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Costs of resistance to fungal pathogens in genetically modified wheat

Journal of Plant Ecology 2013年第1期6卷 101-112页

作者： simon l.zeller Olena Kalinina Bernhard Schmid Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Studies University of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057 ZurichSwitzerland

Aims Many resistance genes against fungal pathogens show costs of *** modified(GM)plants that differ in only one or a few resistance genes from control plants present ideal systems for measuring these costs in the absence of *** To assess the ecological relevance of costs of pathogen resistance,we grew individual plants of four transgenic spring wheat lines in a field trial with three pathogen levels and varied the genetic diversity of the *** Findings We found that two lines with a Pm3b transgene were more resistant to powdery mildew than their sister lines of the variety Bobwhite,whereas lines with chitinase(A9)or chitinase and glucanase(A13)transgenes were not more resistant than their mother variety ***,in the absence of the pathogen,both the GM lines of Bobwhite as well as those of Frisal performed significantly worse than their controls,***3b#1 and Pm3b#2 had 39%or 53%and A9 and A13 had 14%or 23%lower *** the presence of the pathogen,all GM lines except Pm3b#2 could increase their yields and other fitness-related traits,reaching the performance levels of the control *** Pm3b#2 seemed to have lost its phenotypic plasticity and had low performance in all *** may have been caused by very high transgene *** synergistic effects of mixing different GM lines with each other were *** might have been due to high transgene expression or the similarity between the lines regarding their resistance *** conclude that costs of resistance can be high for transgenic plants with constitutive transgene expression and that this can occur even in cases where the non-transgenic control lines are already relatively resistant,such as in our variety *** plants could only compete with conventional varieties in environments with high pathogen ***,the large variability among the GM lines,which may be due to unpredictable transgene expression,su

关键词： powdery mildew resistance genes transgene expression transgene stacking yield

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Extravascular use of drug-eluting beads: A promising approach in compartment-based tumor therapy

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第43期19卷 7586-7593页

作者： simon Binder Andrew l lewis J-Matthias lhr Michael Keese Faculty of Medicine Mannheim University of Heidelberg68167 MannheimGermany Biocompatibles UK ltd. Department for Research and DevelopmentFarnham GU98QL SurreyUnited Kingdom Karolinska Institute Department of Clinical ScienceIntervention and Technology17177 StockholmSweden Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery University Hospital Frankfurt60590 Frankfurt am MainGermany

Intraperitoneal carcinomatosis(PC)may occur with several tumor *** prognosis of patients suffering from PC is usually *** treatment depends on the cancer entity and includes systemic chemotherapy,radiation therapy,hormonal therapy and surgical *** few patients may also benefit from hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with a complete tumor *** therapies are often accompanied by severe systemic *** approach to reduce side effects is to target chemotherapeutic agents to the tumor with carrier *** experimental results have been achieved using drug-eluting beads(DEBs).A series of in vitro and in vitro experiments has been conducted to determine the suitability of their extravascular *** encapsulation devices were able to harbor CYP2B1producing cells and to shield them from the hosts immune system when injected *** this way ifosfamide-which is transformed into its active metabolites by CYP2B1-could be successfully targeted into pancreatic tumor *** DEBs can be used to target chemotherapeutics into the abdominal cavity for treatment of *** CYP2B1 producing cells are proven to be save for usage in man and if local toxic effects of chemotherapeutics can be controlled,DEBs will become promising tools in compartmentbased anticancer treatment.

