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Ethnopharmacological Assessment of Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Livestock Ailments by Resource-Limited Farmers in the Eastern Cape Province

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2023年第6期13卷 96-109页

作者： siza mthi Jean Rust Sive Tokozwayo Zimasa Busisiwe Dubeni Dö hne Agricultural Development Institute Stutterheim South Africa Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Queenstown South Africa Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science University of Fort Hare Alice South Africa

Medicinal plants play a major role in meeting people’s medical and health needs, especially in developing countries. However, due to a lack of access to modern veterinary facilities, poor visibility of animal health personnel, and high prices of orthodox medicines, most farmers rely on traditional healers and the administration of medicinal plants to treat livestock ailments. The present study was conducted to document Ethnopharmacological knowledge of medicinal plants used to manage livestock ailments in three rural communities of the Eastern Cape. This study was carried out in three rural communities between July 2009 and February 2010. Data were collected by administering pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires and participative field observations. For the interviews, a sample of 48 knowledgeable respondents was purposively selected. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, determination of information consensus factor, and fidelity level. A total of 12 medicinal plants belonging to 9 families were used by local people to cure different ailments. A high number of medicinal plants were claimed by males compared to females. Roots and barks were the major plant parts used, and the least were leaves (27.3%). Six plants were used to treat diarrhea and fertility, five plants to treat wounds, and two plants to treat scabs. This study has shown that Eastern Cape flora is rich with various plants which could be used to replace orthodox drugs. Further studies are needed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations, biological activities, and toxicities and characterize the plant’s chemical compounds.

关键词： Ethnopharmacology Medicinal Plants Livestock Ailments Farmers Eastern Cape

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Short-Term Effect of Grazing Exclusion and Uncontrolled Grazing on Species Abundance, Dry Matter Yield and Nutritive Value in an Invaded Area by Euryops floribundus in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

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Open Journal of Ecology 2023年第6期13卷 321-333页

作者： Sive Tokozwayo Eric Cofie Timpong-Jones Keletso Mopipi Masibonge Gxasheka Unathi Gulwa siza mthi Mthunzi Mndela Mzwethu Dastile Azile Dumani Department of Rural Development & Agrarian Reform D&#246hne Agricultural Development Institute Stutterheim South Africa Livestock and Poultry Research Center School of Agriculture College of Basic and Applied Sciences University of Ghana Legon Ghana Department of Range and Forage Resources Botswana University of Agriculture & Natural Resources Gaborone Botswana Department of Plant Production Soil Science & Agricultural Engineering University of Limpopo Polokwane South Africa Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Queenstown South Africa Department of Livestock & Pasture University of Fort Hare Alice South Africa Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Cradock South Africa

Grazing exclusion (GE) is the most effective rangeland restoration technique which facilitates species diversity and forage quality. This study aimed at assessing short-term impact of GE and continuously grazed rangeland on relative frequency, dry matter yield and nutritive value of dominant grasses in an area invaded by Euryops floribundus. A plot of 2.5 ha was measured and the boundaries demarcated using tape measure and steal pins, the plot was further divided into two subplots of 1ha each which were 5 m apart. One subplot was fenced and protected from grazing livestock, while one subplot was grazed continuously and not fenced. Three parallel belt transects of 100 m × 2 m with 3 m apart were laid out in both subplots. Woody plants occurring within the transects were identified and recorded to determine density. In each subplot, a 0.25 m2 quadrant measuring was thrown randomly to take detailed records on plant species, relative frequency of species and herbage biomass. Four dominant species at the two sites were harvested to determine the nutritive value. Results indicate that grazing exclusion (GE) facilitates grass species diversity, subsequently sixteen and thirteen grasses species were recorded in the GE and uncontrolled grazed (UG) sites, respectively. Eragrostis chloromelas (21.7%), and Themeda triandra (13.2%) had high relative frequencies in the GE site. Highest biomass production was recorded in the GE site (1400 kg·ha-1) compared to UG site (1102 kg·ha-1). Crude protein content was relatively lower at UG site (5.4% - 5.8%) as compared to GE site (7.2% - 7.8%). It was concluded that, GE showed a positive impact on a relative frequency (%), dry matter yield and crude protein content. UG creates a conducive environment for Euryops recruitment. Further studies are required to examine the impact of GE in long-term trial setup.

