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Why forefoot striking in minimal shoes might positively change the course of running injuries

Advances in Microbiology（微生物学） 2023年第1期

作者： Uchenna B.Iloghalu sara E.Miller Akamu J.Ewunkem Janak R.Khatiwada shurrita s.davis Leonard L.Williams

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Journal of sport and Health science 2017年第2期6卷 154-161页

作者： Irene s.davis Hannah M.Rice scott C.Wearing spaulding National Running Center Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School sport and Health sciences University of Exeter Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology

It is believed that human ancestors evolved the ability to run bipedally approximately 2 million years ago. This form of locomotion may have been important to our survival and likely has influenced the evolution of our body form. As our bodies have adapted to run, it seems unusual that up to 79% of modern day runners are injured annually. The etiology of these injuries is clearly multifactorial. However, 1 aspect of running that has significantly changed over the past 50 years is the footwear we use. Modern running shoes have become increasingly cushioned and supportive, and have changed the way we run. In particular, they have altered our footstrike pattern from a predominantly forefoot strike(FFs) landing to a predominantly rearfoot strike(RFs) landing. This change alters the way in which the body is loaded and may be contributing to the high rate of injuries runners experience while engaged in an activity for which they were adapted. In this paper, we will examine the benefits of barefoot running(typically an FFs pattern),and compare the lower extremity mechanics between FFs and RFs. The implications of these mechanical differences, in terms of injury, will be discussed. We will then provide evidence to support our contention that FFs provides an optimal mechanical environment for specific foot and ankle structures, such as the heel pad, the plantar fascia, and the Achilles tendon. The importance of footwear will then be addressed, highlighting its interaction with strike pattern on mechanics. This analysis will underscore why footwear matters when assessing mechanics. Finally, proper preparation and safe transition to an FFs pattern in minimal shoes will be emphasized. Through the discussion of the current literature, we will develop a justification for returning to running in the way for which we were adapted to reduce running-related injuries.

关键词： shoes running injuries strike predominantly landing tendon striking plantar locomotion

Pleistocene glaciation advances the cryptic speciation of stellera chamaejasme *** a major biodiversity hotspot

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2024年第6期66卷 1192-1205页

作者： santosh Kumar Rana Hum Kala Rana Jacob BLandis Tianhui Kuang Juntong Chen Hengchang Wang Tao Deng Charles C.davis Hang sun CAs Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China Arkansas Biosciences Institute Arkansas State UniversityJonesboroArkansas 72401USA school of Integrative Plant science Section of Plant Biology and the L.H.Bailey HortoriumCornell UniversityIthacaNew York 14853USA BTI Computational Biology Center Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNew York 14853USA CAs Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and specialty Agriculture Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan Botanical GardenWuhan 430074China Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology HerbariaHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts 02138USA

The mountains of southwest China comprise a significant large mountain range and biodiversity hotspot imperiled by global climate *** high species diversity in this mountain system has long been attributed to a complex set of factors,and recent large-scale macroevolutionary investigations have placed a broad timeline on plant diversification that stretches from 10 million years ago(Mya)to the *** our increasing understanding of the temporal mode of speciation,finer-scale populationlevel investigations are lacking to better refine these temporal trends and illuminate the abiotic and biotic influences of cryptic *** is largely due to the dearth of organismal sampling among closely related species and populations,spanning the incredible size and topological heterogeneity of this *** study dives into these evolutionary dynamics of speciation using genomic and ecomorphological data of stellera chamaejasme *** identified four previously unrecognized cryptic species having indistinct morphological traits and large metapopulation of evolving lineages,suggesting a more recent diversification(~2.67-0.90 Mya),largely influenced by Pleistocene glaciation and biotic *** factors likely influenced allopatric speciation and advocated cyclical warming–cooling episodes along elevational gradients during the *** study refines the evolutionary timeline to be much younger than previously implicated and raises the concern that projected future warming may influence the alpine species diversity,necessitating increased conservation efforts.

关键词： cryptic speciation glacial-interglacial Hengduan Mountains north-south migration stellera chamaejasme

Introduction:The past,present,and future of research on running barefoot and in minimal shoes

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Journal of sport and Health science 2014年第2期3卷 65-66,152页

作者： Daniel E.Lieberman Irene s.davis Benno M.Nigg Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University spaulding National Running Center’ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology The University of Calgary

Barefoot running has been around for millions of years,and it is safe to presume that for most of that time,the practice occasioned little *** ancestors ran barefoot because they had no *** footwear was first invented during the last 40,000 years (no doubt at different times and in different places),shoes were by necessity minimal-essentially sandals and moccasins-designed to protect the sole of the foot but lacking any of the sophisticated features and materials present in modem running shoes such as elevated cushioned heels,arch supports,and toe *** of these features were invented in the 1970s,and they quickly became more popular and sophisticated as running underwent a worldwide ***,the vast majority of runners think it is normal to wear cushioned running shoes,and would never dream of running without them.

