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An evolutionary perspective on conf.ict and compensation in physiological and f.nctional traits

Current Zoology 2014年第6期60卷 755-767页

作者： Jerry f. HUSAK simon R LAILVAUX Department of.Biology University of St. Thomas 2115 Summit Avenue St Paul MN 55105 USA Department of.Biological Sciences University of New Orleans 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans LA 70148 USA

Physiological and f.nctional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism perf.rmance capacities, are subject to a variety of.both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These selection pressures show considerable interspecif.c variation, shaping contemporary behavioral and f.nctional diversity, but the f.rm and intensity of.selection on physiological and f.nctional traits can also vary intraspecif.cally. The same suites of.traits can experience quite dif.erent se- lection pressures, depending on the sex or age of.a given individual, as well as the presence and nature of.alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. These inter- and intra-locus genetic conf.icts have potentially important consequences f.r the evolutionary trajectories of.traits subject to them. Consequently, any intraspecif.c conf.icts which could displace traits f.om their selective op- tima in certain classes of.individuals relative to others are expected to result in selection f.r mechanisms to compensate f.r devia- tion f.om those optima. Such conf.icts include interlocus sexual conf.ict, intralocus sexual conf.ict, and interacting phenotypes, as well as conf.ict within a sex. In this paper, we consider the evidence f.r, and implications of. such conf.icts f.r physiological and f.nctional traits in diverse taxa, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, and evaluate the various mechanisms, ranging f.om behavioral and mechanical to energetic and genetic, enabling compensation. We also discuss how pre- and post-mating conf.icts, as well as interacting phenotypes, might af.ect the evolution of.behavior and physiological and f.nctional traits. Investigators that seek to understand the links among behavior, morphology, physiology, and f.nction should consider such conf.icts.

关键词： Sexual Conf.ict Compensation Sexual Selection Whole-organism Perf.rmance

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Oedipus tyrannus

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作者： translated and edited by Luci Berkowitz and Theodore f. brunner.

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f.nite element analyses of.slope stability problems using non-associated plasticity

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Journal of.Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2018年第6期10卷 1091-1101页

作者： simon Oberhollenzer f.anz Tschuchnigg Helmut f.Schweiger Institute of.Soil Mechanics Foundation Engineering and Computational Geotechnics Graz University of Technology

In recent years, f.nite element analyses have increasingly been utilized f.r slope stability problems. In comparison to limit equilibrium methods, numerical analyses do not require any def.nition of.the f.ilure mechanism a priori and enable the determination of.the saf.ty level more accurately. The paper compares the perf.rmances of.strength reduction f.nite element analysis(SRf.A) with f.nite element limit analysis(f.LA), whereby the f.cus is related to non-associated plasticity. Displacement-based f.nite element analyses using a strength reduction technique suf.er f.om numerical instabilities when using non-associated plasticity, especially when dealing with high f.iction angles but moderate dilatancy angles. The f.LA on the other hand provides rigorous upper and lower bounds of.the f.ctor of.saf.ty(f.S) but is restricted to associated f.ow rules. Suggestions to overcome this problem, proposed by Davis(1968), lead to conservative f.Ss; theref.re, an enhanced procedure has been investigated. When using the modif.ed approach, both the SRf.A and the f.LA provide very similar results. f.rther studies highlight the advantages of.using an adaptive mesh ref.nement to determine f.Ss. Additionally, it is shown that the initial stress f.eld does not af.ect the f.S when using a Mohr-Coulomb f.ilure criterion.

