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Explanations for 20th Century Tuberculosis Decline: How the Public Gets It Wrong

Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2016年第3期4卷 111-121页

作者： Ray M. Merrill spencer s. davis Gordon B. Lindsay Elena Khomitch Department of Health science College of Life Sciences Brigham Young University Provo USA

Introduction: Historical analysis of health data indicates that the majority of the decrease in tuberculosis mortality during the past century was caused by improved social conditions and public health interventions. The purpose of this study was to assess lay public perceptions regarding why tuberculosis declined. Materials and Methods: A nationally representative sample of 705 adults was surveyed to identify their perceived reasons for the decline in tuberculosis mortality in the 20th century. Open- ended questions and responses were coded and placed into eight categories. Results: Approximately 52% of decreasing tuberculosis mortality was attributed to “modern medicine,” and 220% to “vaccination.” Comparatively few of the respondents attributed decreased tuberculosis mortality rates to public health or improvements in social health determinants of health. Males gave more credit to modern medicine and public health, with less to vaccination;the other racial group gave more credit to public health and less to modern medicine;Hispanics gave more credit to modern medicine and less to vaccinations;and the higher income groups gave more credit to vaccinations and public health, but less to modern medicine. Conclusion: The public overly attributes modern medicine as the primary cause of declining tuberculosis mortality rates, the second leading cause of death in the United states during the early 1900s, and gives little credit to the critical role played by public health and improved social conditions. These misperceptions may hinder societal efforts to address and fund important social determinants of health and public health interventions.

关键词： Public Health Tuberculosis Mortality Rate Medicine

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解析理查德·道金斯《自私的基因》

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2019年

作者： Nicola davis

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strategizing the Development of Alzheimer’s Therapeutics

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Advances in Alzheimer's Disease 2014年第3期3卷 107-127页

作者： Justin davis Robin Couch Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry George Mason University Manassas VA USA

Alzheimer’s Disease is a complex, progressive condition with symptoms that do not reveal themselves until significant changes to neuronal morphology have already occurred. The delayed manifestation of cognitive decline makes determination of the true etiological origins difficult. As a result, identification of ideal drug targets becomes seemingly impossible. The existing treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease may temporarily suppress the rate of cognitive decline, but do little to slow or halt neuronal decay. While many believe that the current approaches to identifying a cure for the disease are too narrow-minded, focusing heavily on the physical manifestations of the diseased brain such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, this review asserts the status of Alzheimer’s research as rational and multi-faceted.

关键词： Drug Discovery Alzheimer’s Disease Target Identification Therapeutics Review

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On deaf ears, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in pathogenesis Crohn's and other diseases

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第48期21卷 13411-13417页

作者： William C davis Department Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology College of Veterinary MedicineWashington State University

The historic suggestion that Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(Map) might be a zoonotic pathogen was based on the apparent similarity of lesions in the intestine of patients with Crohn's disease(CD) with those present in cattle infected with Map, the etiological agent of Johne's disease. Reluctance to fully explore this possibility has been attributed to the difficulty in demonstrating the presence of Map in tissues from patients with CD. Advances in technology have resolved this problem and revealed the presence of Map in a significant proportion of patients with CD and other diseases. The seminal finding from recent investigations, however, is the detection of Map in healthy individuals with no clinical signs of disease. The latter observation indicates all humans are susceptible to infection with Map and lends support to the thesis that Map is zoonotic, with a latent stage of infection similar to tuberculosis, where infection leads to the development of an immune response that controls but does not eliminate the pathogen. This clarifies one of the reasons why it has been so difficult to document that Map is zoonotic and associated with the pathogenesis of CD and other diseases. As discussed in the present review, a better understanding of the immune response to Map is needed to determine how infection is usually kept under immune control during the latent stage of infection and elucidate the triggering events that lead to disease progression in the natural host and pathogenesis of CD and immune related diseases in humans.

