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A review of imaging techniques for plant disease detection

Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture 2020年第1期4卷 229-242页

作者： Vijai singh Namita Sharma shikha singh GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management Gr.NoidaUttar PradeshIndia

Agriculture is the basis of every economy *** production is one of the major factors affecting domestic market condition in any *** production is also a major prerequisite of economic development,be it any part of any *** plays a crucial role as it even provides raw material,employment and food to different citizens.A lot of issues are responsible for estimated crop production varying in different parts of the *** of these include overutilization of chemical fertilizers,presence of chemicals in water supply,uneven distribution of rainfall,different soil fertility and *** than these issues one of the commonly faced challenges across the globe equally includes destruction of themajor part of production due to *** providing effective resources to the fields,major section of the production is diminished by the presence of diseases in the plants *** leads to focus on effective ways of detection of disease in *** of various diseases in plant is a major concern among *** diseases acts as a major threat to small scale farmers as they lead tomajor destruction in overall food *** provide effectivemeasures for detection and avoidance of the destruction requires an early identification of type of plant disease *** recent timemajorwork is being done for the identification of plant disease presents in varied parts of theworld affection varied *** is being done in the domain of identification of causing factors of these *** the diseases are marked by the presence of viruses while some are resultant of fungal *** becomes a major issuewhen the causing factor is not traceable before it has already spread to major production *** paper brings a review on effective use of different imaging techniques and computer vision approaches for the identification and classification of plant *** of Plant disease is initiated with image a

关键词： Plant disease detection Machine learning Imaging sensors and systems Plant disease classification Image processing

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Fate and toxicity of nanoparticles in aquatic systems

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Acta Geochimica 2023年第1期42卷 63-76页

作者： shikha singh Sheo Mohan Prasad Gausiya Bashri Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory Department of BotanyUniversity of Allahabad211002 AllahabadIndia Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University202001 AligarhIndia

Nanotechnology is a ground-breaking multidisciplinary fi eld across a broad spectrum of basic and applied sciences for producing and applying nano-sized materials for innovative *** use of nanomaterials in industrial applications,medical products,and consumers has increased repeatedly over the last few years,and these applications will likely continue to *** an aquatic ecosystem,nanoparticles take entry through a direct route that includes industrial discharge,disposal of wastewater treatment e ffl uents,and indirect runof f from the *** reaching the aquatic environment,the nanomaterials are highly af fected by their backdrops and subsequently go through various conversions like agglomeration,aggregation,dissolution,sulfi dation,*** fate and the behavior of nanomaterials in the aquatic system not only depend on their physical-chemical properties but also on the pH,temperature,salinity,water hardness,and concentration of natural organic matter present in receiving *** this review,emphasis has been given to the toxicological properties and potential risks of nanomaterials in terms of factors contributing to their toxicology,bioavailability,and accumulation in aquatic organisms as well as the ***,we summarize the published data on engineered nanoparticles’ef fect on aquatic *** issues related to the accumulation and penetration of nanoparticles in the aquatic organism,their toxic ef fect,and biotransformation along with the food web are also *** nanomaterials are being increasingly released into aquatic bodies,it is important to pay greater attention to their toxicity and how it af fects the aquatic *** nanomaterials are bioavailable to plants,resulting in trophic transfer,and they impact other organisms through biomagnifi cation,as discussed in this *** close the enormous information gap,extensive research on the interactions and impacts of NPs on dif ferent species belonging to di

关键词： wastewater sized likely

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Modelling and Analysis of Bacteria Dependent Infectious Diseases with Variable Contact Rates

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第8期68卷 1859-1875页

作者： J.B.Shukla shikha singh Jitendra singh Sunil Kumar Sharma Innovative Internet University for Research Kanpur208017India P.P.N.(P.G.)College CSJM UniversityKanpur208001India College of Computer and Information Sciences Majmaah UniversityMajmaah11952Saudi Arabia