关键词： Dry Matter Yield Crude Protein Nutritive Value Relative Frequency

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Short-Term Influence of Burning on Species Abundance, Biomass Production, Wood Plant Density and Browsing Unit in an Albany Thicket of the Eastern Cape, South Africa

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Agricultural Sciences 2022年第1期13卷 74-85页

作者： Sive Tokozwayo Thubela Thubela Masibonge Gxasheka siza mthi Unathi Gulwa Nkululeko Nyangiwe Ayanda Kwaza Nokonwaba Jokani Nobulungisa Mgujulwa Yanga Mkabile Thozama Theophilus Bozo Amahle Sogoni Dö hne Agricultural Development Institute Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Stutterheim South Africa Department of Plant Production Soil Science & Agricultural Engineering University of Limpopo Polokwane South Africa Department of Agriculture and Animal Health University of South Africa Florida South Africa Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Land Use Management Gqeberha South Africa Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Bathurst South Africa

Fire is regarded as management practice for maintaining grasslands and savannas. The vegetation occurring in fire prone areas becomes highly adapted to fire occurrences in savannas and grasslands. However, documentation on the influence of burning on vegetation is still limited in an albany thicket biome. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term influence of burning on species abundance, biomass production, wood plant density and browsing unit. Six plots (2500 m2) were demarcated;in each plot two parallel transects of 120 m2 with 5 m distance apart were measured. Three plots were burned in spring season, while no burning was done on the other remaining plots. Forty points per plot were obtained using step-point method to determine the relative abundance at burned and unburned plots. Woody plants occurred within a transect were identified, counted and recorded to determine density and browsing unit. Three quadrats (i.e. 0.25 m2) per plot were randomly laid within the transect;aboveground plant material within a quadrat were harvested. A total of 18 samples were harvested and oven dried at 60˚C for 48 hours to determine biomass production. The results showed that Themeda triandra (14%) and Panicum maximum (10%) were most abundant grass species at the burned plots. Burned plots had significantly higher biomass production (4804 kg/ha) compared to unburned plots (3641 kg/ha). Vachellia karoo (burned: 65.85% & unburn: 13.70%) and Searsia pallens (burned: 26.83% & unburned: 6.85%) were most dominant wood plant species at both burned and unburned plots. Burned plots had the highest browsing unit (3221 BU/ha) compared to unburned plots (2058 BU/ha). The decrease of woody plants at the burned plots proved that fire has a tremendous potential for managing woody plants. This study provided information on

关键词： Burning Browsing Density Relative Abundance

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An Assessment of Youth Involvement in Agricultural Activities in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

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Agricultural Sciences 2021年第10期12卷 1034-1047页

作者： siza mthi Mandla Yawa Sive Tokozwayo Olusegun Oyebade Ikusika Nkululeko Nyangiwe Tanki Thubela Thobela Louis Tyasi Soul Washaya Masibonge Gxasheka Zuko Mpisana Msimelelo Buyisile Nkohla Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform D&#246 hne Agricultural Development Institute Stutterheim South Africa Department of Livestock and Pasture Science University of Fort Hare Alice South Africa Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production University of Limpopo Polokwane South Africa Department of Livestock Wildlife & Fisheries Great Zimbabwe University Masvingo Zimbabwe Department of Plant Production Soil Science & Agricultural Engineering University of Limpopo Polokwane South Africa Faculty of Education School of Further & Continuing Education University of Fort Hare Alice South Africa

