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深度神经网络后门防御综述

信息安全学报 2024年第4期9卷 47-63页

作者：江钦辉李默涵孙彦斌广州大学网络空间安全学院/网络空间先进技术研究院广州510006

深度学习在各领域全面应用的同时,在其训练阶段和推理阶段也面临着诸多安全威胁。神经网络后门攻击是一类典型的面向深度学习的攻击方式,攻击者通过在训练阶段采用数据投毒、模型编辑或迁移学习等手段,向深度神经网络模型中植入非法后门... 详细信息

深度学习在各领域全面应用的同时,在其训练阶段和推理阶段也面临着诸多安全威胁。神经网络后门攻击是一类典型的面向深度学习的攻击方式,攻击者通过在训练阶段采用数据投毒、模型编辑或迁移学习等手段,向深度神经网络模型中植入非法后门,使得后门触发器在推理阶段出现时,模型输出会按照攻击者的意图偏斜。这类攻击赋予攻击者在一定条件下操控模型输出的能力,具有极强的隐蔽性和破坏性。因此,有效防御神经网络后门攻击是保证智能化服务安全的重要任务之一,也是智能化算法对抗研究的重要问题之一。本文从计算机视觉领域出发,综述了面向深度神经网络后门攻击的防御技术。首先,对神经网络后门攻击和防御的基础概念进行阐述,分析了神经网络后门攻击的三种策略以及建立后门防御机制的阶段和位置。然后,根据防御机制建立的不同阶段或位置,将目前典型的后门防御方法分为数据集级、模型级、输入级和可认证鲁棒性防御四类。每一类方法进行了详细的分析和总结,分析了各类方法的适用场景、建立阶段和研究现状。同时,从防御的原理、手段和场景等角度对每一类涉及到的具体防御方法进行了综合比较。最后,在上述分析的基础上,从针对新型后门攻击的防御方法、其他领域后门防御方法、更通用的后门防御方法、和防御评价基准等角度对后门防御的未来研究方向进行了展望。

关键词：后门防御后门攻击人工智能安全神经网络深度学习

Quantifying Kinematic Tremor in an NGLY1-Deficient Individual: A Case Study

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Case Reports in Clinical Medicine 2024年第1期13卷 25-36页

作者： Brock Futrell Christopher Alexander Malaya Dacia Martinez Diaz Christian Alfaro Hannah Elizabeth Gustafson Subhalakshmi Chandrasekaran Rhea mohan Phatak Bernhard Suter Charles Shannon Layne Department of Health and Human Performance University of Houston Houston USA Center for Neuromotor and Biomechanics Research University of Houston Houston USA Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station USA Blue Bird Circle Rett Center Texas Children’s Hospital Houston USA Baylor College of Medicine Houston USA Center for NeuroEngineering and Cognitive Science University of Houston Houston USA

NGLY1 Deficiency is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder that has been identified in less than 100 individuals. Most individuals with NGLY1 Deficiency display hyperkinetic movement disorders, including choreiform, athetoid, dystonic myoclonic, dyskinetic, and dysmetric movements. Developing a consistent and concise consensus on the classification and evaluation of tremors is essential to forward the research and treatment of tremors. It has also been reported that some individuals with NGLY1 Deficiency demonstrate tremor, but such tremor has never been formally investigated. The primary objective of this study is to determine if an individual with NGLY1 Deficiency demonstrates an identifiable tremor during a series of arm movements and, if so, describe the frequency and power characteristics of that tremor. Arm movement kinematics were obtained using a 16-camera Vicon system, and time series trajectory waveforms for three planes of a marker placed on the hand were developed. Custom MATLAB scripts were utilized to compute Fast Fourier Transformations of the data within the identified waveform segments. A mean frequency of 2.30 Hz (SD = 1.05) with a mean power of 5.02 |P1(f)| (SD = 4.63) suggests that our participant’s kinematic data did display a persistent tremor in both hands across all tasks and movement planes. Analyses of the reaching hand and the non-reaching hand suggest the participant displayed an action tremor in both postural and intention (kinetic) tremors. Future directions should include assessing additional individuals with NGLY1 Deficiency to determine if the tremor is a distinguishable disorder behavior. Additionally, evaluating other anatomical sites, such as the elbow, head, and lower limbs, would provide further insights into the characteristics of this tremor.