In this research,we proposed a non-linear SIS model to study the effect of variable interaction rates and non-emigrating population of the human habitat on the spread of bacteria-infected *** assumed that the growth of bacteria is logistic with an intrinsic growth rate is a linear function of *** this model,we assume that contact rates between susceptibles and infectives as well as between susceptibles and bacteria depend on the density of the non-emigrating population and the total population of the *** stability theory has been analyzed to analyzed to study the crucial role played by bacteria in the increased spread of an infectious *** is shown that as the density of non-emigrating population increases,the spread of an infectious disease *** is shown further that as the emigration increases,the spread of the disease decreases in both the cases of contact mentioned above rates,but this spread increases as these contact rates *** suggested that the control of bacteria in the human habitat is very useful to decrease the spread of an infectious *** results are confirmed by numerical simulation.

关键词： Mathematical modelling density dependent contact rates stability analysis

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Soil Carbon Dynamics Under Changing Climate A Research Transition from Absolute to Relative Roles of Inorganic Nitrogen Pools and Associated Microbial Processes:A Review

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Pedosphere 2017年第5期27卷 792-806页

作者： pratap srivastava rishikesh singh sachchidanand tripathi pardeep singh shikha singh hema singh akhilesh singh raghubanshi pradeep kumar mishra department of chemical engineering and technology indian institute of technologybanaras hindu universityVaranasi 221005(India) institute of environment&sustainable development(iesd) banaras hindu universityVaranasi 221005(India) department of botany deen dayal upadhyaya collegeuniversity of delhiNew Delhi 110015(India) department of environmental studies pannalal girdharlal dayanand anglo-vedic collegeuniversity of delhiNew Delhi 110065(India) ecosystems analysis laboratory department of botanyinstitute of sciencebanaras hindu universityVaranasi 221005(India)

It is globally accepted that soil carbon （C） dynamics are at the core of interlinked environmental problems, deteriorating soil quality and changing climate. Its management remains a complex enigma for the scientific community due to its intricate relationship with soil nitrogen （N） availability and moisture-temperature interactions. This article reviews the management aspects of soil C dynamics in light of recent advances, particularly in relation to the availability of inorganic N pools and associated microbial processes under changing climate. Globally, drastic alterations in soil C dynamics under changing land use and management practices have been primarily attributed to the variation in soil N availability, resulting in a higher decomposition rate and a considerable decline in soil organic C （SOC） levels due to increased soil CO2 emissions, degraded soil quality, and increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, leading to climate warming. Predicted climate warming is proposed to enhance SOC decomposition, which may further increase soil N availability, leading to higher soil CO2 effiux. However, a literature survey revealed that soil may also act as a potential C sink, if we could manage soil inorganic N pools and link microbial processes properly. Studies also indicated that the relative, rather than the absolute, availability of inorganic N pools might be of key importance under changing climate, as these N pools are variably affected by moisture-temperature interactions, and they have variable impacts on SOC turnover. Therefore, multi-factorial studies are required to understand how the relative availability of inorganic N pools and associated microbial processes may determine SOC dynamics for improved soil C management.

关键词： agro-management immobilization NH4+-N to NO3-N ratio nitrification relative availability soil C02 effiux

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Targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in gastric carcinoma: A reality for personalized medicine?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第43期21卷 12261-12273页

作者： shikha Satendra singh Wei Ney Yap Frank Arfuso Shreya Kar Chao Wang Wanpei Cai Arunasalam M Dharmarajan Gautam Sethi Alan Prem Kumar Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore Davos Life Science Pte Ltd School of Biomedical Sciences Curtin Health Innovation Research InstituteCurtin University National University Cancer Institute Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas

Frequent activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases(PI3K)/Akt/m TOR signaling pathway in gastric cancer(GC) is gaining immense popularity with identification of mutations and/or amplifications of PIK3 CA gene or loss of function of PTEN,a tumor suppressor protein,to name a few; both playing a crucial role in regulating this pathway. These aberrations result in dysregulation of this pathway eventually leading to gastric oncogenesis,hence,there is a need for targeted therapy for more effective anticancer treatment. Several inhibitors are currently in either preclinical or clinical stages for treatment of solid tumors like GC. With so many inhibitors under development,further studies on predictive biomarkers are needed to measure the specificity of any therapeutic intervention. Herein,we review the common dysregulation of PI3K/Akt/m TOR pathway in GC and the various types of single or dual pathway inhibitors under development that might have a superior role in GC treatment. We also summarize the recent developments in identification of predictive biomarkers and propose use of predictive biomarkers to facilitate more personalized cancer therapy with effective PI3K/Akt/m TOR pathway inhibition.