关键词： Compartment based therapy Intraperitoneal Drug-eluting beads Carcinomatosis Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy Glioblastoma Pancreatic cancer CYP2B1 Ifosfamide

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Soil chemical fertility change over four decades in the Morvan Mountains and influence of tree species (Burgundy, France)

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Forest Ecosystems 2022年第4期9卷 460-474页

作者： Margaux Clesse Arnaud legout Jacques Ranger Bernd zeller Gregory van der Heijden INRAE BEFF-54000NancyFrance

Background: Intensive silvicultural practices and the planting of monospecific forests of coniferous, that are more productive compared to hardwoods may threaten over the mid to long-term the sustainability of soil chemical fertility of forest ecosystems, and are a major concern for forest managers and ***: We investigated the tree species effect(Quercus sessiliflora Smith, Fagus sylvatica l., Picea abies Karst.,Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco., Abies nordmanniana Spach. and Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. laricio Poiret var. corsicana) on the change over time of soil chemical properties and nutrient pool sizes in the mineral and organic layers of the soil during the 45 years after the plantation of the Breuil-Chenue common garden experiment(Burgundy,France). The organic and mineral soil layers down to 70-cm depth were sampled in the different monospecific plots in 1974, 2001 and ***: Exchangeable Ca and Mg pools and soil pH increased on average over time in the 0–70 cm soil profile in most stands. However, in the topsoil layers(0–15 cm), the decrease of pH, the increase of exchangeable acidity over time under the coniferous stands and the decrease of exchangeable K pools in most stands highlighted that soil acidification is still on-going at Breuil-Chenue site but the intensity of this process depends on the tree ***, three groups of species could be distinguished: i) Nordmann fir(Abies nordmanniana Spach.)/Norway spruce(Picea abies Karst.) where acidolysis and chelation occurred, resulting in the most pronounced pH decrease in the topsoil, ii) Douglas fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco.)/laricio pine(Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. laricio Poiret var. corsicana) where acidification caused by elevated nitrification rates is probably currently compensated by larger weathering and/or atmospheric depositions fluxes, and iii) oak(Quercus sessiliflora Smith)/beech(Fagus sylvatica l.) where soil acidification was less intense. Counterintuitively, soil a

关键词： Nutrient pools Tree species Acidification Podzolisation Recovery Ecosystem services

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Machine perfusion of the liver: Which is the best technique to mitigate ischaemia-reperfusion injury?

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World Journal of Transplantation 2019年第1期9卷 14-20页

作者： Yuri l Boteon simon C Afford liver Unit Queen Elizabeth HospitalUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Centre for liver and Gastrointestinal Research Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of Birmingham National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust

longstanding research describes the mechanisms whereby the restoration of blood flow and reoxygenation(reperfusion) aggravates the ischaemic injury caused by a period of anoxia to a donor liver. This phenomenon, called ischaemia-reperfusion injury(IRI), leads to parenchymal cell death,microcirculatory failure, and inflammatory immune response. Clinically, IRI is the main factor responsible for the occurrence of posttransplant graft dysfunction and ischaemic-type biliary lesions. While extended criteria donor livers are more vulnerable to IRI, their utilisation is required to address the shortfall in donor organs. Thus, the mitigation of IRI should drive the setting of a new benchmark for marginal organ preservation. Herein, strategies incorporating different modalities of machine perfusion of the liver to alleviate IRI are discussed in conjunction with advantages and disadvantages of individual *** leading to reperfusion of the liver during machine perfusion(in situ normothermic regional perfusion and ex situ normothermic machine perfusion)may mitigate IRI by shortening the ischaemic period of the organs. This benefit potentially escalates from the minimum level, obtained following just partial alleviation of the ischaemic period, to the maximum level, which can be potentially achieved with ischaemia-free organ transplantation. Techniques that do not lead to reperfusion of the liver during machine perfusion(hypothermic,subnormothermic, and controlled-oxygenated rewarming) optimise mitochondrial oxidative function and replenish cellular energy stores, thereby lowering reactive oxygen species production as well as the activation ofdownstream inflammatory pathways during reperfusion. Further mechanistic insights into IRI may guide the development of donor-specific protocols of machine perfusion on the basis of the limitations of individual categories of extended criteria donor organs.

关键词： Machine perfusion of the liver Ischaemia-reperfusion injury liver transplantation Organ preservation Organ reconditioning

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Paternal aging and increased risk of congenita disease, psychiatric disorders, and cancer

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2016年第3期18卷 420-424,I0009页

作者： simon l Conti Michael l Eisenberg Department of Urology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA Male Reproductive Medicine and Surgery Department of Urology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Stanford University School of Medicine 300 Pasteur Drive A259B Stanford California 94305-5118 USA.