关键词： Tremor NGLY Fast Fourier Transformation Reaching Hyperkinetic Movement

Association between acute peripancreatic fluid collections and early readmission in acute pancreatitis:A propensity-matched analysis

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine 2024年第2期14卷 75-88页

作者： Hassam Ali Faisal Inayat Waqas Rasheed Arslan Afzal Ahtshamullah Chaudhry Pratik Patel Attiq Ur Rehman Muhammad Sajeel Anwar Gul Nawaz Muhammad Sohaib Afzal Amir H Sohail Subanandhini Subramanium Dushyant Singh Dahiya Deepa Budh Babu P mohan Douglas G Adler Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology East Carolina University Brody School of MedicineGreenvilleNC 27834United States Department of Internal Medicine Allama Iqbal Medical CollegeLahorePunjab 54550Pakistan Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTX 79430United States Department of Internal Medicine St.Dominic’s HospitalJacksonMS 39216United States Department of Gastroenterology Mather Hospital and Hofstra University Zucker School of MedicinePort JeffersonNY 11777United States Department of Hepatology Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical CenterWilkes-BarrePA 18711United States Department of Internal Medicine UHS Wilson Medical CenterJohnson CityNY 13790United States Department of Internal Medicine Louisiana State University HealthShreveportLA 71103United States Department of Surgery University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 87106United States Division of Gastroenterology Hepatologyand MotilityThe University of Kansas School of MedicineKansas CityKS 64108United States Department of Internal Medicine St.Barnabas Hospital and Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNY 10457United States Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUT 84132United States Center for Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy Porter Adventist HospitalCentura HealthDenverCO 80210United States

BACKGROUND Patients with acute pancreatitis(AP)frequently experience hospital readmissions,posing a significant burden to healthcare *** peripancreatic fluid collection(APFC)may negatively impact the clinical course of *** could worsen symptoms and potentially lead to additional ***,clinical evidence regarding the specific association between APFC and early readmission in AP remains *** the link between APFC and readmission may help improve clinical care for AP patients and reduce healthcare *** To evaluate the association between APFC and 30-day readmission in patients with *** This retrospective cohort study is based on the Nationwide Readmission Database for *** with a primary diagnosis of AP were *** were categorized into those with and without APFC.A 1:1 propensity score matching for age,gender,and Elixhauser comorbidities was *** primary outcome was early readmission *** outcomes included the incidence of inpatient complications and healthcare *** analyses used Mann-Whitney U andχ2 tests,while Cox regression models assessed 30-day readmission risks and reported them as adjusted hazard ratios(aHR).Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests verified readmission *** A total of 673059 patients with the principal diagnosis of AP were *** these,5.1%had APFC on initial *** propensity score matching,each cohort consisted of 33914 *** with APFC showed a higher incidence of inpatient complications,including septic shock(3.1%vs 1.3%,P<0.001),portal venous thrombosis(4.4%vs 0.8%,P<0.001),and mechanical ventilation(1.8%vs 0.9%,P<0.001).The length of stay(LOS)was longer for APFC patients[4(3-7)vs 3(2-5)days,P<0.001],as were hospital charges($29451 vs$24418,P<0.001).For 30-day readmissions,APFC patients had a higher rate(15.7%vs 6.5%,P<0.001)and a longer median readmission LOS(4 vs 3 days,P<0.001).The APF

关键词： Acute pancreatitis Acute peripancreatic fluid collections Readmission predictors Inpatient complications Healthcare utilization and costs

SiO_(2)纳米颗粒在润滑领域中的研究与应用现状

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材料导报 2024年第5期38卷 31-39页

作者：陈进李默涵阮文琳孙涛刘晓英中国人民解放军陆军勤务学院重庆401331 重庆大学材料科学与工程学院重庆400044 重庆工商大学环境与资源学院重庆400067

据此,本综述主要介绍了SiO_(2)纳米颗粒的润滑机理与影响因素,详细论述了SiO_(2)纳米颗粒在液体润滑、固体润滑领域的相关研究与应用现状,包括其在实际应用时所采用的相关表面处理与改性等手段。重点介绍了SiO_(2)纳米颗粒在提高聚合物... 详细信息

据此,本综述主要介绍了SiO_(2)纳米颗粒的润滑机理与影响因素,详细论述了SiO_(2)纳米颗粒在液体润滑、固体润滑领域的相关研究与应用现状,包括其在实际应用时所采用的相关表面处理与改性等手段。重点介绍了SiO_(2)纳米颗粒在提高聚合物基复合自润滑材料中的作用和巨大应用潜力。最后,对现有SiO_(2)纳米颗粒在自润滑领域中的应用与发展进行了陈述和展望。