关键词： f.nite element limit analysis(f.LA) f.nite element method Slope stability Strength reduction technique Non-associated plasticity Adaptive mesh ref.nement Initial stresses

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Excised Leaf.Bioassay: Phenotypic Expression of.Natural Resistance in Apple against the Obliquebanded Leaf.oller

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Advances in Entomology 2017年第1期5卷 1-25页

作者： Joseph J. Schwarz Jay f. brunner Department of.Entomology Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center Wenatchee USA

Dif.erent approaches were assessed in the development of.a bioassay method that would provide data necessary to evaluate resistance of.apple genotypes to the obliquebanded leaf.oller (OBLR) Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). A leaf.disc method used to evaluate the impact of.pesticides on leaf.ollers resulted in high levels of.leaf.abandonment of.f.rst and second instar larvae. Inserting leaf.petioles into water soaked Oasis f.am resulted in a signif.cant reduction in overall leaf.weight and diminished the appearance of.leaf.quality. When leaf.petioles were inserted into water-f.lled Eppendorf.vials, leaf.weight increased and overall leaf.quality appeared to be good. We opted to adopt this latter whole-leaf.bioassay method, which though very time consuming, provided a robust assessment of.OBLR lif. history parameters against dif.erent apple genotypes. Across all apple genotypes evaluated, male larvae developed f.ster than f.males to pupation as well as to adulthood, while f.males developed f.ster as pupae and were heavier than male pupae. OBLR larvae reared on leaves f.om dif.erent apple genotypes displayed signif.cant variability in development time, pupal weight, larval survivorship, and number of.of.spring produced. We utilized three indices to characterize host acceptance, sub-lethal ef.ects, and lethal ef.ects of.OBLR to apple genotypes. Our results indicated that ‘Lady’, ‘Viking’, and ‘Northern Spy’ show some of.the highest levels of.resistance against OBLR, while ‘Granny Smith’ was quite susceptible to OBLR and could be used in f.ture studies identif.ing apple genotypes with relative resistance to OBLR.

关键词： Choristoneura rosaceana Malus Genotype Lethal Ef.ects Sub-Lethal Ef.ects

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新研究确定了与肝病和脂肪代谢有关的肝细胞突变

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中西医结合肝病杂志 2021年第11期31卷 1011-1011页

作者： Stanley W. K. Ng f.ad J. Rouhani simon f. brunner Natalia Brzozowska f.derico Abascal Luiza Moore Lia Chappell Daniel Leongamornlert Aleksandra Ivovic Philip Robinson Timothy Butler Mathijs A. Sanders Nicholas Williams Tim H. H. Coorens Jon Teague Keiran Raine Adam P. Butler Yvette Hooks Beverley Wilson Natalie Birtchnell Michael R. Stratton Iñigo Martincorena Raheleh Rahbari Peter J. Campbell f.ad J. Rouhani & Huw Naylor Sarah J. Aitken & Matthew Hoare Sarah J. Aitken & Susan E. Davies Sarah J. Aitken Ming Yang Ef.erpi Nikitopoulou Christian f.ezza Matthew Hoare Cancer Genome Project Wellcome Sanger Institute Hinxton UK Department of.Hematology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands Stem Cell Institute University of Cambridge Cambridge UK Department of.Surgery Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge UK CRUK Cambridge Institute Cambridge UK Department of.Pathology Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge UK MRC Toxicology Unit University of Cambridge Cambridge UK MRC Cancer Unit University of Cambridge Cambridge UK Department of.Medicine University of Cambridge Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge UK

一项来自英国韦尔科姆基金会桑格研究所和剑桥大学等研究机构的研究人员的新研究分析了来自34例患者肝脏样本的1590个基因组,包括健康对照、酒精相关肝病和非酒精性脂肪肝疾病患者的肝脏样本,结果发现ACVR2A、TNRC6B、NEAT1、f.XO1和GP... 详细信息

一项来自英国韦尔科姆基金会桑格研究所和剑桥大学等研究机构的研究人员的新研究分析了来自34例患者肝脏样本的1590个基因组,包括健康对照、酒精相关肝病和非酒精性脂肪肝疾病患者的肝脏样本,结果发现ACVR2A、TNRC6B、NEAT1、f.XO1和GPAM 五个基因在肝病患者的肝细胞中发生了突变,过程如图a所示。而其中的f.XO1、CIDEB、GPAM三个基因是对肝细胞如何代谢脂肪和对胰岛素作出反应有直接影响的基因。

关键词： f.XO1 肝病患者细胞突变肝细胞脂肪代谢胰岛素 GPA 剑桥大学

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Adding memory to pressure-sensitive phosphors