关键词： necessity shoes sophisticated doubt millions running essentially likely debate briefly

Transition to forefoot strike reduces load rates more effectively than altered cadence

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Journal of sport and Health science 2020年第3期9卷 248-257页

作者： Erin E.Futrell K.Douglas Gross Darcy Reisman David R.Mullineaux Irene s.davis Department of Physical Therapy Springfield CollegeSpringfieldMA 01109USA spaulding National Running Center Harvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA 02138USA Department of Physical Therapy MGH Institute of Health ProfessionsBostonMA 02129USA Department of Physical Therapy University of DelawareNewarkDE 19713USA school of sport and Exercise science University of LincolnBrayford PoolLincolnBrayford PoolLN67TSUK Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA

Background: Excessive vertical impacts at landing are associated with common running injuries. Two primary gait-retraining interventions aimed at reducing impact forces are transition to forefoot strike and increasing cadence. The objective of this study was to compare the shortand long-term effects of 2 gait-retraining interventions aimed at reducing landing ***: A total of 39 healthy recreational runners using a rearfoot strike and a cadence of 170 steps/min were randomized into cadence(CAD) or forefoot strike(FFs) groups. All participants performed 4 weeks of strengthening followed by 8 sessions of gait-retraining using auditory feedback. Vertical average load rates(VALR) and vertical instantaneous load rates(VILR) were calculated from the vertical ground reaction force curve. Both cadence and foot strike angle were measured using 3D motion analysis and an instrumented treadmill at baseline and at 1 week,1 month, and 6 months post ***: ANOVA revealed that the FFs group had significant reductions in VALR(49.7%) and VILR(41.7%), and changes were maintained long term. Foot strike angle in the FFs group changed from 14.2° dorsiflexion at baseline to 3.4° plantarflexion, with changes maintained long term. The CAD group exhibited significant reduction only in VALR(16%) and only at 6 months. Both groups had significant and similar increases in cadence at all follow-ups(CAD, +7.2% to 173 steps/min;and FFs, +6.1% to 172 steps/min).Conclusion: Forefoot strike gait-retraining resulted in significantly greater reductions in VALR and similar increases in cadence compared to cadence gait-retraining in the short and long term. Cadence gait-retraining resulted in small reductions in VALR at only the 6-month follow-up.

关键词： Foot strike Gait-retraining Physical therapy Running step rate

socioeconomic Factors Influencing the Adoption of Cenchrus ciliaris among the Pastoralist Communities in south Baringo, Kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第8期14卷 629-650页

作者： Nyambari davis Mathew Ogendi George Morara Atalitsa Caren Navalia Dryland Research Training & Ecotourism Centre Egerton University Kenya Directorate of Post-Graduate studies Egerton University Kenya Department of Environmental science Egerton University Kenya

Land degradation poses significant threats to food and environmental security globally. In arid and semi-arid lands (AsALs), livestock production is an important and significant livelihood. Unfortunately, overstocking and overgrazing have diminished pasture availability, and thus adversely impacting on the sector’s contribution to food security for many AsAL communities. The Global Environment Facility’s small Grants Program in its quest to combat soil erosion, deforestation, and Prosopis juliflora invasion in the Lake Bogoria Landscape, Baringo County, Kenya has supported the establishment of Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass) since 2018. Despite its introduction and establishment, the socioeconomic factors influencing its adoption remain undocumented. This study evaluated these factors in three administrative wards, namely: Ilchamus, Mochongoi, and Marigat of Baringo south sub-County. Data was collected from 103 households using a semi-structured questionnaire, key informant interviews (KIIs), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Our results revealed that Cenchrus ciliaris adoption has partially reduced soil erosion and deforestation, improved livelihoods and environmental conservation. Nearly 50% of the respondents have established 2 to 5 acres of buffel grass pasturelands on their farms. The level of education of the respondents for had a significant association with the participants’ knowledge regarding the advantages of pasture production for environmental conservation (χ2 = 16.93;p χ2 = 77.71;p χ2 = 18.3;p χ2 = 3.8;p Cenchrus ciliaris value chain are recommended as practical strategies of enhancing livestock production and environmental conservation in Kenya’s AsALs.

关键词： Cenchrus ciliaris Pasture Ecology Conservation

Impact loading in female runners with single and multiple bone stress injuries during fresh and exerted conditions

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Journal of sport and Health science 2023年第3期12卷 406-413页

作者： Kristin L.Popp Jereme Outerleys sarah Gehman Margaret Garrahan sara Rudolph Elizabeth Loranger Kathryn E.Ackerman Adam s.Tenforde Mary L.Bouxsein Irene s.davis Military Performance Division United States Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMA 01760USA Endocrine Unit Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02114USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Spaulding Rehabilitation HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA 02138USA Department of sports Medicine Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA Center for Advanced Orthopedic studies Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02215USA