Youth, who make up the majority of South Africa’s population and will be the future responsible citizens, confront numerous obstacles, including a lack of access to land, finance, markets, practical training, and incentives. The low interest of youngsters in agriculture is attributed to the poor status of agricultural output in Africa’s rural areas due to a lack of government support. The study was conducted to assess the involvement of youths in agricultural activities in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The convenient sampling technique was used, and qualitative data were collected from 104 participants using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The questionnaire covered demographic characteristics, land ownership status, contact with extension personnel, and involvement in farming activities, funding, and constraints. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used for data analysis. The results showed that there were more males (59.6%) participants than females (40.4%) and the majority (74%) were between 20 - 35 years of age, 52.9% had senior secondary school level of education and came from a household size ranging from 6 - 19. Approximately 88.5% of participants had an agricultural background with an annual income of less than R20,000.00. More than half (51.9 %) of the study population, had farming experience less than 5 years, while 52.9% owned less than 2 hectares of land, and 78.8% were self-employed. Findings revealed that age (χ2 = 5.519, P χ2 = 43.981, P < 0.001) had a significant association with extension contact and farming enterprises respectively. Furthermore, lack of land ownership, high input costs, access to credit, visibility of extension personnel, lack of market access, low returns, high cost of mechanization, and lack of farming knowledge were the most ranked constraints hindering youth involvement in agricultural activities. Youth involvement in agricultural a

关键词： Agriculture Land Ownership Livelihood Youth Market Access

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Exploratory Study on Relationship among Body Weight, Body Condition Score and Some Blood Biochemical Parameters of Non-Descriptive Goats in Mzimvubu Local Municipality: A Case of Santombe Village

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2021年第4期11卷 646-657页

作者： siza mthi Nkululeko Nyangiwe Francisca Rumosa Gwaze Mandla Yawa Thobela Louis Tyasi Sive Tokozwayo Tanki Thubela Mlungisi Selby Jansen Sindisile Goni Thamsanqa Khetani Luxolo Qokweni Soul Washaya Busiswa Guza Mlungisi Magwaza Bekikaya Brilliant Mbangi Thandile Ndobeni Döhne Agricultural Development Institute Stutterheim South Africa Department of Agriculture and Animal Health University of South Africa Florida South Africa Lovedale TVET College Alice South Africa Department of Livestock and Pasture Science University of Fort Hare Alice South Africa Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production University of Limpopo Polokwane South Africa Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Kokstad South Africa Department of Livestock Wildlife & Fisheries Great Zimbabwe University Masvingo Zimbabwe Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Mount Ayliff South Africa Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Directorate of Primary Animal Health Johannesburg South Africa

Body weight is a crucial trait that aids farmers in decision-making regarding vaccinations, feeding, marketing and selection during the breeding programs. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of sex and age on body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and some blood biochemical parameters (BBP) and to determine the correlation amongst BW, BCS and BBP of non-descriptive goats at Santombe communal farming system. Blood samples were collected from 33 apparently healthy goats (27 females and 6 males) aged 6 - 8 tooth with a mean BW (32.62 ± 11.39 kg) while BCS (3.17 ± 0.39) was taken by means of palpating the lumbar area, sternum and the ribs. The BCS was rated on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 being emaciated and 5 being extremely fat. The blood samples were analyzed using Cobas intergra 400 plus chemistry analyzer, Roche for biochemical parameters such as total protein (TP), urea, cholesterol (Chol), magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P) and calcium (Ca) with mean values of 72.79 ± 5.84 mg/l, 2.76 ± 1.16 mmol/l, 2.08 ± 0.40 mmol/l, 1.09 ± 0.09 mmol/l, 2.30 ± 0.49 mmol/l and 2.45 ± 0.12 mmol/l respectively. Sex and age had significant effects on BW, BCS and some biochemical parameters. The BW and BCS for males were significantly higher than for females. Correlation results indicated that BW had a positive relationship with BCS (r = 0.677), TP and BW (r = 0.400), Chol and BCS (r = 0.4025) and Mg and TP (r = -0.075). Age and sex had significant influences on BW, BCS and some blood biochemical parameters. Consideration of the factors can aid in determining the accurate diagnosis of the nutritional status of goats.