As couples are increasingly delaying parenthood, the effect of the aging men and women on reproductive outcomes has been an area of increased interest. Advanced paternal age has been shown to independently affect the entire spectrum of male fertility as assessed by reductions in sperm quality and fertilization （both assisted and unassisted）. Moreover, epidemiological data suggest that paternal age can lead to higher rates of adverse birth outcomes and congenital anomalies. Mounting evidence also suggests increased risk of specific pediatric and adult disease states ranging from cancer to behavioral traits. While disease states associated with advancing paternal age have been well described, consensus recommendations for neonatal screening have not been as widely implemented as have been with advanced maternal age.

关键词： fertilization paternal aging semen quality

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lIOUVIllE TYPE THEOREM FOR THE STATIONARY EQUATIONS OF MAGNETO-HYDRODYNAMICS

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Acta Mathematica Scientia 2019年第2期39卷 491-497页

作者： simon SCHUlZ Mathematical Institute University of Oxford

We show that any smooth solution(u, H) to the stationary equations of magnetohydrodynamics belonging to both spaces l^6(R^3) and BMO^(-1)(R^3) must be identically *** is an extension of previous results, all of which systematically required stronger integrability and the additional assumption ▽u, ▽H∈l^2(R^3), i.e., finite Dirichlet integral.

关键词： liouville theorem Caccioppoli inequality Navier-Stokes equations MHD

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The TElOMERE REPEAT BINDING proteins TRB4 and TRB5 function as transcriptional activators of PRC2-controlled genes to regulate plant development

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Plant Communications 2024年第7期5卷 178-199页

作者： simon Amiard léa Feit Emmanuel Vanrobays lauriane simon Samuel le Goff loriane loizeau léa Wolff Falk Butter Clara Bourbousse Fredy Barneche Christophe Tatout Aline V.Probst iGReD CNRSInsermUniversite Clermont Auvergne63000 Clermont-FerrandFrance Institut de biologie de I’Ecole normale superieure(IBENS) Ecole normale superieureCNRSINSERMUniversite PSLParisFrance Institute of Molecular Biology 55128 MainzGermany

Plant-specific transcriptional regulators called TElOMERE REPEAT BINDING proteins(TRBs)combine two DNA-binding domains,the GH1 domain,which binds to linker DNA and is shared with H1 histones,and the Myb/SANT domain,which specifically recognizes the telobox DNA-binding site ***1,TRB2,and TRB3 proteins recruit Polycomb group complex 2(PRC2)to deposit H3K27me3 and JMJ14 to remove H3K4me3 at gene promoters containing telobox motifs to repress ***,we demonstrate that TRB4 and TRB5,two related paralogs belonging to a separate TRB clade conserved in spermatophytes,regulate the transcription of several hundred genes involved in developmental responses to environmental ***4 binds to several thousand sites in the genome,mainly at transcription start sites and promoter regions of transcriptionally active and H3K4me3-marked genes,but,unlike TRB1,it is not enriched at H3K27me3-marked gene ***,TRB4 can physically interact with the catalytic components of PRC2,SWINGER,and CURlY lEAF(ClF).Unexpectedly,we show that TRB4 and TRB5 are required for distinctive phenotypic traits observed in clf mutant plants and thus function as transcriptional activators of several hundred ClF-controlled genes,including key flowering *** further demonstrate that TRB4 shares multiple target genes with TRB1 and physically and genetically interacts with members of both TRB ***,these results reveal that TRB proteins engage in both positive and negative interactions with other members of the family to regulate plant development through both PRC2-dependent and-independent mechanisms.

