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chinese Birds 2016年第2期7卷 95-109页

作者： Samuel c.Andrew simon c.griffith Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University

Background:Modern ecosystems contain many invasive species as a result of the activity of acclimatisation societies that operated in the second half of the nineteenth century,and these species provide good opportunities for studying invasion ***,to gain insight into the ecological and genetic mechanisms that determine the rate of colonization and adaptation to new environments,we need a good understanding of the history of the introduced species,and a knowledge of the source population,timing,and number of individuals introduced is particularly ***,any inaccuracies in the history of an introduction will affect subsequent assumptions and ***:Focusing on a single well-known species,the House Sparrow(Passer domesticus),we have documented the introduction into Australia using primary sources(*** records and newspaper articles).Results:Our revised history differs in a number of significant ways from previous *** evidence indicates that the House Sparrow was not solely introduced from source populations in England but also from Germany and most strikingly also from India—with the latter birds belonging to a different *** also clarify the distinction between the number released and the number of founders,due to pre-release captive breeding programs,as well as identifying inaccuracies in a couple of well-cited sources with respect to the range expansion of the introduced ***:Our work suggests that caution is required for those studying introductions using the key sources of historical information and ideally should review original sources of information to verify the accuracy of published accounts.

关键词： Acclimatisation Bottlenecks Propagule size Range expansion Hybridisation

Subspecific variation in sperm morphology and performance in the Long-tailed Finch (Poephila acuticauda)

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chinese Birds 2015年第4期6卷 225-234页

作者： Melissah Rowe simon c.griffith Antje Hofgaard Jan T.Lifjeld Natural History Museum University of Oslo centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Oslo Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Electron Microscopical Unit for Biological Sciences Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Oslo

Background: Evolutionary biology endeavours to explain biological diversity,and as such it is critical to develop an understanding of the adaptive and functional significance of trait *** exhibit remarkable levels of morphological ***,our understanding of the evolutionary causes and functional significance of this variation is limited,especially at the intraspecific ***: We quantified variation in sperm morphology and performance between two subspecies of Long-tailed Finch(Poephila acuticauda acuticauda and ***),a small grassfinch found in tropical northern *** a zone of secondary contact,these subspecies are maintained as two distinct forms: *** occurs in the western part of the species' range and has a yellow bill,while *** exhibits a red bill and is found in the eastern part of the ***: We found small,but significant differences in sperm size between these subspecies(*** had longer and narrower sperm than ***),which was surprising given the recent evolutionary origins of these two taxa(i.e.0.3 million years ago).Additionally,both subspecies exhibited high values of between- and within-male variation in sperm morphology,though in the case of sperm midpiece length this variation was significantly lower in *** relative to ***: We suggest these observed differences in sperm morphology are the result of genetic drift and reflect historical processes associated with divergence between the eastern and western populations of these two ***,we discuss the potential implications of our findings for the process of population divergence and reproductive isolation.

关键词： Passerine Reproductive barriers Sperm evolution Structure-function relationships

Sexually selected ‘UV’ reflectance declines over the breeding season in Blue Tits: is ‘UV’ colour a signal of plumage quality?

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Sexually selected ‘UV’ reflectance declines over the breed...

The Role of Dopamine in Associative Learning in Drosophila: An Updated Unified Model

23rd International Ornithological congress

作者： Jonas rnborg Staffan Andersson Karin Bergsten simon c.griffith Ben c.Sheldon Department of Zoology Goteborg University Sweden Department of Zoology Goteborg University Sweden Department of Zoology Goteborg University Sweden Edward Grey Institute Department of Zoology University of Oxford UK corresponding author: Jonas Omborg Edward Grey Institute Department of Zoology University of Oxford UK corresponding author: Jonas Omborg

＜正＞ Recent studies on Blue Tits, Parus caeruleus, found sexual selection and viability-indicating functions in the structural ’UV’/blue of crown plumage;but the mechanistic causes of this signal trait are not yet understood. Furthermore, reflectance studies of the crown in Blue Tits in England and Sweden yielded somewhat different results （particularly in the spectral position of the ’UV’ reflectance peak）, which cannot be attributed either to differences in measuring technique or to real geographic variation. Here we investigate whether the Blue Tit

关键词： Blue tit UV-colouration plumage condition sexual selection

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2021年第6期37卷 831-852页

作者： Mohamed Adel Leslie c.griffith Department of Biology Volen National Center for Complex Systems and National Center for Behavioral GenomicsBrandeis UniversityWalthamMA 02454-9110USA

Learning to associate a positive or negative experience with an unrelated cue after the presentation of a reward or a punishment defines associative *** ability to form associative memories has been reported in animal species as complex as humans and as simple as insects and sea *** memory has even been reported in tardigrades[1],species that diverged from other animal phyla 500 million years *** the mechanisms of memory formation is a fundamental goal of neuroscience *** this article,we work on resolving the current contradictions between different Drosophila associative memory circuit models and propose an updated version of the circuit model that predicts known memory behaviors that current models do ***,we propose a model for how dopamine may function as a reward prediction error signal in Drosophila,a dopamine function that is well-established in mammals but not in insects[2,3].

