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Fracture geometry and breakdown pressure of radial borehole fracturing in multiple layers

Petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 430-444页

作者： Yu-Ning Yong Zhao-Quan Guo shou-ceng tian Lu-Yao Ma tian-Yu Wang Mao Sheng National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China Beijing Petroleum Machinery Company Limited CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company LimitedBeijing102206China Smart Energy Co. LtdChina Xiongan GroupXiong’an New Area071000HebeiChina

Radial borehole fracturing that combines radial boreholes with hydraulic fracturing is anticipated to improve the output of tight oil and gas *** paper aims to investigate fracture propagation and pressure characteristics of radial borehole fracturing in multiple layers.A series of laboratory experiments with artificial rock samples(395 mm×395 mm×395 mm)was conducted using a true triaxial fracturing *** crucial factors corresponding to the vertical distance of adjacent radial borehole layers(vertical distance),the azimuth and diameter of the radial borehole are *** results show that radial borehole fracturing in multiple layers generates diverse fracture *** types of fractures are identified based on the connectivity between hydraulic fractures and radial *** vertical distance significantly influences fracture propagation perpendicular to the radial borehole *** increase in the vertical distance impedes fracture connection across multiple radial borehole layers and reduces the fracture propagation distance along the radial borehole *** azimuth also influences fracture propagation along the radial borehole *** the azimuth reduces the guiding ability of radial boreholes,which makes the fracture quickly curve to the maximum horizontal stress *** breakdown pressure correlates with diverse fracture geometries *** the fractures connect multi-layer radial boreholes,increasing the vertical distance decreases the breakdown *** the azimuth and increasing the diameter also decrease the breakdown *** extrusion force exists between the adjacent fractures generated in radial boreholes in multiple rows,which plays a crucial role in enhancing the guiding ability of radial boreholes and results in higher breakdown *** research provides valuable theoretical insights for the field application of radial borehole fracturing technology in tight oil and g

关键词： Multi-layer radial boreholes Hydraulic fracturing Fracture propagation Pressure characteristic

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Interpretation and characterization of rate of penetration intelligent prediction model

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Petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 582-596页

作者： Zhi-Jun Pei Xian-Zhi Song Hai-Tao Wang Yi-Qi Shi shou-ceng tian Gen-Sheng Li College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting Beijing102249China Kunlun Digital Technology Co. Ltd.Beijing102206China

Accurate prediction of the rate of penetration(ROP)is significant for drilling *** the intelligent ROP prediction model based on fully connected neural networks(FNN)outperforms traditional ROP equations and machine learning algorithms,its lack of interpretability undermines its *** study proposes a novel interpretation and characterization method for the FNN ROP prediction model using the Rectified Linear Unit(ReLU)activation *** leveraging the derivative of the ReLU function,the FNN function calculation process is transformed into vector *** FNN model is linearly characterized through further simplification,enabling its interpretation and *** proposed method is applied in ROP prediction scenarios using drilling data from three vertical wells in the Tarim *** results demonstrate that the FNN ROP prediction model with ReLU as the activation function performs exceptionally *** relative activation frequency curve of hidden layer neurons aids in analyzing the overfitting of the FNN ROP model and determining drilling data *** the well sections with similar drilling data,averaging the weight parameters enables linear characterization of the FNN ROP prediction model,leading to the establishment of a corresponding linear representation ***,the quantitative analysis of each feature's influence on ROP facilitates the proposal of drilling parameter optimization schemes for the current well *** established linear characterization equation exhibits high precision,strong stability,and adaptability through the application and validation across multiple well sections.