关键词： Blood Metabolite Communal Goats Nutrition Status

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Ticks, Demographics, Vegetation Cover, and Farmer’s Age Influence Red Meat Production in Resource-Poor Regions of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2021年第4期11卷 682-696页

作者： Nkululeko Nyangiwe Sindisile Goni Thami Khethani Tanki Thubela Mlungisi Jansen siza mthi Mandla Yawa Sive Tokozwayo Unathi Gulwa Ntanganedzeni O. Mapholi Ishmael F. Jaja Luxolo Qokweni Yanga Mkabile Mkabile Sindile Magoda Zoleka Ntondini Zamantungwa T. H. Khumalo Döhne Agricultural Development Institute Stutterheim South Africa Department of Agriculture and Animal Health University of South Africa Florida South Africa Department of Livestock and Pasture Science Faculty of Science and Agriculture University of Fort Hare Alice South Africa Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Kokstad South Africa Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Bathurst South Africa Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Port Elizabeth South Africa Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Queenstown South Africa National Institute for Communicable Diseases Sequencing Core Facility National Health Laboratory Service Johannesburg South Africa Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa

This study presents an integrated examination of livestock production constraints associating with communal farming in six district municipalities (DMs) of the Eastern Cape Province. We collected data on demographic and socio-economic factors from 271 farmers randomly given questionnaires. About 26 Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD) owned by communal farmers were surveyed to ascertain the condition of grazing land, meanwhile, tick species and distribution on cattle and goats found in 158 sampling sites of the study area were also recorded. From the results, a total of 34,929 adult ticks belonging to five genera and 10 species were encountered. The most abundant tick genera were Rhipicephalus of the subgenus Boophilus (68.91%), Amblyomma (20.72%), Hyalomma (8.64%), Ixodes (1.22%), and Haemaphysalis (0.51%). By geographic distributions, Amblyomma and Rhipic

关键词： Amblyomma Constraints Rangeland Conditions Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Tick Distribution South Africa

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Sorghum Yield Response to Changing Climatic Conditions in Semi-Arid Central Tanzania: Evaluating Crop Simulation Model Applicability

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Agricultural Sciences 2014年第10期5卷 822-833页

作者： Barnabas Msongaleli Filbert Rwehumbiza siza D. Tumbo Nganga Kihupi Department of Agricultural Engineering and Land Planning Sokoine University of Agriculture MorogoroTanzania Department of Geography and Environmental Studies University of Dodoma Dodoma Tanzania Department of Soil Science Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) and Agricultural Production Systems SIMulator (APSIM) were calibrated and evaluated to simulate sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench) var. Tegemeo under current and future climate in central Tanzania. Simulations for both current and future periods were run assuming present technology, current varieties and current agronomy packages to investigate rain-fed sorghum yield response. Simulations by both crop models using downscaled weather data from eight General Circulation Models (GCMs) under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 4.5) by mid-century show a mixture of increase and decrease in median sorghum yields. Four GCMs project yields to increase by 5% - 23.0% and one GCM show a decrease by 2% - 9%. Model simulations under the remaining three GCMs give contrasting results of increase and decrease. Adjustment of crop duration to mimic the choice of growing local cultivars versus improved cultivars seems a feasible option under future climate scenarios. Our simulation results show that current open-pollinated sorghum cultivars would be resilient to projected changes in climate by 2050s but things seem better with long duration cultivars. We conclude that crop simulation models show their applicability as tools for assessing possible impacts of climate change on sorghum due to agreement in the direction of crop yield predictions in five out of eight selected GCMs under projected climate scenarios. The findings provide useful guidance and motivation to government authorities and development agencies dealing with food security issues to prioritize adaptations policies geared to ensuring increased and sustained sorghum productivity in Tanzania and elsewhere.