关键词： Crohn's disease Johne's disease Mycobacteriumavium subsp. paratuberculosis Animal model Monoclonalantibodies Flow cytometry Cytokines

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Design of photosensitive microstructured polymer optical fibers

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Frontiers of Optoelectronics 2010年第1期3卷 92-98页

作者： Hwa-Yaw TAM Kei-Chun davis CHENG Guiyao ZHOU Ming-Leung Vincent TsE Photonics Research Centre Department of Electrical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials science and Technology Yanshan University

We propose a new hole-assisted polymer optical fiber design to eliminate the influence of dopant diffusion and to increase the ultra violet(UV) writing efficiency in fiber Bragg grating inscription. The optical waveguide is formed inside a solid core polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) doped with photosensitive trans-4-stilbenemethanol, surrounded by a ring of three large air holes with double cladding. We determined a map of the single-mode and multi-mode phase transitions using a finite-element-based vectorial optical mode solver. A wide range of geometrical configurations for the single-transverse-mode(HE11) propagation in the visible was obtained. The design is optimized to operate at the low optical loss wavelengths of 580 and 770 nm.

关键词： microstructured polymer optical fibers (mPOFs) photosensitivity fiber Bragg gratings dopant diffusion

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Cross-scale modeling of surface temperature and tree seedling establishment in mountain landscapes

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Ecological Processes 2013年第1期2卷 313-327页

作者： John R Dingman Lynn C sweet Ian McCullough Frank W davis Alan Flint Janet Franklin Lorraine E Flint Earth Research Institute University of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA 93106USA U.s.Geological survey California Water Science CenterSacramentoCA 95819USA Bren school of Environmental science&Management University of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA93106USA school of Geographical sciences and Urban Planning Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA

Introduction:Estimating surface temperature from above-ground field measurements is important for understanding the complex landscape patterns of plant seedling survival and establishment,processes which occur at heights of only several ***,future climate models predict temperature at 2 m above ground,leaving ground-surface microclimate not well ***:Using a network of field temperature sensors and climate models,a ground-surface temperature method was used to estimate microclimate variability of minimum and maximum *** lapse rates were derived from field temperature sensors and distributed across the landscape capturing differences in solar radiation and cold air drainages modeled at a 30-m spatial ***:The surface temperature estimation method used for this analysis successfully estimated minimum surface temperatures on north-facing,south-facing,valley,and ridgeline topographic settings,and when compared to measured temperatures yielded an R2 of 0.88,0.80,0.88,and 0.80,*** surface temperatures generally had slightly more spatial variability than minimum surface temperatures,resulting in R2 values of 0.86,0.77,0.72,and 0.79 for north-facing,south-facing,valley,and ridgeline topographic ***-Poisson regressions predicting recruitment of Quercus kelloggii(black oak)seedlings from temperature variables were significantly improved using these estimates of surface temperature compared to air temperature modeled at 2 ***:Predicting minimum and maximum ground-surface temperatures using a downscaled climate model coupled with temperature lapse rates estimated from field measurements provides a method for modeling temperature effects on plant *** methods could be applied to improve projections of species’range shifts under climate *** of complex topography can provide intricate microclimates that may allow species to redistribute locally as climate

关键词： Black oak Climate change Generalized linear models Microclimate Topography spatial scale surface temperature

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Unique MR Findings in a Case series of Two symptomatic Patients with Peliosis Hepatis

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Open Journal of Radiology 2014年第1期4卷 79-84页

作者： Drew Pierce Christopher s. davis Paul M. Bloomston Zarine K. shah Department of Radiology Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus USA Department of surgery Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus USA

Purpose: The aim of this report is to describe the unusual MR imaging characteristics observed in two patients with biopsy-proven peliosis hepatis. Imaging findings using gadoxetate disodium (Eovist) as the contrast agent in a patient with peliosis hepatis are presented for the first time. Methods: This is a retrospective review of the MRI findings in two patients reviewed independently by two specialized abdominal imaging radiologists. The radiological findings were correlated with clinical history and histopathology. Results: Peliosis hepatis is a rare clinical and radiological entity that is often a diagnostic dilemma due to its non-specific clinical characteristics. Unusual imaging characteristics in this rare entity make diagnosis even more challenging. Conclusions: Improved understanding of the imaging characteristics of peliosis hepatis may prevent unnecessary and potentially dangerous biopsies in select patients with peliosis hepatis. This requires a high index of suspicion for practicing radiologists due to the rarity of this disease.