关键词： associative contradiction function

A high incidence of non-cavity nesting in an introduced population of House Sparrows suggests that the species should not be constrained by cavity-nest site availability

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Avian Research 2017年第4期8卷 202-209页

作者： Elizabeth Louise Sheldon simon charles griffith Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie UniversitySydneyNSW 2109Australia

Background: The House Sparrow(Passer domesticus) has undergone dramatic population declines in many parts of *** has been widely hypothesised that a lack of cavity nest sites has contributed to this *** the idea of the House Sparrow being nest site limited is somewhat incompatible with the long history of nest site plasticity in the ***: The nest-site selection in a population of non-native House Sparrows introduced to Australia from Europe just over 150 years ago was *** prevalence of non-cavity nesting was quantified,and nest-site selection in terms of landscape and nesting structure were ***: Flexible nesting behaviors were reported over a range of different landscapes and a surprisingly high rate of nesting in vegetation(43%) was *** nests found in vegetation were not in cavities,but were woven into the foliage and supported by branches and ***: The high rate of vegetation nesting indicates that in this introduced population,the House Sparrow is unlikely to be constrained by cavity-nest site *** high degree of nest site plasticity in the Australian population may suggest that European House Sparrows have the potential to shift away from their proclivity for cavity *** work in Europe should examine the incidence of non-cavity nesting in House Sparrows more closely,and perhaps reconsider the idea that House Sparrows are nest-site constrained.

关键词： Passer domesticus cavity nests House Sparrow decline Nesting plasticity

Invasion genetics： Lessons from a ubiquitous bird, the house sparrow Passer domesticus

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current Zoology 2015年第3期61卷 465-476页

作者： Andrea L. LIEBL Aaron W. ScHREY Samuel c. ANDREW Elizabeth L.SHELDON simon c. griffith University of Exeter ComwaU Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK Department of Biology Armstrong State University Savannah GA31419 USA Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia

Following an introduction, non-native species are exposed to environments that differ from those found in their native range; further, as these non-native species expand beyond the site of introduction, they must constantly adapt to novel environ- ments. Although introduced species are present across most ecosystems, few species have successfully established themselves on a truly global scale. One such species, the house sparrow Passer domesticus, is now one of the world＇s most broadly distributed vertebrate species and has been introduced to a great part of its current range. To date, work on four continents suggests both ge- netic and phenotypic variation exists between native and introduced ranges. As such, house sparrows represent an excellent op- portunity to study adaptations to novel environments and how these adaptations are derived. The global distribution of this spe- cies and the multiple independent introductions to geographically isolated sites allow researchers to ask questions regarding ge- netic variation and adaptation on a global scale. Here, we summarize the molecular studies of invasive house sparrows from the earliest work using allozymes through more recent work on epigenetics; using these studies, we discuss patterns of dispersal of this species. We then discuss future directions in techniques （e.g. next generation sequencing） and how they will provide new in- sight into questions that are fundamental to invasion biology. Finally, we discuss how continued research on the house sparrow in light of these genetic changes and adaptations will elucidate answers of adaptation, invasion biology, range expansion, and resi- lience in vertebrate systems generally

关键词： House sparrow Invasive Passer domesticus

Overview of automotive engine friction and reduction trends-Effects of surface, material, and lubricant-additive technologies

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Friction 2016年第1期4卷 1-28页

作者： Victor W.WONG simon c.TUNG Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA Vanderbilt chemicals LLc Norwalk CT 06856 USA

The increasing global environmental awareness, evidenced by recent worldwide calls for control of climate change and greenhouse emissions, has placed significant new technical mandates for automotives to improve engine efficiency, which is directly related to the production of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. Reduction of parasitic losses of the vehicle, powertrain and the engine systems is a key component of energy conservation. For engine efficiency improvement, various approaches include improvements in advanced combustion systems, component system design and handling—such as down-sizing, boosting, and electrification—as well as waste heat recovery systems etc. Among these approaches, engine friction reduction is a key and relatively cost-effective approach, which has been receiving significant attention from tribologists and lubricant-lubrication engineers alike. In this paper, the fundamentals of friction specific to the environments of engine components tribology are reviewed, together with discussions on the impact of developing vehicle powertrain technologies, surface and material technologies, as well as lubricant and additive technologies on promises of continuing friction and wear reduction trends. The international accords on climate change require further gains in fuel efficiency and energy sustainability from all industry sectors including those in the automotive and the broader internal combustion engine industries, and the latter encompass off-highway, power generation, marine, and rail industries as well. This paper focsuses on friction reduction in mainly automotive engines, however. The paper starts with a clarification of the common descriptors of mechanical losses and friction in the engine, followed by the topic of lubrication fundamentals such as lubrication regimes. Then the lubrication of the contacting surfaces in each of the major engine subsystems is discussed in turn. These subsystems include the piston assembly: ring-pack/liner,