关键词： Yield Prediction Climate Change Adaptation Model Evaluation

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Maize Cultivar Specific Parameters for Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) Application in Tanzania

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第6期5卷 821-833页

作者： Sixbert Kajumula Mourice Cornell Lawrence Rweyemamu siza Donald Tumbo Nyambilila Amuri Department of Agricultural Engineering and Land Planning Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Department of Crop Science and Production Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Department of Soil Science Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

In order to develop basis for tactical or strategic decision making towards agricultural productivity improvement in Tanzania, a new approach in which crop models could be used is required. Crop specific parameters for maize cultivars in Tanzania have not been determined before and consequently;crop modeling approaches to address biophysical resource management challenges has not been effective. The objective of this study was to evaluate DSSAT (v4.5) Cropping System Model (CSM) using four adapted maize cultivars namely Stuka, Staha, TMV1 and Pioneer HB3253 for quantifying model parameters. The results indicate that maize cultivars did not differ significantly in terms of the number of days to anthesis, maturity, or grain weight except final aboveground biomass. Also, there was no difference between variables with respect to growing seasons. The cultivar specific parameters obtained were within the acceptable range of those for a hypothetical maize medium season cultivar (990002) included in the DSSAT 45 CSM. Model evaluation results indicate that using the estimated cultivar coefficients, the model simulated well the effects of varying nitrogen management as indicated by the agreement index (d-statistic) closer to unity. Therefore, it is concluded that model calibration and evaluation was satisfactory within the limits of test conditions, and that the model fitted with cultivar specific parameters can be used in simulation studies for research, farm management or decision making.

关键词： CERES-Maize Crop System Model Nitrogen Phenology Morogoro

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建筑即雕塑实联水上大楼

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室内设计与装修 2015年第11期 20-27页

作者： álvaro siza Carlos Castanheira

实联化工（江苏）有限公司坐落于江苏省淮安市盐碱科技产业园,是一座全球标杆性的联碱生产工厂.第一期工程占地面积3500亩,全厂采用世界最先进制造及技术,生产纯碱和氯化铵.自2009年,实联集团董事长林伯实就已策划在实联化工厂区内面积... 详细信息

实联化工（江苏）有限公司坐落于江苏省淮安市盐碱科技产业园,是一座全球标杆性的联碱生产工厂.第一期工程占地面积3500亩,全厂采用世界最先进制造及技术,生产纯碱和氯化铵.自2009年,实联集团董事长林伯实就已策划在实联化工厂区内面积达100 000 m2的原水净化池上,兴建一座与众不同的国际级水上办公大楼.

关键词：办公大楼原水雕塑建筑占地面积生产工厂化工厂区科技产业园

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一半与另一半葡萄牙圣蒂尔苏消防局及宿舍

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室内设计与装修 2014年第4期 48-51页

作者： álvaro siza Vieira coco

作为葡萄牙国宝级的建筑大师，阿尔瓦罗·西扎被认为是当代最重要的建筑师之一。他的作品注重在现代设计与历史环境之间建立深刻的联系，并因其个性化的品质和对现代社会文化变迁的敏锐捕捉，而受到普遍关注和承认。西扎的作品遍及欧洲... 详细信息

作为葡萄牙国宝级的建筑大师，阿尔瓦罗·西扎被认为是当代最重要的建筑师之一。他的作品注重在现代设计与历史环境之间建立深刻的联系，并因其个性化的品质和对现代社会文化变迁的敏锐捕捉，而受到普遍关注和承认。西扎的作品遍及欧洲各地，获得过欧洲建筑奖、普利茨克奖、哈佛城市设计奖等一系列建筑界重要奖项。除去一些重要的大型项目，他也喜欢把目光放在一些具有强烈地区特征的小型项目上，本案介绍的项目就是这样一个极具特色的小型建筑项目。

关键词：葡萄牙消防局宿舍欧洲建筑建筑大师历史环境现代设计文化变迁

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