关键词： SiO_(2)纳米颗粒液体润滑固体润滑

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地下水动力场演化图像奇异点检测方法研究

自动化仪表 2024年第3期45卷 108-112页

作者：李默寒河南省地质局生态环境地质服务中心河南郑州450000

为了增强图像中的细节、完善平滑处理、提高图像中奇异点的检测精度,提出基于改进Renyi熵的地下水动力场演化图像奇异点检测方法。通过求解地下水动力场演化图像的梯度场,计算不同亮度下图像的相对梯度。利用图像增强函数,对地下水动力... 详细信息

为了增强图像中的细节、完善平滑处理、提高图像中奇异点的检测精度,提出基于改进Renyi熵的地下水动力场演化图像奇异点检测方法。通过求解地下水动力场演化图像的梯度场,计算不同亮度下图像的相对梯度。利用图像增强函数,对地下水动力场演化图像作增强处理。创新性地根据三维直方图将地下水动力场演化图像划分为图像背景域和目标域。利用改进Renyi熵,定义了演化图像在目标域和背景域的三维Renyi熵。结合最大熵分割原理,分割了地下水动力场演化图像。引入平滑尺度,对地下水动力场演化图像进行平滑处理。利用概率函数,建立图像奇异点检测函数。设计了地下水动力场演化图像奇异点检测算法。试验结果表明,所提方法能够准确检测图像中的奇异点,并将检测熵值和检出率分别提高到0.8以上和90%以上。该研究有效提高了地下水动力场演化图像中奇异点的检测性能。

关键词：奇异点检测地下水演化图像改进Renyi熵动力场图像增强梯度场

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国外老年友好社区评价体系的比较研究综述

建筑学报 2024年第2期 56-62页

作者：韩继文王墨晗李晋琦马航哈尔滨工业大学(深圳)建筑学院深圳518055

对2005-2022年间老年友好社区评价的相关文献进行了系统的回顾,详细阐述了美国、英国、加拿大老年友好社区评价体系的评价对象和构建主体,分析其评价工具的异同,从合作关系、评价框架和评价方法 3方面提出上述国外评价体系对我国的启示... 详细信息

对2005-2022年间老年友好社区评价的相关文献进行了系统的回顾,详细阐述了美国、英国、加拿大老年友好社区评价体系的评价对象和构建主体,分析其评价工具的异同,从合作关系、评价框架和评价方法 3方面提出上述国外评价体系对我国的启示,为我国老年友好社区评价体系的研究与实践提供启发与借鉴。

关键词：老年友好社区评价工具评价体系比较研究

Need for operational simplicity and timely disbursal of benefits—a qualitative exploration of the implementation of a direct benefit transfer scheme for persons with tuberculosis in India

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贫困所致传染病(英文) 2024年第3期13卷 1-15页

作者： mohan Malu Thangaraj Jeromie W. V. Pandey Sumit Priya G. Sri Lakshmi Arunachalam Sivavallinathan Sharma Rahul Shewade Hemant Deepak Aishwarya B. Afeeq K. Khatoon Afsana Gokulvijay B. Sireesha Gude Chandra Kavita Nandhakumar S. Samuel Prince Viswanathan C. Nanditha Shanmugasundaram Devika Rao Raghuram Murhekar Manoj V. Jeyashree Kathiresan Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Epidemiology R-127 TNHB Ayapakkam Chennai Tamil Nadu India TB Support Network WHO Country Office for India New Delhi India Central Tuberculosis Division Government of India New Delhi India

Background Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana (NPY) is a direct benefit transfer scheme of the Government of India introduced in 2018 to support the additional nutritional requirements of persons with TB (PwTB). Our recent nationwide evaluation of implementation and utilization of NPY using programmatic data of PwTB from nine randomly selected Indian states, reported a 70% coverage and high median delay in benefit credit. We undertook a qualitative study between January and July 2023, to understand the detailed implementation process of NPY and explore the enablers and barriers to effective implementation and utilization of the NPY *** We followed a grounded theory approach to inductively develop theoretical explanations for social phenomena through data generated from multiple sources. We conducted 36 in-depth interviews of national, district and field-level staff of the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) and NPY beneficiaries from 30 districts across nine states of India, selected using theoretical sampling. An analytical framework developed through inductive coding of a set of six interviews, guided the coding of the subsequent interviews. Categories and themes emerged through constant comparison and the data collection continued until theoretical *** Stakeholders perceived NPY as a beneficial initiative. Strong political commitment from the state administration, mainstreaming of NTEP work with the district public healthcare delivery system, availability of good geographic and internet connectivity and state-specific grievance redressal mechanisms and innovations were identified as enablers of implementation. However, the complex, multi-level benefit approval process, difficulties in accessing banking services, perceived inadequacy of benefits and overworked human resources in the NTEP were identified as barriers to implementation and *** The optimal utilization of NPY is enabled by strong political commitment and

