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Japanese Community Pharmacists’ Barriers to Conducting or Participating in Practice Research

Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2015年第9期6卷 421-427页

作者： Yasuhiro Sawada Rieko Takehira shigeo yamamura Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Josai International University Chiba Japan Welcia Yakkyoku Co. Ltd. Tokyo Japan

Objectives: This study identified barriers to Japanese community pharmacists’ active conduct or participation in practice research. Methods: Community pharmacists (n = 478) who gave presentations at three major pharmacy-related conferences in 2012 and 2013 were questioned about their difficulties of giving presentations, support for better presentations, and barriers to conducting pharmacy practice research in their practical setting. A questionnaire was mailed to and returned by the pharmacists directly. Results: We obtained 230 responses (47.9%). Presentation difficulties included pharmacists’ time constraints and lack of experience organizing the report’s results or discussion. Many thought statistical analysis support was necessary. The barriers were in sufficient time, community pharmacies’ lack of research supervisors, and other community pharmacists’ lack of understanding practice research’s importance. These were comparable to pharmacists’ barriers in other countries, except for money and funds. Conclusions: Japanese community pharmacists should clarify that practice research in their professional roles improves patients’ outcomes. Barriers were similar to pharmacists in other countries. Publication of pharmacists’ practice research results is important to expand their roles. Collaboration between faculties and pharmacists is a challenge for practice research development in the Japanese community setting.

关键词： Pharmacy Practice Research Barrier Community Pharmacist in Japan

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Japanese Community Pharmacists’ Practice Research Literacy

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2015年第9期6卷 436-441页

作者： Yasuhiro Sawada Rieko Takehira shigeo yamamura Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Josai International University Chiba Japan Welcia Yakkyoku Co. Ltd. Tokyo Japan

Objectives: Lack of basic practice research literacy could be considered a barrier to conducting or participating in practice research. Therefore, we examined pharmacy practice research literacy in Japanese community pharmacists. Methods: Community pharmacists (n = 478) who delivered presentations at three major pharmacy-related conferences in 2012 and 2013 completed the survey. We selected 10 key terms related to practice research and asked participants whether they knew the meaning of. Questionnaires were sent to and returned by pharmacists via mail. Results: Of the 478 pharmacists who received questionnaires, 230 (47.9%) completed the survey. The response rates indicating that participants were familiar with the 10 key terms were approximately 50% or lower. The highest response rate was 67.0% for “bias”, and the lowest was 17.0% for “PICO/PECO: Patient-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome/Patient-Exposure-Comparison-Outcome”. Younger pharmacists tended to know several key terms, such as “p values”, “bias”, and “outcome”. Conclusion: Japanese community pharmacists were not knowledgeable with respect to conducting and participating in pharmacy practice research. Practice research knowledge was superior in younger pharmacists. Education in pharmacy schools and continuing professional development programs is important for community pharmacists’ practice research development.

关键词： Pharmacy Practice Research Research Literacy Japanese Community Pharmacists

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A Structural Equation Model (SEM) for Pharmacist Competencies in Improving Quality of Life of Cancer Patients: Effect of Missing Values on the SEM

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2011年第3期2卷 226-232页

作者： Rieko Takehira Keiko Murakami Sirou Katayama Kenji Nishizawa shigeo yamamura 不详

Objective: With the goal of improving health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in cancer patients, we previously reported a structural equation model (SEM) of subjected QOL and qualifications of pharmacists, based on a series of questionnaires completed by patients and pharmacists. However, several patients and pharmacists were excluded from the previous study because it was not always possible to obtain all the data intended for collection. In order to reveal the effect of missing data on the SEM, we established SEMs of HRQOL and the competency of pharmacists, using correlation matrices derived by two different statistical methods for handling missing data. Method: Fifteen cancer patients hospitalized for cancer and were receiving opioid analgesics for pain control, and eight pharmacists were enrolled in this study. Each subject was asked four times weekly to answer questions presented in a questionnaire. SEMs were explored using two correlation matrices derived with pair-wise deletion (PD matrix) and list-wise deletion (LD matrix). The final models were statistically evaluated with certain goodness-of-fit criteria. Results: Data were intended to be collected four times weekly for each patient, but there were some missing values. The same SEMs for HRQOL were optimized using both the LD and PD matrices. Although the path diagrams of the SEMs were not identical in the “competency of pharmacists,” the two models suggested that a higher competency of a pharmacist lowered the “severity” of condition and increased the “comfort” of patients, resulting in an increase in the subjected QOL. Conclusion: In collecting data for clinical research, missing values are unavoidable. When the structure of the model was robust enough, the missing data had a minor effect on our SEM of QOL. In QOL research, the LD matrix as well as the PD matrix would be effective, provided the model is sufficiently robust.

