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Eth2Vec:Learning contract-wide code representations for vulnerability detection on Ethereum smart contracts

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Blockchain(Research and Applications) 2022年第4期3卷 109-122页

作者： Nami Ashizawa Naoto Yanai Jason Paul Cruz shingo Okamura School of Information Science and Technology Osaka UniversityOsaka 565-0871Japan Osaka University Osaka 565-0871Japan National Institute of Technology Nara CollegeNara 639-1080Japan

Ethereum smart contracts are computer programs that are deployed and executed on the Ethereum blockchain to enforce agreements among untrusting *** the most prominent platform that supports smart contracts,Ethereum has been targeted by many attacks and plagued by security ***,many smart contract vulnerabilities have been discovered in the past *** detect and prevent such vulnerabilities,different security analysis tools,including static and dynamic analysis tools,have been created,but their performance decreases drastically when codes to be analyzed are constantly being *** this paper,we propose Eth2Vec,a machine-learning-based static analysis tool that detects smart contract ***2Vec maintains its robustness against code rewrites;i.e.,it can detect vulnerabilities even in rewritten *** machine-learning-based static analysis tools require features,which analysts create manually,as *** contrast,Eth2Vec uses a neural network for language processing to automatically learn the features of vulnerable *** doing so,Eth2Vec can detect vulnerabilities in smart contracts by comparing the similarities between the codes of a target contract and those of the learned *** performed experiments with existing open databases,such as Etherscan,and Eth2Vec was able to outperform a recent model based on support vector machine in terms of well-known metrics,i.e.,precision,recall,and F1-score.

关键词： Ethereum Smart contracts Blockchain Neural networks Static analysis Code similarity Vulnerability detection

Blue-light-induced rapid chloroplast de-anchoring in Vallisneria epidermal cells

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2015年第1期57卷 93-105页

作者： Yuuki Sakai Shin-Ichiro Inoue Akiko Harada Ken-Ichiro Shimazaki shingo Takagi Department of Biological Sciences Graduate School of Science Osaka University Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Department of Biology Osaka Medical College Department of Biology Faculty of Science Kyushu University

In the outer periclinal cytoplasm of leaf epidermal cells of an aquatic angiosperm Vallisneria, blue light induces ＂chloroplast de-anchoring＂, a rapid decline in the resistance of chloroplasts against centrifugal force. Chloroplast de- anchoring is known induced within lmin of irradiation with high-fluence-rate blue light specifically, preceding the com- mencement of chloroplasts migration toward the anticlinal cytoplasm. However, its regulatory mechanism has remained elusive, although pharmacological analysis suggested that a calcium release from intracellular calcium stores is necessary for the response, in search of the responsible photoreceptors, immunoblotting analysis using antibodies against phototropins demonstrated that cross-reactive polypeptides of 120-kDa exist in the plasma-membrane fraction prepared from the leaves. In vitro phosphorylation analysis revealed that 120-kDa polypeptides were phosphorylated by exposure to blue light in a fluence-dependent manner. The blue-light-induced phosphorylation activity was sensitive to a Ser/Thr kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, and unusually was retained at a high level for a long time in darkness. Furthermore, phototropin gene homologs （Vallisneria PHOTOTROPINI and PHOTOTROPIN2） expressed in leaves were isolated. We propose that calcium- regulated chloroplast de-anchoring, possibly mediated by phototropins, is an initial process of the blue-light-induced avoidance response of chloroplasts in Vallisneria.

关键词： Avoidance response of chloroplasts blue-light response chloroplast de-anchoring cytoplasmic calcium phototropin

Topological pruning enables ultra-low Rayleigh scattering in pressure-quenched silica glass

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npj Computational Materials 2020年第1期6卷 499-506页

作者： Yongjian Yang Osamu Homma shingo Urata Madoka Ono John C.Mauro Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA 16802USA Innovative Technology Research Center AGC Inc.1150 Hazawa-choKanagawa-ku YokohamaKanagawa 221-8755Japan Materials Integration Laboratories AGC Inc.1150 Hazawa-choKanagawa-ku YokohamaKanagawa 221-8755Japan Research Institute for Electronic Science Hokkaido UniversityKita 20 Nishi 10Kita-kuSapporoHokkaido 001-0020Japan

Silica glass is the most indispensable material in optical communication applications due to its superior optical *** transmission loss of silica glass has been reduced over the past 30 years by continuous efforts toward decreasing density fluctuations by lowering of fictive temperature,e.g.,through improvements in processing or doping.A recent study has shown that shrinkage of structural voids by hot compression is a promising way to further decrease the ***,an atomic understanding of the pressure effect is still ***,using molecular simulations,we connect the void shrinkage to topological pruning of silica *** physical models predict that the Rayleigh scattering loss of pressure-quenched silica glass can be reduced by>50%when the glass is quenched at an appropriate pressure(4 GPa in our simulation).Our studies are consistent with available experimental results and demonstrate topologically optimized structure can give desirable properties for optical applications of silica as well as other glasses with similar network structure.