关键词： Fully connected neural network Explainable artificial intelligence Rate of penetration ReLU active function Deep learning Machine learning

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Influence of formation in-situ stress on mechanical heterogeneity of shale through grid nanoindentation

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Petroleum Science 2022年第1期19卷 211-219页

作者： Mao Sheng Shi-Zhong Cheng Zhao-Hui Lu Ye Zhang shou-ceng tian Gen-Sheng Li College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum-Beijing102249PR China National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Shale Gas Exploration and Development Chongqing401120PR China

Mechanical heterogeneity is a major characteristic of the organic-rich *** relation between mechanical heterogeneity and formation in-situ stress has been seldomly addressed but important to understand hydraulic fracture propagation,wellbore stability,and hydrocarbon *** this paper,the grid nanoindentation technique was used to characterize the heterogeneity of the mechanical properties of Longmaxi organic-rich shales from various burial depths and in-situ *** measured elastic modulus and hardness of each sample are deconvolved into three phases including soft phase,medium stiff phase and stiff phase according to mineral *** the burial depth and corresponding in-situ stress increase,the overall elastic modulus and hardness of the sample ***,the percentage of soft minerals decreases,and the probability distribution tends to concentrate through 95%confidence interval evaluation which demonstrates weakened ***,SEM images provide evidence that extended cracking,initiated cracking,crushing and ductile deforming always occur around indentation *** confirms that even under deep buried depth and high in-situ stress,brittle fracture and ductile deformation can exist *** paper demonstrates the influence of in-situ stress on the heterogeneity of shale micromechanics.

关键词： Shale Heterogeneity Elastoplasticity Nanoindentation

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Structure optimization of the organ-pipe cavitating nozzle and its erosion ability test on hydrate-bearing sediments

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Petroleum Science 2023年第2期20卷 1104-1118页

作者： Xiao-Ya Wu Yi-Qun Zhang Zhen-Qiang Xu Shuai Zhao Gen-Sheng Li shou-ceng tian Ya-Wen Tan Ke-Wen Peng College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102249China College of Safety and Ocean Engineering China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102249China State Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Hydrate China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102249China National Engineering Research Center of Gas Hydrate Exploration and Development Guangzhou Marine Geological SurveyGuangzhou510075GuangdongChina Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems Dongguan University of TechnologyDongguan523808GuangdongChina

Cavitating jet is a promising drilling rate improvement technology in both the marine natural gas hydrate (NGH) fluidization exploitation method and the integrated radial jet drilling and completion method. In present study, we aim to improve the efficiency of jet erosion and extracting NGH. With a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the pressure, velocity and cavitation field characteristics of organ-pipe cavitating jet (OPCJ) are analysed. The divergent angle, throat length, and divergent length of OPCJ nozzle are preferred to obtain stronger jet cavitation erosion effect. Laboratory experiments of gas hydrate-bearing sediments (GHBS) erosion by OPCJ and conical jet (CJ) are conducted to compare and validate the jet erosion performance. The impinging models of OPCJ and CJ are constructed to study the impact characteristics. Results show that the preferred values of divergent angle, throat length, and divergent length are 15°, 1d, and 3d, respectively, in present simulation conditions. For GHBS, the OPCJ possesses the advantages of high efficiency and low energy consumption. Moreover, the OPCJ has higher penetration efficiency, while showing equivalent penetration ability compared to CJ. During the impinging process, the OPCJ can induce stronger impact pressure and turbulence effect, and also shows stronger chambering effect and bottom cleaning ability compared to CJ. This study presents the erosion performance of OPCJ and CJ on GHBS, and provides preliminary insights on the potential field applications in NGH exploitation.

关键词： Natural gas hydrate Cavitating jet Structure optimization Computational fluid dynamics Experimental study

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Determination of the shedding frequency of cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet based on high-speed photography images

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2021年第1期33卷 127-139页

作者： Chi Peng shou-ceng tian Gen-sheng Li State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China

