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Methylesterification of cell-wall pectin controls the diurnal flower-opening times in rice

Molecular Plant 2022年第6期15卷 956-972页

作者： Mumei Wang Xiaopei Zhu Guoqing Peng Minglong Liu Shuqing Zhang Minghao Chen shitang liao Xiaoying Wei Peng Xu Xiyu Tan Fangping Li Zhichuan Li Li Deng Ziliang Luo Liya Zhu Shuai Zhao Dagang Jiang Jing Li Zhenlan Liu Xianrong Xie Shaokui Wang Aimin Wu Chuxiong Zhuang Hai Zhou Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresourcesCollege of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China Agronomy Department University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32610USA State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources College of Life Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanning 530004China State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources College of Forestry and Landscape ArchitectureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China

Flowers are the core reproductive organ of plants, and flowering is essential for cross-pollination. Diurnal flower-opening time is thus a key trait influencing reproductive isolation, hybrid breeding, and thermostability in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling this trait remain unknown. Here, we report that rice Diurnal Flower Opening Time 1 (DFOT1) modulates pectin methylesterase (PME) activity to regulate pectin methylesterification levels of the lodicule cell walls, which affect lodicule swelling to control diurnal flower-opening time. DFOT1 is specifically expressed in the lodicules, and its expression gradually increases with the approach to flowering but decreases with flowering. Importantly, a knockout of DFOT1 showed earlier diurnal flower opening. We demonstrate that DFOT1 interacts directly with multiple PMEs to promote their activity. Knockout of PME40 also resulted in early diurnal flower opening, whereas overexpression of PME42 delayed diurnal flower opening. Lower PME activity was observed to be associated with higher levels of pectin methylesterification and the softening of cell walls in lodicules, which contribute to the absorption of water by lodicules and cause them to swell, thus promoting early diurnal flower opening. Higher PME activity had the opposite effect. Collectively, our work uncovers a molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of diurnal flower-opening time in rice, which would help reduce the costs of hybrid breeding and improve the heat tolerance of flowering plants by avoiding higher temperatures at anthesis.

关键词： rice hybrid breeding flowering diurnal flower-opening times cell wall pectin methylesterase

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广西灵山县古建测绘分析

引用

山西建筑 2007年第17期33卷 62-63页

作者：廖恒广西城市建设学校

对广西钦州灵山县石塘镇苏村刘家祖宅进行了测绘,对刘宅的选址、院落组织及装饰与功能进行了分析,旨在深入了解中国古建筑村落选址规划以及建筑形式和建筑符号。

关键词：院落组织择址装饰保护

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