关键词： properties structure glass

Hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors and drug resistance mutations

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第11期20卷 2902-2912页

作者： shingo Nakamoto Tatsuo Kanda Shuang Wu Hiroshi Shirasawa Osamu Yokosuka Department of Molecular Virology Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityChiba 260-8677Japan Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityChiba 260-8677Japan

Some direct-acting antiviral agents for hepatitis C virus (HCV), such as telaprevir and boceprevir have been available since 2011. It was reported that HCV NS5A is associated with interferon signaling related to HCV replication and hepatocarcinogenesis. HCV NS5A inhibitors efficiently inhibited HCV replication in vitro. Human studies showed that dual, triple and quad regimens with HCV NS5A inhibitors, such as daclatasvir and ledipasvir, in combination with other direct-acting antiviral agents against other regions of HCV with or without peginterferon/ribavirin, could efficiently inhibit HCV replication according to HCV genotypes. These combinations might be a powerful tool for “difficult-to-treat” HCV-infected patients. “First generation” HCV NS5A inhibitors such as daclatasvir, ledipasvir and ABT-267, which are now in phase III clinical trials, could result in resistance mutations. “Second generation” NS5A inhibitors such as GS-5816, ACH-3102, and MK-8742, have displayed improvements in the genetic barrier while maintaining potency. HCV NS5A inhibitors are safe at low concentrations, which make them attractive for use despite low genetic barriers, although, in fact, HCV NS5A inhibitors should be used with HCV NS3/4A inhibitors, HCV NS5B inhibitors or peginterferon plus ribavirin. This review article describes HCV NS5A inhibitor resistance mutations and recommends that HCV NS5A inhibitors be used in combination regimens potent enough to prevent the emergence of resistant variants.

关键词： ACH-3102 Direct-acting antiviral agents Daclatasvir Hepatitis C virus Ledipasvir

Three-dimensional virtual operations can facilitate complicated surgical planning for the treatment of patients with jaw deformities associated with facial asymmetry: a case report

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International Journal of Oral Science 2013年第3期5卷 176-182页

作者： shingo Hara Masaharu Mitsugi Takahiro Kanno Akihiko Nomachi Takehiko Wajima Yukihiro Tatemoto Hanarabi Orthodontic Dental Clinic Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Kochi Health Sciences Center Takamatsu Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Shimane University Faculty of Medicine

This article describes a case we experienced in which good postsurgical facial profiles were obtained for a patient with jaw deformities associated with facial asymmetry,by implementing surgical planning with SimPlant *** this method,we conducted LF1 osteotomy,intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy（IVRO）,sagittal split ramus osteotomy（SSRO）,mandibular constriction and mandibular border *** only did we obtain a class I occlusal relationship,but the complicated surgery also improved the asymmetry of the frontal view,as well as of the profile view,of the *** virtual operation using three-dimensional computed tomography（3D-CT）could be especially useful for the treatment of patients with jaw deformities associated with facial asymmetry.

关键词： facial asymmetry mnandibular constriction transverse discrepancy of the dental arch width virtual operation

Obstructive and secretory complications of diverting ileostomy

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第47期28卷 6732-6742页

作者： shingo Tsujinaka Hideyuki Suzuki Tomoya Miura Yoshihiro Sato Chikashi Shibata Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendai 983-8536MiyagiJapan

This review aimed to highlight the etiology,diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of obstructive and secretory complications associated with diverting ileostomy(DI).Obstructive complications at the stoma site are termed stoma outlet obstruction(SOO)or stoma-related obstruction(SRO).The incidence of SOO/SRO is 5.4%-27.3%,and the risk factors are multifactorial;however,the configuration of the stoma limb and the thickness of the rectus abdominis muscle(RAM)may be of particular ***-stomal tube decompression is initially attempted with a success rate of 33%-86%.A thick RAM may carry the risk of *** refinement,including a wider incision of the anterior sheath and adequate stoma limb length,avoids tension and immobility and may decrease SOO/*** complications of DI are termed high output stoma(HOS).Persistent HOS lead to water and sodium depletion,and secondary hyperaldosteronism,resulting in electrolyte imbalances,such as *** incidence of HOS is 14%-24%,with an output of 1000-2000 mL/d lasting up to three *** of HOS is commenced after excluding postoperative complications or enteritis and includes fluid intake restriction,antimotility and antisecretory drug therapies,and magnesium *** monitoring and surveillance programs have been successful in decreasing readmissions for dehydration.