关键词： Peliosis Hepatis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hepatic lesions Liver Disease Gadoxetate Disodium

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Identification and Antimicrobial susceptibility of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i>Found in Chitterlings, Raw Milk and swine Fecal samples

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Advances in Microbiology 2018年第10期8卷 804-820页

作者： F. N. Drake s. davis J. Khatiwada L. Williams North Carolina A & T state University North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis NC USA

Foodborne illness is an escalating concern upon public health. The prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica was assessed in chitterlings, raw milk and swine fecal from North Carolina. Uncleaned thirty chitterling samples procured from a local grocery store, forty-five swine fecal samples, and forty unpasteurized cow milk samples supplied by the University farm were evaluated for the presence of Y. enterocolitica. Isolates identified as presumptive positive were characterized as colonies with a pink or deep-red center on MacConkey and CIN agar, and verified further through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of 16s rRNA gene for the Yersinia genera. Results showed that 4.4% swine fecal samples, 7.5% milk samples and 11.3% chitterling samples were presumptive positive for Y. enterocolitica by the direct plating method on selective agars. Of the thirty-chitterling samples examined by PCR for the 16s rRNA gene, 26% samples contained the identification gene for the bacteria of interest. After conducting virulence tests, the fecal samples were revealed as non-pathogenic. Only one of the milk samples were considered pathogenic and consisted of the following virulent genes: Yersinia heat-stable toxin (yst), invasion (inv), attachment invasion locus (ail), virulence regulon transcriptional activator (virF), Yersinia adehesin A (yadA), and the O:3 antigen gene (rfbC). seven out of the eight (87.5%) chitterling samples were shown to be pathogenic. Disc diffusion was conducted to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Over half (55.5%) of the antimicrobial agents were found effective, with isolates being completely susceptible to ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, trimethoprim, cefotaxime, and gentamycin. Ampicillin was determined to be least effective, where 84.6% of the samples presented resistance to the drug. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and ERIC-PCR techniques were used to evaluate genetic similarity among the Yersinia isolates. Th

关键词： Yersinia enterocolitica Polymerase Chain Reaction Antimicrobial

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Nurses’perceptions about neonatal intensive care units providing family-centered care are associated with skin-to-skin contact implementation

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Pediatric Investigation 2024年第1期8卷 61-65页

作者： Marilyn Aita Gwenaëlle De Clifford-Faugère Geneviève Laporte sébastien Colson Nancy Feeley Faculty of Nursing Universitéde MontréalMontrealCanada CHU sainte-Justine Research Centre MontrealCanada Quebec Network on Nursing Intervention Research MontrealCanada Faculty of Medical and Paramedical sciences CEReSSAix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance Ingram school of Nursing McGill UniversityMontrealCanada Centre for Nursing Research and Lady davis Institute Jewish General HospitalMontrealCanada

skin-to-skin contact(ssC)consists of positioning the diaper-clad infant against the parent’s chest and is considered a nursing practice rooted in family-centered care(FCC).1 ssC implies simultaneous parental presence and helps to facilitate their involvement from the earliest hours of their preterm infants’lives as this intervention is delivered by parents.1 FCC has gained worldwide popularity in recent years to promote parental presence and active participation of parents in care during neonatal intensive care units(NICUs)hospitalization.2 Both practices relate to developmental care(DC),which regroups specific interventions aimed at reducing stress and improving infant neurological development.

关键词： centered gained skin

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住院精神病人的暴力行为

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国外医学（精神病学分册） 1992年第1期19卷 35-38页

作者： davis s 谢斌

关于住院精神病人暴力行为的文献提供了一些证据表明暴力事件在逐年增加。本文讨论了病人暴力行为的广度及其与个体、环境和政策等因素的联系,认为暴力是多种因素交互作用的结果,而不仅仅是疾病状态的表现。

关键词：精神病暴力行为

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