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Light(Science & Applications) 2019年第1期8卷 1-10页

作者： Robin R.Petit simon E.Michels Ang f.ng Philippe f.Smet LumiLab Department of Solid State SciencesGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281-S19000 GentBelgium

Mechanoluminescence(ML)is the phenomenon describing the emission of.light during mechanical action on a solid,leading to applications such as pressure sensing,damage detection and visualization of.stress *** most cases,this mechanical action releases energy that was previously stored in the crystal lattice of.the phosphor by means of.trapped charge carriers.A drawback is the need to record the ML emission during a pressure *** this work,we provide a method f.r adding a memory f.nction to these pressure-sensitive phosphors,allowing an optical readout of.the location and intensity of.a pressure event in excess of.72 h af.er the *** is achieved in the BaSi_(2)O_(2)N_(2):Eu^(2+) phosphor,where a broad trap depth distribution essential f.r the process is *** merging optically stimulated luminescence(OSL),thermoluminescence(TL)and ML measurements,the inf.uence of.light,heat and pressure on the trap depth distribution is caref.lly *** analysis demonstrates that mechanical action can not only lead to direct light emission but also to a reshuf.ling of.trap *** memory ef.ect not only is expected to lead to new pressure sensing applications but also of.ers an approach to study charge carrier transitions in energy storage phosphors.

关键词： luminescence occupation adding

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Pentacene-based nanorods on Au（111） single crystals： Charge transf.r, dif.usion, and step-edge barriers

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Nano Research 2013年第6期6卷 449-459页

作者： Sabine-Antonia Savu Sabine Abb simon Schundelmeier Jonathan D. Saathof. James M. Stevenson Christina Tonshof. Holger f. Bettinger Paulette Clancy M. Benedetta Casu Thomas Chasse Institute of.Physical and Theoretical Chemistry University of Tuebingen Aufder Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tuebingen Germany School of.Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Cornel/University Ithaca New York 14853 USA Institute of.Organic Chemistry University of Tuebingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tuebingen Germany

We investigate nanorod assemblies of.two 64-substituted pentacenes, namely （2,3-X2-9,10-Y2）-substituted pentacenes with X -- Y = OCH3 （MOP） and with X = f. Y-- OCH3 （MOPf., grown on Au（111） single crystals. By using a multi-technique approach based on ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; and X-ray absorption, we f.nd evidence f.r charge transf.r screening at the interf.ce with gold. f.rthermore, the MOP and MOPf.nanorods show a rough surf.ce morphology, which was investigated with atomic f.rce microscopy. We use molecular simulation techniques to investigate the energetic barriers to dif.usion and to traverse step-edges to estimate their inf.uence on the nanorod roughness. We f.nd that barriers to surf.ce dif.usion on a terrace are anisotropic and that their direction f.vors the f.rmation of.nanorods in these materials.

关键词： nanorod assembly substituted pentacene electronic structures/ processes/mechanisms organic electronics charge transf.r dif.usion and step-edge barrier

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Thermogravimetric Analysis and Devolatilisation Kinetics of.New Biomass f.els

Thermogravimetric Analysis and Devolatilisation Kinetics of ...

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The 18th European Biomass Conf.rence and Exhibition

作者： Moradi f. brunner T. Obernberger I.

Due to increasing prices f.r wood f.els the utilisation of.new biomass f.els has become a topic of.strong interest f.r biomass combustion systems. In this study, thermal degradation of.several types of.biomass such as conventional wood biomass（spruce）, short rotation coppice（willow and poplar） as well as herbaceous and agricultural biomass（Arundo donax, miscanthus, wheat straw, olive stones and maize husks） were investigated by means of.thermogravimetric analysis. Analysis of.the devolatilisation characteristics were quantif.ed in order to compare new f.els with conventional wood biomass. The thermal degradation of.short rotation coppice, herbaceous and agricultural biomass f.els occurred at lower temperatures than that obtained f.r conventional wood f.els. f.rthermore, the thermal decomposition of.the samples investigateded was successf.lly modeled by three f.rst-order independent parallel reactions corresponding to the degradation of.three pseudocomponents linked to hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Through the model simulation, the diversity in mass f.actions and kinetic parameters of.three pseudo components was analysed. Except f.r maize husks where hemicellulose represents the largest f.action, f.r all other samples tested cellulose showed the highest mass f.action f.llowed by hemicellulose and lignin. f.r all samples the highest activation energy was f.und f.r cellulose and the lowest one f.r lignin decomposition.