Background:Bone stress injuries(BsIs)are common in female runners,and recurrent BsI rates are *** work suggests an association between higher impact loading during running and tibial ***,it is unknown whether impact loading and fatigue-related loading changes discriminate women with a history of multiple *** study compared impact variables at the beginning of a treadmill run to exertion andthe changes in those variables with exertion among female runners with no history of BsI as well as among those with a history of single or multiple ***:We enrolled 45 female runners(aged 18-40 years)for this cross-sectional study:having no history of diagnosed lower extremity BsI(N-BsI,n=14);a history of 1 lower extremity BsI(1-BsI,n=16);and diagnosed by imaging,or a history of multiple(>3)lower extremity BsIs(M-BsI,n=15).Participants completed a 5-km race speed run on an instrumented treadmill while wearing an Inertial Measurement *** vertical average loading rate(VALR),vertical instantaneous loading rate(VILR),vertical stiffness during impact via instrumented treadmill,and tibial shock determined as the peak po sitive tibial acceleration via Inertial Measurement Unit were measured at the beginning and the end of the ***:There were no differences between groups in VALR,VILR,vertical stiffness,or tibial shock in a fresh or exerted ***,compared to N-BsI,women with M-BsI had greater increase with exertion in VALR(-1.8%vs.6.1%,p=0.01)and VILR(1.5%vs.4.8%,p=0.03).similarly,compared to N-BsI,vertical stiffness increased more with exertion among women with M-BsI(-0.9%vs.7.3%,p=0.006)and 1-BsI(-0.9%vs.1.8%,p=0.05).Finally,compared to N-BsI,the increase in tibial shock from fresh to exerted condition was greater among women with M-BsI(0.9%vs.5.5%,p=0.03)and 1-BsI(0.9%vs.11.2%,p=0.02).Conclusion:Women with 1-BsI or M-BsIs experience greater exertion-related increases in impact loading than women with *** observations impl

关键词： Biomechanics Bone stress injuries Fatigue Runners stress fracture

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Berrimach病毒免疫奶牛的研究

中国畜禽传染病 1995年第5期17卷 25-28页

作者：张自刚 s.davis 中国农科院哈兽研所澳大利亚长袋试验室

Berrimacb病毒(BERV)是牛流行热病毒(BEFV)的相关病毒。它对牛仅表现为亚临床感染,在血清学上与BEPV存在交叉反应。以纯化BERV与Quil A佐剂配成免疫制剂接种奶牛后,取得了良好的免疫效果。

关键词：牛病乳牛流行热病毒疫苗免疫

Reduction in ground reaction force variables with instructed barefoot running

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Journal of sport and Health science 2014年第2期3卷 143-153,157页

作者： Cynthia D.samaan Michael J.Rainbow Irene s.davis spaulding National Running Center Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationHarvard Medical School

Backgound:Barefoot(BF) running has recently increased in popularity with claims that it is more natural and may result in fewer injuries due to a reduction in impact ***,novice BF runners do not necessarily immediately switch to a forefoot strike *** may increase mechanical parameters such as loading rate,which has heen associated with certain running-related injuries,specifically,tibial stress *** pain,and plantar *** purpose of this study was to examine changes in loading parameters between typical shod running and instructed BF running with real-time force ***:Forty-nine patients seeking treatment for a lower extremity injury ran on a force-sensing treadmill in their typical shod condition and then BF at the same *** BF they received verbal instruction and real-time feedback of vertical ground reaction ***:While 92%of subjects(n = 45) demonstrated a rearfoot strike pattern when shod,only 2%(n = 1) did during the instructed BF ***,while BF 47%(n = 23) eliminated the vertical impact transient in all eight steps *** loading variables of interest were significantly reduced from the shod to instructed BF *** included maximum instantaneous and average vertical loading rates of the ground reaction force(p stiffness during initial loading(p s and impulses in the vertical(p s impact loading has been associated with certain running-related injuries,instruction and feedback on the proper forefoot strike pattern may help reduce the injury risk associated with transitioning to BF running.

关键词： Barefoot running Ground reaction force Loading rates Mediolateral forces Vertical stiffness

远离尘器的乐园我在美属维尔京群岛的一座僻静生态营地得到的感悟

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空中英语教室（高级版．彭蒙惠英语） 2024年第3期 10-12,40页

作者： Chelsea davis 不详

人们很容易忘记维尔京群岛是美国的一部分。特别人是圣约翰岛,它原始且葱郁,与美国似乎不在同一个世界。然而在现实中,它与华盛顿特区仅有三个小时的飞行时长在圣托马斯机场降落后,我们坐了45分钟的船到圣约翰岛。一抵达,我们就看出这... 详细信息

人们很容易忘记维尔京群岛是美国的一部分。特别人是圣约翰岛,它原始且葱郁,与美国似乎不在同一个世界。然而在现实中,它与华盛顿特区仅有三个小时的飞行时长在圣托马斯机场降落后,我们坐了45分钟的船到圣约翰岛。一抵达,我们就看出这里不是一个以旅游为主的景点。这里没有设施完备的度假村。这座岛屿有着林木苍翠、山丘层叠的地形和迷人的白色沙滩。

关键词：华盛顿特区圣托马斯美属维尔京群岛圣约翰岛度假村