关键词： National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme Nutritional status Direct benefit transfer Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana Implementation Cash transfer scheme Grounded theory India

应用元启发式优化和高斯过程回归预测受电弓-接触网系统性能的可行性研究

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2024年第1期40卷 253-264页

作者：张莫晗银波孙振旭白夜杨国伟 Key Laboratory for Mechanics in Fluid Solid Coupling Systems Institute of MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Engineering Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Locomotive&Car Research Institute China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation LimitedBeijing 100081China Beijing Zongheng Electro-Mechanical Technology Co. Ltd.Beijing 100094China

受电弓接触网系统为高速列车提供电能,正确评估受电弓与接触网之间的接触力(CF)对于稳定供电至关重要.CF的大小和变化范围决定了列车受流质量和安全运行.因此,快速、准确地预测CF具有重要意义.然而,通过实验收集CF数据具有挑战性,并且... 详细信息

受电弓接触网系统为高速列车提供电能,正确评估受电弓与接触网之间的接触力(CF)对于稳定供电至关重要.CF的大小和变化范围决定了列车受流质量和安全运行.因此,快速、准确地预测CF具有重要意义.然而,通过实验收集CF数据具有挑战性,并且通过数值模拟获得及时结果并不总是可行的.在本研究中,我们提出了一种结合元启发式优化和高斯过程回归的高效的代理模型方法,来预测受电弓接触网系统接触力统计量。首先,使用有限元法(FEM)建立并验证受电弓接触网模型,用于生成训练和测试数据集.其次,利用高斯过程回归(GPR)进行对接触力的预测.将一种新开发的元启发式优化,即二元饥饿游戏搜索(HGS),应用于特征选择.为了增强BHGS的性能,嵌入了混沌机制,产生了ChaOs-HGSGPR(CHGS-GPR).最后,对CHGS-GPR的预测结果进行了评估.结果发现,所提出的CHGS-GPR对CF的平均值提供了相当准确的预测,并且可以扩展到铁路线路的初步设计、列车运行的实时评估和控制.

关键词：受电弓接触网系统高速列车受流质量启发式优化铁路线路高斯过程回归实时评估

发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒表面糖蛋白Gc的真核表达、纯化和结晶

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南开大学学报（自然科学版） 2024年第2期57卷 52-55页

作者：宋墨寒周卫红南开大学生命科学学院天津300071

用真核表达系统表达纯化发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒的表面糖蛋白Gc,通过研究其结构与功能,了解病毒组装出核和粘附宿主细胞的机制,并且通过对病毒表面结构的研究为进一步的抗病毒药物研发提供了重要的理论依据.克隆Gc蛋白的分泌表达基... 详细信息

用真核表达系统表达纯化发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒的表面糖蛋白Gc,通过研究其结构与功能,了解病毒组装出核和粘附宿主细胞的机制,并且通过对病毒表面结构的研究为进一步的抗病毒药物研发提供了重要的理论依据.克隆Gc蛋白的分泌表达基因,利用sf9昆虫细胞表达系统进行表达.SDS-PAGE蛋白纯化结果分析显示,通过镍亲和纯化和Superdex200分子筛纯化后得到了高纯度的Gc蛋白.以气相扩散-悬滴法对Gc蛋白晶体进行晶体筛选.置于16℃恒温室中进行蛋白质晶体生长.在对晶体初筛条件pH浓度和沉淀剂浓度优化后,在两种结晶条件下生长出蛋白质晶体,分别为2 mol/L硫酸铵和0.1 mol/L Hepes,pH值7.5,0.8 mol/L的一水磷酸钠,0.8 mol/L磷酸二氢钾.实验结果得到了纯度较高的Gc蛋白,并生长得到了蛋白质晶体.

关键词：发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒昆虫细胞表达蛋白质结晶表面糖蛋白Gc