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A predictive model f.r ethylene-mediated auxin and cytokinin patterning in the Arabidopsis root

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Plant Communications 2024年第7期5卷 120-137页

作者： simon Moore George Jervis Jennif.r f.Topping Chunli Chen Junli Liu Keith Lindsey Department of.Biosciences Durham UniversitySouth RoadDurham DH13LEUK Hubei Hongshan Laboratory College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China National Key Laboratory f.r Germplasm Innovation and Utilization f.r f.uit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei 430070China

The interaction between auxin and cytokinin is important in many aspects of.plant *** measurements of.both auxin and cytokinin concentration and reporter gene expression clearly show the coexistence of.auxin and cytokinin concentration patterning in Arabidopsis root ***,in the context of.crosstalk among auxin,cytokinin,and ethylene,little is known about how auxin and cytokinin concentration patterns simultaneously emerge and how they regulate each other in the Arabidopsis *** work utilizes a wide range of.experimental observations to propose a mechanism f.r simultaneous patterning of.auxin and cytokinin *** addition to revealing the regulatory relationships between auxin and cytokinin,this mechanism shows that ethylene signaling is an important f.ctor in achieving simultaneous auxin and cytokinin patterning,while also predicting other experimental *** the mechanism with a realistic in silico root model reproduces experimental observations of.both auxin and cytokinin *** made by the mechanism can be compared with a variety of.experimental observations,including those obtained by our group and other independent experiments reported by other *** of.these predictions include patterning of.auxin biosynthesis rate,changes in PIN1 and PIN2 patterns in pin3,4,7 mutants,changes in cytokinin patterning in the pls mutant,PLS patterning,and various trends in dif.erent *** research reveals a plausible mechanism f.r simultaneous patterning of.auxin and cytokinin concentrations in Arabidopsis root development and suggests a key role f.r ethylene pattern integration.

关键词： Arabidopsis root auxin patterning cytokinin patterning ethylene signaling in silico digital root spatiotemporal modeling

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The relationship between intimate partner violence and HIV:A model-based evaluation

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Inf.ctious Disease Modelling 2017年第1期2卷 71-89页

作者： simon W.Rigby Leigh f.Johnson Centre f.r Inf.ctious Disease Epidemiology and Research University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa

Background:Many studies have shown that women who have experienced intimate partner violence(IPV)are at a greater risk of.HIV,but the f.ctors accounting f.r this association are unclear,and trials of.interventions to reduce IPV have not consistently reduced HIV ***:This study uses an agent-based model,calibrated to South Af.ican data sources,to evaluate hypotheses about likely causal pathways linking IPV,HIV,and other conf.unding *** about associations between IPV and HIV risk behaviours were based on reviews of.international ***:There is an association between past IPV experience and HIV incidence even when no causal ef.ects are assumed(IRR 1.28,95%CI 1.23e1.34),because women with a propensity f.r multiple partners are more likely to have ever been in a relationship with a violent ***,in addition,men with a propensity f.r concurrent relationships are more likely to perpetrate IPV,the IRR increases to 1.42(95%CI 1.36e1.48),consistent with empirical IRR *** scenarios in which experience of.IPV is assumed to cause changes in women's sexual behaviour have little ef.ect on the *** intervention that reduces IPV by 50%could be expected to reduce HIV incidence by at most 1.3%.Interpretation:Much of.the observed association between IPV and HIV is likely to be due to conf.unding behavioural *** interventions to reduce IPV are important,these interventions alone are unlikely to have a substantial impact on HIV incidence.

关键词： Epidemiology Gender HIV Modelling Violence

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