关键词： Epidemiology Gastric cancer PI3K/Akt/ m TOR pathwa

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Demonstrating Short-Term Impacts of Grazing and Cover Crops on Soil Health and Economic Benefits in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System in South Dakota

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2020年第3期10卷 109-136页

作者： Colin Tobin shikha singh Sandeep Kumar Tong Wang Peter Sexton Department of Agronomy Horticulture and Plant Science South Dakota State University Brookings SD USA Department of Animal and Range Science New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM USA Department of Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA NESS School of Management and Economics South Dakota State University Brookings SD USA

Integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) is an alternative that can help in intensifying food production while benefiting the environment. However, the assessments of the impacts of ICLS on the soil and economic benefits relative to specific environments in South Dakota are still lacking. This study was to assess the effects of ICLS on soil health and economic benefits under a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.)-rye (Secale cereale L.) rotation in South Dakota. Cover crops blends were planted after the rye crop, and grazing treatments (with and without) were applied after the cover crops establishment in 2015-2016. Data from this study indicate that most soil properties are not negatively impacted by grazing. However, the grazing increased soil bulk density (BD) and decreased soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil water retention (SWR) compared with the ungrazing. The effect of grazing on corn yield was not significant. The cover crops did not impact the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), β-glucosidase, acid hydrolysis carbon fraction, microbial biomass carbon, and SWR, but impacted the SOC, hot/cold water carbon fraction, BD, infiltration rate (qs) in some phases and depths. The effects of different cover crop blends on corn yield were not as strong. The economic analysis showed that implementing ICLS increased the profit of the farm by $17.23 ac−1 in the first year and $43.61 ac−1 in the second year. These findings indicate that ICLS practices with proper management benefit soil health and producer income.

关键词： Grazing Corn Rye Cattle Carbon Nitrogen Soil Physics Soil Carbon

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Enzymes of Earthworm as Indicators of Pesticide Pollution in Soil

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Advances in Enzyme Research 2016年第4期4卷 113-124页

作者： Rishikesh K. Tiwari shikha singh Ravi S. Pandey Bechan Sharma Department of Zoology University of Allahabad Allahabad India Department of Biochemistry University of Allahabad Allahabad India

The importance of the earthworms in the agricultural practices is well known. The increasing applications of pesticides and chemicals in the agricultural farms have adversely influenced the flora and fauna of the soil. Earthworms which immensely contribute in increasing the quality and fertility of agricultural soil are reported be worst hit organisms under such conditions. Recent reports have indicated growing interests among researchers to explore biochemical and molecular markers as indicators of accumulation of pollutants in the soil in general and pesticides in particular. The varying levels of several biomolecules in different parts of the earthworm have been reported which are indicative of sensitivity of the organisms to different xenobiotics. However, the existing information lacks the literature displaying stock of information regarding the impact of pesticides on the levels of some key enzymes regulating many crucial functions in the earthworm at one place. Keeping in view this issue, it was envisaged to bring out a mini review which illustrates updated information available on the impact of pesticides on the activities of certain key enzymes reported to be responsible for catalysing metabolic pathways concerning the neurotransmission system, energy metabolism, oxidative stress and amino acids metabolism in different body parts of the earthworms, a prospective bioindicators of pesticides contamination in the soil.