关键词： chromatin TRB proteins transcriptional regulation PRC2 plant development

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Designing ionic channels in novel carbons for electrochemical energy storage

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National Science Review 2020年第1期7卷 191-201页

作者： Jianglin Ye Patrice simon Yanwu Zhu Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale & CAS Key laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) iChEM University of Science and Technology of China CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085 Université Paul Sabatier

Tremendous efforts have been dedicated to developing high-performance energy storage devices based on the micro-or nano-manipulation of novel carbon electrodes, as certain nanocarbons are perceived to have advantages such as high specific surface areas, superior electric conductivities, excellent mechanical properties and so on. In typical electrochemical electrodes, ions are intercalated/deintercalated into/from the bulk(for batteries) or adsorbed/desorbed on/from the surface(for electrochemical capacitors). Fast ionic transport, significantly determined by ionic channels in active electrodes or supporting materials, is a prerequisite for the efficient energy storage with carbons. In this report, we summarize recent design strategies for ionic channels in novel carbons and give comments on the promising features based on those carbons towards tailorable ionic channels.

关键词： carbon materials ionic channels ion kinetics electrochemical energy storage

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Invasion genetics： lessons from a ubiquitous bird, the house sparrow Passer domesticus

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Current Zoology 2015年第3期61卷 465-476页

作者： Andrea l. lIEBl Aaron W. SCHREY Samuel C. ANDREW Elizabeth l.SHElDON simon C. GRIFFITH University of Exeter ComwaU Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK Department of Biology Armstrong State University Savannah GA31419 USA Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia

Following an introduction, non-native species are exposed to environments that differ from those found in their native range; further, as these non-native species expand beyond the site of introduction, they must constantly adapt to novel environ- ments. Although introduced species are present across most ecosystems, few species have successfully established themselves on a truly global scale. One such species, the house sparrow Passer domesticus, is now one of the world＇s most broadly distributed vertebrate species and has been introduced to a great part of its current range. To date, work on four continents suggests both ge- netic and phenotypic variation exists between native and introduced ranges. As such, house sparrows represent an excellent op- portunity to study adaptations to novel environments and how these adaptations are derived. The global distribution of this spe- cies and the multiple independent introductions to geographically isolated sites allow researchers to ask questions regarding ge- netic variation and adaptation on a global scale. Here, we summarize the molecular studies of invasive house sparrows from the earliest work using allozymes through more recent work on epigenetics; using these studies, we discuss patterns of dispersal of this species. We then discuss future directions in techniques （e.g. next generation sequencing） and how they will provide new in- sight into questions that are fundamental to invasion biology. Finally, we discuss how continued research on the house sparrow in light of these genetic changes and adaptations will elucidate answers of adaptation, invasion biology, range expansion, and resi- lience in vertebrate systems generally

关键词： House sparrow Invasive Passer domesticus

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large-scale transportation and storage of wood pellets:Investigation of the change in physical properties

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Particuology 2021年第4期19卷 146-156页

作者： Hamid Gilvari Coen H.H.van Battum simon A.van Dijk Wiebren de Jong Dingena l.Schott Section of Transport Engineering and logistics Department of Maritime and Transport TechnologyFaculty of MechanicalMaritime and Materials EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyThe Netherlands Chemical Services Uniper Benelux NVThe Netherlands Section of large Scale Energy Storage Department of Process&EnergyFaculty of MechanicalMaritime and Materials EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyThe Netherlands

The change in physical properties of wood pellets,with a focus on particle size distributions due to pellet breakage and attrition,was studied in a large-scale(∼450 ton/h)transportation *** locations with a high probability of breakage through the whole transportation system were chosen and sampled to study the effect of transportation system design and operation on the mechanical properties of *** density,mechanical durability,moisture content,and particle size distribution of pellets were characterized for each *** of variance showed that there were significant differences between the percentages of small particles(les taken at different locations,especially at one with a vertical free fall of 7.8 *** average,this relatively long drop increased the proportion of particlesles from 8.73%to 14.09%,and that of particlesl durability values,between a minimum of 90.8%and a maximum of 98.7%,which were not correlated to the sampling points but related to pellet *** can be concluded that pellet transportation systems require more dedicated design strategies to prevent breakage and attrition.

关键词： Wood pellets large-scale transportation Durability Fines and dust Breakage Mechanical degradation

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