关键词： QOL Cancer Patients Structural Equation Model Pharmacists Missing Data

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Spatial Heterogeneity of Vegetation in China

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2007年第4期12卷 424-434页

作者：黄大明王昱生 Masae Shiyomi 柳小妮宋百敏陈俊 shigeo Takahashi Yoshimichi Hori Yasuo yamamura Ecology Research Station Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Tsinghua University Grassland Research Station College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University Faculty of Science Ibaraki University Bunkyo 2-1-1 Mito 310-8512 Japan National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science 768 Senbonmatsu Nishinasuno Tochigi 329-2793 Japan

The spatial heterogeneity and ecological characteristics of 74 vegetation types and the lack of vegetation type within the 9.6 million km2 of Chinese territory were studied using data from the China vegetation map. The analysis used 877 large quadrats 10 mm×10 mm （actual size 100 km×100 km）, which covered about 8.77 million km^2. Each large-quadrat was divided into four small 5 mm×5mm quadrats （actual size 50 km×50 km）. The frequency of occurrence of all vegetation types was recorded in each small quadrat. The survey using the Shiyomi method of vegetation analysis based on the beta-binomial distribution was adopted to describe the frequency of occurrence and spatial heterogeneity for each kind of vegetation. The weighted average heterogeneity of all the vegetation types in the landscape provides a measure of the landscape level heterogeneity which describes the spatial intricacy of the existing vegetation composition. The maximum spatial vegetation heterogeneity was 0.8620 in the frigid-temperate coniferous forest of Larix （V1）, which dominates cold moist northeast China. The minimum spatial heterogeneity with a low occurrence was the Caragana tibetica in the gravel desert in the western Yellow River Hetao area. The minimum occurrence with a low spatial heterogeneity was the Monsoon rainforest on rock in Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces. The vegetation types on the Qing-Zang Plateau were found to be representative of Chinese vegetation because of the very high occurrence and spatial heterogeneity of these vegetation types. The weighted average of the heterogeneity was 0.677, while the vegetation diversity index was 3.29.

关键词： spatial heterogeneity beta-binomial distribution ecosystem evaluation Chinese vegetation

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Vegetation Spatial Heterogeneity of Different Soil Regions in Inner Mongolia, China

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2007年第4期12卷 413-423页

作者：黄大明柳小妮宋百敏陈俊 Masae Shiyomi 王昱生 shigeo Takahashi Yoshimichi Hori Yasuo yamamura Ecology Research Station Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Tsinghua University Grassland Science College Gansu Agricultural University Faculty of Science Ibaraki University Bunkyo 2-1-1 Mito 310-8512 Japan Grassland Research Station College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science 768 Senbonmatsu Nishinasuno Tochigi 329-2793 Japan

The vegetation spatial heterogeneity and ecological characteristics in different soil regions were analyzed by surveying the vegetation in 12 different soil regions of Inner Mongolia, China, including coniferous-broadleaf deciduous forests, shrub, grassland, and desert regions with 1122 large 2 cm × 2 cm quadrats （actual size 30 km × 30 km, referred to as L-quadrat hereafter） in about 1.18 million km2. Each L-quadrat was divided into four small 1 cm × 1 cm quadrats （actual size 15 km × 15 km, S-quadrat）. The vegetation was analyzed based on the beta-binomial distribution to describe the frequency of occurrence and spatial heterogeneity for each kind of vegetation. The weighted average of the heterogeneity of all vegetation in the same soil region provides a measure of the soil regional landscape level heterogeneity which describes the spatial complexity of the regional landscape composition of the existing vegetation. Comparison of the vegetation characteristics in the 12 soil regions shows that, the calcic gray soil has the highest average vegetation type per quadrat. The largest soil region is calcic chestnut soil and has the most vegetation types. Every soil region has its own dominant vegetation sequence which dominates in occurrence and dominant vegetation types which dominates in spatial heterogeneity. For the Inner Mongolian vegetation, the weighted average of the heterogeneity is 0.60 and the vegetation diversity index is 4.47.

关键词： spatial heterogeneity soil region beta-binomial distribution vegetation Inner Mongolia

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日本Fuseika住宅

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现代装饰 2019年第11期 76-81页

作者：津田茂 shigeo Ogawa 李薇日本T-Square Design Associates

该项目为一栋小型的独立住宅,位于日本兵库县,临近弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特的yamamura住宅。Fuseika住宅的建筑及室内设计皆由T-Square设计事务所完成。房子坐落于两条河流之间,设计师在内部空间和外部环境之间设置一排类似百叶窗的滑动门... 详细信息

该项目为一栋小型的独立住宅,位于日本兵库县,临近弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特的yamamura住宅。Fuseika住宅的建筑及室内设计皆由T-Square设计事务所完成。房子坐落于两条河流之间,设计师在内部空间和外部环境之间设置一排类似百叶窗的滑动门,百叶窗滑动门可根据天气、时间、光照的不同调整不同的开合状态,从而控制光线、风和房屋的私密性,从而使得这栋房子不需要借助任何空调设备就可达到调节温度的效果。

关键词：设计事务所私密性滑动门室内设计空调设备独立住宅百叶窗日本兵库县

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