The removal rate of arsenic and sulfur was over 95% and 25%-28%, respectively. With further oxidization and roasting, residue sulfur in the roasted materials was dropped to below 4%, and the cyanide leaching recovery of gold was over 92%.

关键词： Gold sulfide concentrate with a high As content Weakly reduced atmosphere Dearsenification

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Detailed characterization of kHz-rate laser-driven fusion at a thin liquid sheet with a neutron detection suite

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High Power Laser Science and Engineering 2024年第1期12卷 13-23页

作者： Benjamin M.Knight Connor M.Gautam Colton R.Stoner Bryan V.Egner Joseph R.smith Chris M.Orban Juan J.Manfredi Kyle D.Frische Michael L.Dexter Enam A.Chowdhury Anil K.Patnaik Department of Engineering Physics Air Force Institute of TechnologyWPAFBOHUSA Physics Department Marietta CollegeMariettaOHUSA Department of Physics The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA intense Energy Solutions LLCPlain CityOHUSA

We present detailed characterization of laser-driven fusion and neutron production(-10^(5)/second) using 8 mJ, 40 fs laser pulses on a thin(<1 μm) D_2O liquid sheet employing a measurement suite. At relativistic inte... 详细信息

We present detailed characterization of laser-driven fusion and neutron production(-10^(5)/second) using 8 mJ, 40 fs laser pulses on a thin(iquid sheet employing a measurement suite. At relativistic intensity(~ 5 × 10^(18)W/cm^(2))and high repetition rate(1 kHz), the system produces deuterium±deuterium(D-D) fusion, allowing for consistent neutron generation. Evidence of D-D fusion neutron production is verified by a measurement suite with three independent detection systems: an EJ-309 organic scintillator with pulse-shape discrimination, a ~3He proportional counter and a set of 36 bubble detectors. Time-of-flight analysis of the scintillator data shows the energy of the produced neutrons to be consistent with 2.45 MeV. Particle-in-cell simulations using the WarpX code support significant neutron production from D-D fusion events in the laser±target interaction region. This high-repetition-rate laser-driven neutron source could provide a low-cost, on-demand test bed for radiation hardening and imaging applications.

关键词： high-repetition-rate laser-driven fusion laser-plasma interaction liquid target neutron detectors

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