To accurately determine the shedding frequency of the cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet,the spectral analysis and the proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)for high-speed photography images are *** spectrums of 6 different kinds of image signals(the area-averaged gray level,the line-averaged gray level,the point gray level,the cavitation length,width,and area)are calculated and *** line-averaged gray level is found to be optimal in determining the shedding frequency but an accurate frequency can only be obtained in the stable-frequency zone where the cavitation cloud *** repeated experiments,the plateau-shape distribution of the main frequency is established with a deviation of 10.8%.A revised Reynolds number Re'is defined and the shedding frequency can be correlated to Re'by a power law when the cavitation number is less than *** relationship is validated by the experimental data in *** first mode of the POD characterizes the ensemble-average of the cavitation cloud while the second mode is the major part of the cavitation cloud transient *** modes 2-5 are organized in pairs,which confirms the periodic feature of the cavitation cloud in the submerged cavitation *** the nozzle exit,the modes 2-5 are symmetrically distributed in the jet shear *** shedding frequency of the cloud cavitation can also be precisely determined by performing the spectral analysis of the weighting coefficients of the mode *** paper shows that the two parameters,namely,the line-averaged gray level and the weighting coefficients of the mode 2,can be confidently used to calculate the shedding frequency of the cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet.

关键词： Cavitation jet shedding frequency high-speed photography spectral analysis proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)

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CFD analysis and field observation of tool erosion caused by abrasive waterjet fracturing

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Petroleum Science 2020年第3期17卷 701-711页

作者： Mao Sheng Zhong-Wei Huang shou-ceng tian Yi Zhang Shi-Wang Gao Yun-Peng Jia State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing 102249China College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing 102249China Petroleum Engineering Research Institute of PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company Tianjin 300270China

Abrasive waterjet(AWJ)fracturing has become an accepted horizontal multistage stimulation technique due to its flexibility and high efficiency of extensive fracture *** downhole tool failure of AWJ fracturing becomes an issue in the massive hydraulic fracturing because of high velocity and proppant *** paper proposed a 3D computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-based erosion model by considering high-velocity waterjet impact,proppant shear erosion,and specific inner structure of hydra-jet tool *** discrete phase approach was used to track the proppant transport and its concentration *** observation provides strong evidence of erosion patterns and mechanisms obtained from CFD *** results show that the erosion rate has a space dependence in the inner wall of the tool *** severe erosion areas are primarily located at the entries of the *** erosion patterns are found including a‘Rabbit’s ear’erosion at the upper-layer nozzles and a half bottom loop erosion at the lower-layer *** mechanisms attribute to high flow velocity at the entry of nozzles and the inertia force of *** analysis demonstrates that the pumping rate is a primary factor contributing to erosion intensity.

关键词： Hydraulic fracturing Erosion Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) Waterjet

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Effect of dilute acid treatment on adhesion properties of Longmaxi black shale

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Petroleum Science 2019年第6期16卷 1320-1331页

作者： Pan-Pan Zhang shou-ceng tian Mao Sheng tian-Yu Wang Waleed Ali Khan Quan Xu Li-Zhi Xiao State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China Harvard SEAS-CUPB Joint Laboratory on Petroleum Science 29 Oxford StreetCambridgeMA 02138USA

Properties of shale in an acid environment are important when acid or CO2 is injected into geologic formations as a working fluid for enhanced oil and gas recovery,hydraulic fracturing and reduced fracture initiation *** has previously been shown that acid fluids can enhance the formation conductivity and decrease the hardness of ***,less is known about the effect of dilute acid on the adhesion properties of *** the study,shale samples are characterized in detail with advanced *** properties of shale via dilute acid treatment were revealed by atomic force microscopy(AFM)for the first *** indicate that acid treatment can greatly enhance adhesion forces of the shale *** acid treatment,the average adhesion forces show a platform-like growth with an increase in loading *** analysis of results from AFM,scanning electron microscopy,and X-ray diffraction,we affirm that the enhanced adhesion forces are mainly from increased specific surface area and reduced elastic *** results presented in this work help understand the adhesion properties of shale oil/gas present in an acidic environment,which have great significance in unconventional resources development.