关键词： powertrain tribology automotive lubricants additive formulation mechanical design surface coatings and textures friction wear

cannibalism in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

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Insect Science 2014年第6期21卷 750-758页

作者： Lucy c. cooper camille Desjonqueres simon R. Leather Imperial college London Silwood Park Campus Buckhurst Road Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY Department of crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams University Edgmond Newport Shropshire TF10 8NB United Kingdom

Previous observations of cannibalism have been made in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum （L.）： this article seeks to quantify factors contributing to such be- haviors. We observed and quantified the responses of a number of clones and life stages to varying levels of starvation, in the form of increasingly desiccated Vicafaba L. plants （receiving 50, 25, or 10 mL every second day） or a complete absence of host plant. We found that, while the longest incidences of cannibalism are carried out by juveniles （F = 3.45, P = 0.019, df = 3） and targeted at adults, the starvation treatments had the most significant effect on the prevalence of cannibalism in mature A. pisum （F ---- 2.24, P = 0.025, df = 9）. Furthermore, there was no difference between the prevalence or dura- tion of cannibalistic activities within and between different clones （P 〉 0.05 in all cases）, though juveniles were more likely to target unrelated aphids （V = 6 112, P = 0.011）, and spent more time feeding on aphids from the same culture （V = 6 062, P = 0.018）.

关键词： Acyrthosiphon pisum Aphididae behavior cannibalism kin selection modularity

Two Types of Liquid Phase Separation Induced by Soft centrifugation in Aqueous Ethyl Acetate Using Ethanol as cosolvent

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Research 2023年第3期6卷 451-460页

作者： Helmut cölfen Rose Rosenberg Dirk Haffke simon Stemplinger Thomas Zemb Dominik Horinek Physical chemistry Department of ChemistryUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstr.10D-78457 KonstanzGermany Institute for Separation chemistry IcSM U Montpellier/cEA/cNRS/ENScM MarcouleFrance Institute of Physical and Theoretical chemistry University of RegensburgD-93040 RegensburgGermany

Water/ethyl acetate/ethanol is widely used as a“green”extractant *** show that 2 different types of phase separation can be induced upon centrifugation in this ternary system using ethanol as a cosolvent of water and ethyl acetate:centrifuge-induced criticality and centrifuge-induced *** expected composition profiles of samples after centrifugation can be represented by bent lines in a ternary phase diagram when gravitational energy is added to the free energy of *** experimental equilibrium composition profiles behave qualitatively as expected and can be predicted using a phenomenological theory of *** concentration gradients are small except near the critical point,as expected for small ***,they are usable when accompanied by temperature *** findings open new possibilities of centrifugal separation,even if control is delicate during temperature *** schemes are accessible even at relatively low centrifugation speed for molecules that float and sediment with apparent molar masses several hundred times larger than the molecular mass.

关键词： separation ternary apparent

Ploidy-, gender-, and dose-dependent alteration of selected biomarkers in clarias gariepinus treated with benzo[a]pyrene

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第12期27卷 95-102页

作者： Ali Karami Swee J.Teh Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria simon c.courtenay Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia School of Veterinary Medicine Department of AnatomyPhysiologyand Cell BiologyUniversity of California centre of Excellence for Environmental Forensics Faculty of Environmental StudiesUniversiti Putra Malaysia Department of Environment and Resource Studies Canadian Water NetworkCanadian Rivers InstituteUniversity of Waterloo

Naturally-occurring and artificially-induced polyploids have been documented in various fish species but to date no comparison has been reported of the impacts of ploidy on fish biomarker responses to organic *** study describes effects of ploidy,gender,and dose on biliary fluorescent aromatic compound（FAc） concentrations,hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase（EROD） and glutathione S-transferase（GST） activities in one of the most commonly cultured warm-water species,the African catfish clarias *** matured male and female diploid and triploid fish were intraperitoneally（i.p.）injected with 0,5 or 25 mg/kg benzo[a]pyrene（BaP） and liver and gallbladder were sampled48 hr *** significant differences were found between ploidies in bile concentrations of7,8 dihydrodiolbenzo[a]pyrene（7,8D BaP）,1-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene（1-OH BaP） or3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene（3-OH BaP）.However,concentrations of the biliary FAcs did differ between males and females at different dose of injection with generally higher concentrations in females at the low dose of BaP and higher concentrations in males at the higher BaP *** EROD activity did not exhibit gender-dependent difference,whereas it was significantly higher in triploids than *** activities were not significantly influenced by any of the tested *** work advanced our understanding of the role of ploidy,gender,and dose in biotransformation of pollutants in fish.

关键词： Triploid Diploid Male Female Fish biomarkers