关键词： Earthworms Pesticides Biomarkers Enzymes Oxidative Stress Neurotransmission System

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Utilization of Various Analogy of Synthetic Nanoporous Zeolites and Composite of Zeolites for Decontamination/Detoxification of CWA Simulants—An Updated Review

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International Journal of Nonferrous Metallurgy 2019年第4期8卷 35-71页

作者： Neeraj Kumar Kautily Rao Tiwari Km. Meenu Arti Sharma Adya Jain shikha singh Radha Tomar School of Studies in Chemistry Jiwaji University Gwalior India

In this review, we summaries the past few year work on the chemistry of CWA’s and their simulants on various heterogeneous surfaces of zeolites, composites of zeolites and doped zeolite with transition metal oxides. This review elaborates an updated literature overview on the degradation of CWA’s and its simulants. The data written in this review were collected from the peer-reviewed national and international literature.

关键词： Zeolite Composites Adsorption Decontamination Metal Oxide CWA Simulants

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A comprehensive review on pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of 8 potent Prunus species of southeast Asia

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Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2024年第3期44卷 620-628页

作者： shikha Agrawal Adarsh Kumar Ankit Kumar singh Harshwardhan singh Suresh Thareja Pradeep Kumar Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products Central University of PunjabBathinda 151401India

Genus Prunus comprising around 430 species is a vast important genus of family Rosaceae, subfamily amygdalaoidae. Among all 430 species, around 19 important species are commonly found in Indian subcontinent due to their broad nutritional and economic importance. Some most common species of genus Prunus are Prunus amygdalus, Prunus persica, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, Prunus cerasoides, Prunus domestica, Prunus mahaleb, etc. A newly introduced species of Prunus i.e Prunus sunhangii is recently discovered which is morphologically very similar to Prunus cerasoides. Plants of Prunus species are short to medium-sized deciduous trees mainly found in the northern hemisphere. In India and its subcontinent,it extends from the Himalayas to Sikkim, Meghalaya,Bhutan, Myanmar etc. Different Prunus species have been extensively studied for their morphological,microscopic, pharmacological and phytoconstituents characteristics. Total phenolic content of Prunus species explains the presence of phenols in high quantity and pharmacological activity due to phenols. Phytochemical screening of species of genus Prunus shows the presence of wide phytoconstituents which contributes in their pharmacological significance and reveals the therapeutic potential and traditional medicinal significance of this genus. Genus Prunus showed a potent antioxidant activity analyzed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical assay. Plant species belonging to the genus Prunus is widely used traditionally for the treatment of various disorders. Some specific Prunus species possess potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory,hypoglycemic etc. activity which makes the genus more interesting for further research and findings. This review is an attempt to summarize the comprehensive study of Prunus species from its distribution, morphological characters to phytoconstituents, and pharmacological activity.

关键词： Rosaceae Prunus antineoplastic agents hypoglycemic agents distribution phytochemistry review

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Insect feeding deterrent and growth inhibitory activities of scopoletin isolated from Artemisia annua against Spilarctia obliqua （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae）

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Insect Science 2011年第2期18卷 189-194页

作者： Arun Kumar Tripathi Rajendra singh Bhakuni shikha Upadhyay Rashmi Gaur Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Lucknow India

Artemisia annua （Asteraceae） is well known for its antimalarial activities due to presence of the compound artemisinin. We isolated a methoxy coumarin from the stem part of A. annua and confirmed its identity as scopoletin through mass spectral data. The structure was established from 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）, 13C-NMR. The compound scopoletin was evaluated for its feeding deterrence and growth inhibitory potential against a noxious lepidopteran insect, Spilartctia obliqua Walker. Scopoletin gave FD50（feeding deterrence of 50%） value of 96.7 μg/g diet when mixed into artificial diet. S. obliqua larvae （12-day-old） exposed to the highest concentration （250μg/g diet） of scopoletin showed 77.1% feeding-deterrence. In a growth inhibitory assay, scopoletin provided 116.9% growth inhibition at the highest dose of 250μg/g diet with a GI50 （growth inhibition of 50%） value of 20.9μg/g diet. Statistical analysis showed a concentrationdependent dose response relationship toward both feeding deterrent and growth inhibitory activities. Artemisinin is found mainly in the leaves of A. annua and not in the stems, which are typically discarded as waste. Therefore identification of scopoletin in stems of A. annua may be important as a source of this material for pest control.

关键词： Artemisia annua feeding deterrent growth inhibitor scopoletin Spilartiaobliqua

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