关键词： Shale Acid Carbonates Atomic force microscope Adhesion force

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Pore structure characterization and its effect on methane adsorption in shale kerogen

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Petroleum Science 2021年第2期18卷 565-578页

作者： tian-Yu Wang shou-ceng tian Qing-Ling Liu Gen-Sheng Li Mao Sheng Wen-Xi Ren Pan-Pan Zhang State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China Harvard SEAS-CUPB Joint Laboratory on Petroleum Science 29 Oxford StreetCambridgeMA02138USA China National Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Company Ltd Beijing100034China State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China

Pore structure characterization and its effect on methane adsorption on shale kerogen are crucial to understanding the fundamental mechanisms of gas storage,transport,and reserves *** this study,we use 3D scanning confocal microscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray nano-computed tomography(nano-CT),and low-pressure N2 adsorption analysis to analyze the pore structures of the ***,the adsorption behavior of methane on shales with different pore structures is investigated by molecular *** results show that the SEM image of the shale sample obviously displays four different pore shapes,including slit pore,square pore,triangle pore,and circle *** average coordination number is 4.21 and the distribution of coordination numbers demonstrates that pores in the shale have high *** with the adsorption capacity of methane on triangle pores,the adsorption capacity on slit pore,square pore,and circle pore are reduced by 9.86%,8.55%,and 6.12%,*** increasing pressure,these acute wedges fill in a manner different from the right or obtuse angles in the other *** study offers a quantitative understanding of the effect of pore structure on methane adsorption in the shale and provides better insight into the evaluation of gas storage in geologic shale reservoirs.

关键词： Shale Methane adsorption Pore structure Kerogen Molecular simulation

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Hydrophobic epoxy resin coated proppants with ultra-high self-suspension ability and enhanced liquid conductivity

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Petroleum Science 2021年第6期18卷 1753-1759页

作者： Fan Fan Feng-Xia Li shou-ceng tian Mao Sheng Waleed Khan Ai-Ping Shi Yang Zhou Quan Xu State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development National Energy Shale Oil Research and Development CenterHarvard SEAS-CUPB Joint Laboratory on Petroleum ScienceChina University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China

Proppant is a key material for enhancing unconventional oil and gas production which requires a long distance of migration and efficient liquid conductivity paths within the hydraulic ***,it is difficult to find a proppant with both high self-suspension ability and liquid ***,a simple method is developed to coat epoxy resin onto the ceramic proppant and fabricate a novel coated proppant with high hydrophobicity,self-suspension,and liquid conductivity *** with uncoated ceramic proppants,the epoxy resin coated(ERC) proppant has a high self-suspension ability nearly 16 times that of the uncoated ***,the hydrophobic property and the liquid conductivity of the ERC proppant increased by 83.8% and 16.71%,respectively,compared with the uncoated *** summary,this novel ERC proppant provides new insights into the design of functional proppants,which are expected to be applied to oil and gas production.

关键词： Coated proppant Hydrophobic property Self-suspension Conductivity

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Spin effect on redox acceleration and regioselectivity in Fe-catalyzed alkyne hydrosilylation

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National Science Review 2024年第2期11卷 155-167页

作者： Peng He Meng-Yang Hu Jin-Hong Li tian-Zhang Qiao Yi-Lin Lu shou-Fei Zhu Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University

Iron catalysts are ideal transition metal catalysts because of the Earths abundant, cheap, biocompatible features of iron salts. Iron catalysts often have unique open-shell structures that easily undergo spin crossover in chemical transformations, a feature rarely found in noble metal catalysts. Unfortunately, little is known currently about how the open-shell structure and spin crossover affect the reactivity and selectivity of iron catalysts, which makes the development of iron catalysts a low efficient trial-and-error program. In this paper, a combination of experiments and theoretical calculations revealed that the iron-catalyzed hydrosilylation of alkynes is typical spin-crossover catalysis. Deep insight into the electronic structures of a set of well-defined open-shell active formal Fe(0) catalysts revealed that the spin-delocalization between the iron center and the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand effectively regulates the iron center's spin and oxidation state to meet the opposite electrostatic requirements of oxidative addition and reductive elimination, respectively,and the spin crossover is essential for this electron transfer process. The triplet transition state was essential for achieving high regioselectivity through tuning the nonbonding interactions. These findings provide an important reference for understanding the effect of catalyst spin state on reaction. It is inspiring for the development of iron catalysts and other Earth-abundant metal catalysts, especially from the point of view of ligand development.

关键词： spin effect spin-delocalization spin crossover iron-catalysis alkyne hydrosilylation

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