关键词： Small bowel obstruction Stoma outlet obstruction Stoma-related obstruction High output stoma High output syndrome Dehydration

Learning Rat-Like Behavioral Interaction Using a Small-Scale Robotic Rat

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Cyborg and Bionic Systems 2023年第1期4卷 225-232页

作者： Hongzhao Xie Zihang Gao Guanglu Jia shingo Shimoda Qing Shi Intelligent Robotics Institute School of Mechatronical EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems(Beijing Institute of Technology) Ministry of EducationBeijing 100081China Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine NagoyaJapan

In this paper,we propose a novel method for emulating rat-like behavioral interactions in robots using reinforcement ***,we develop a state decision method to optimize the interaction process among 6 known behavior types that have been identified in previous research on rat *** novelty of our method lies in using the temporal difference(TD)algorithm to optimize the state decision process,which enables the robots to make informed decisions about their behavior *** assess the similarity between robot and rat behavior,we use Pearson *** then use TD-λto update the state value function and make state decisions based on *** robots execute these decisions using our dynamics-based *** results demonstrate that our method can generate rat-like behaviors on both short-and long-term timescales,with interaction information entropy comparable to that between real ***,our approach shows promise for controlling robots in robot-rat interactions and highlights the potential of using reinforcement learning to develop more sophisticated robotic systems.

关键词： robot enable similarity

1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Polycyclic Aromatic Azomethine Ylides and Alkynylbenziodoxoles for Synthesis of Functional Dibenzoullazines

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2024年第10期42卷 1079-1083页

作者： Hui Han Glen Wee Zhuan Goh Yongxin Li Naohiko Yoshikai shingo Ito Schoolof Chemistry ChemicalEngineering and BiotechnologyNanyang Technoogical University21 Nanyang LinkSingapore 637371Singapore Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku UniversitySendai 980-8578Japan

A new family of dibenzoullazine derivatives was synthesized through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylides with alkynylbenziodoxoles followed by *** benziodoxole moiety in the resulting products was used as a versatile linchpin for the synthesis of structurally diverse functional dibenzoullazines that are difficult to access by other synthetic methods.

关键词： Cycloaddition Nitrogen heterocycles Azomethine ylides Hypervalent compounds Dibenzoullazine

Hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor-resistance mutations: Our experience and review

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第47期19卷 8940-8948页

作者： Shuang Wu Tatsuo Kanda shingo Nakamoto Fumio Imazeki Osamu Yokosuka Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology Chiba UniversityGraduate School of MedicineChiba 260-8677Japan Postdoctoral Fellow Foreign Researcher of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS)Tokyo 102-0083Japan Department of Molecular Virology Chiba UniversityGraduate School of MedicineChiba 260-8677Japan Safety and Health Organization Chiba UniversityChiba 263-8522Japan

Direct-acting antiviral agents(DAAs)for hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection are one of the major advances in its medical *** HCV protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir were the first approved DAAs in the United States,Europe,and *** combined with peginterferon plus ribavirin,these agents increase sustained virologic response rates to70%-80%in treatment-na?ve patients and previoustreatment relapsers with chronic HCV genotype 1 *** peginterferon plus ribavirin,DAA monotherapies increased DAA-resistance *** new DAAs for HCV are now in clinical development and are likely to be approved in the near ***,it has been reported that the use of these drugs also led to the emergence of DAA-resistance mutations in certain ***,these mutations exhibit cross-resistance to multiple *** prevalence of DAA-resistance mutations in HCV-infected patients who were not treated with DAAs is unknown,and it is as yet uncertain whether such variants are sensitive to *** performed a population sequence analysis to assess the frequency of such variants in the sera of HCV genotype 1-infected patients not treated with HCV protease ***,we reviewed the literature on resistance variants of HCV protease inhibitors in treatment na?ve patients with chronic HCV genotype 1,as well as our experience.

关键词： Direct-acting antiviral agent Hepatitis C virus Protease inhibitor Resistance mutation Sequence analysis