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Geoscience Frontiers 2013年第3期4卷 341-347页

作者： Taku Tsuchiya Kenji Kawai shigenori Maruyama Geodynamic Research Center Ehime UniversityMatsuyamaEhime 790-8577Japan Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Tokyo Institute of TechnologyMeguroTokyo 152-8551Japan Department of Earth Science University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara 93106CAUSA

The Earth was born from a giant impact at 4.56 Ga. It is generally thought that the Earth subsequently cooled, and hence shrunk, over geologic time. However, if the Earth＇s convection was double-layered, there must have been a peak of expansion during uni-directional cooling. We computed the expansion- contraction effect using first principles mineral physics data. The result shows a radius about 120 km larger than that of the present Earth immediately after the consolidation of the magma-ocean on the surface, and subsequent shrinkage of about 110 km in radius within about 10 m.y., followed by gradual expansion of 11 km in radius due to radiogenic heating in the lower mantle in spite of cooling in the upper mantle in the Archean. This was due to double-layered convection in the Archean with final collapse of overturn with contraction of about g km in radius, presumably by the end of the Archean. Since then, the Earth has gradually cooled down to reduce its radius by around 12 km. Geologic evidence supports the late Archean mantle overturn ca. 2.6 Ga, such as the global distribution of super-liqnidus flood basalts on nearly all cratonic fragments （〉35 examples）. If our inference is correct, the surface environment of the Earth must have undergone extensive volcanism and emergence of local landmasses, because of the thin ocean cover （3-5 km thickness）. Global unconformity appeared in cratonic fragments with stromatolite back to 2.9 Ga with a peak at 2.6 Ga. The global magmatism brought extensive crustal melting to yield explosive felsic volcanism to transport volcanic ash into the stratosphere during the catastrophic mantle overturn. This event seems to be recorded by sulfur mass-independent fractionation （SMIF） at 2.6 Ga. During the mantle overturn, a number of mantle plumes penetrated into the upper mantle and caused local upward doming of by ca. 2-3 km which raised local landmasses above sea-level. The consequent increase of atmospheric oxygen enabled life evolutio

关键词： Mantle overturn Expanding Earth Global unconformity Nutrients Eukaryotes

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Triggers and sources of volatile-bearing plumes in the mantle transition zone

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Geoscience Frontiers 2015年第5期6卷 679-685页

作者： Inna Safonova Konstantin Litasov shigenori Maruyama V.S.Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS Novosibirsk State University Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology

The paper discusses generation of volatile-bearing plumes in the mantle transition zone(MTZ) in terms of mineral-fluid petrology and their related formation of numerous localities of intra-plate bimodal volcanic series in Central and East *** plume generation in the MTZ can be triggered by the tectonic erosion of continental crust at Pacific-type convergent margins and by the presence of water and carbon dioxide in the *** probable sources of volatiles are the hyclrated/carbonated sediments and basalts and serpentinite of oceanic slabs,which can be subducted down to the deep *** erosion of continental crust supplies crustal material enriched in uranium and thorium into the mantle,which can serve source of heat in the *** heating in the MTZ induces melting of subducted slabs and continental crust and mantle upwelling,to produce OIB-type mafic and felsic melts,respectively.

关键词： Asis Pacific-type convergent margin Continental cr

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Initiation of plate tectonics in the Hadean: Eclogitization triggered by the ABEL Bombardment

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1033-1048页

作者： shigenori Maruyama M.Santosh Shintaro Azuma Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology Institute for Study of the Earth’s Interior Okayama University Centre for Tectonics Resources and ExplorationDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of Adelaide School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing Faculty of Science Kochi University

When plate tectonics began on the Earth has been long debated and here we argue this topic based on the records of Earth-Moon geology and asteroid belt to conclude that the onset of plate tectonics was during the middle Hadean（4.37-4.20 Ga）. The trigger of the initiation of plate tectonics is the ABEL Bombardment, which delivered oceanic and atmospheric components on a completely dry reductive Earth, originally comprised of enstatite chondrite-like materials. Through the accretion of volatiles, shock metamorphism processed with vaporization of both CI chondrite and supracrustal rocks at the bombarded location, and significant recrystallization went through under wet conditions, caused considerable eclogitization in the primordial continents composed of felsic upper crust of 21 km thick anorthosite, and 50 km or even thicker KREEP lower crust. Eclogitization must have yielded a powerful slab-pull force to initiate plate tectonics in the middle Hadean. Another important factor is the size of the bombardment. By creating Pacific Ocean class crater by 1000 km across impactor, rigid plate operating stagnant lid tectonics since the early Hadean was severely destroyed, and oceanic lithosphere was generated to have bi-modal lithosphere on the Earth to enable the operation of plate *** the importance of the ABEL Bombardment event which initiated plate tectonics including the appearance of ocean and atmosphere, we propose that the Hadean Eon can be subdivided into three periods：（1） early Hadean（4.57-4.37 Ga）,（2） middle Hadean（4.37-4.20 Ga）, and（3） late Hadean（4.20-4.00 Ga）.

关键词： Initiation of plate tectonics ABEL Bombardment Eclogitization Stagnant lid tectonics Primordial continents

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The second continent:Existence of granitic continental materials around the bottom of the mantle transition zone

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Geoscience Frontiers 2013年第1期4卷 1-6页

作者： Kenji Kawai Shinji Yamamoto Taku Tsuchiya shigenori Maruyama Department of Earth Science University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCA 93106USA Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Tokyo Institute of TechnologyOokayama 2-12-1MeguroTokyo 152-8551Japan Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Tokyo Institute of TechnologyOokayama 2-12-1MeguroTokyo 152-8551.Japan Department of Earth Science and Astronomy Graduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of TokyoKomaba 3-8-1MeguroTokyo 153-8902Japan Geodynamics Research Center Ehime University.Bunkyo-cho 2-5MatsuyamaEhime 790-8577Japan

It has been thought that granitic crust, having been formed on the surface, must have survived through the Earth＇s evolution because of its buoyancy. At subduction zones continental crust is predominantly created by arc magmatism and is returned to the mantle via sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and continental subduction. Granitic rocks, the major constituent of the continental crust, are lighter than the mantle at depths shallower than 270 km, but we show here, based on first principles calcu- lations, that beneath 270 km they have negative buoyancy compared to the surrounding material in the upper mantle and transition zone, and thus can be subducted in the depth range of 270-660 km. This suggests that there can be two reservoirs of granitic material in the Earth, one on the surface and the other at the base of the mantle transition zone （MTZ）. The accumulated volume of subducted granitic material at the base of the MTZ might amount to about six times the present volume of the continental crust. Our calculations also show that the seismic velocities of granitic material in the depth range from 270 to 660 km are faster than those of the surrounding mantle. This could explain the anomalous seismic-wave velocities observed around 660 km depth. The observed seismic scatterers and reported splitting of the 660 km discontinuity could be due to jadeite dissociation, chemical discontinuities between granitic material and the surrounding mantle, or a combination thereof.

关键词： Continental growthGraniteFirst principlesMantle transition zoneTectonicsGeodynamics

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Preparation of large,ultra-flexible and free-standing nanomembranes of metal oxide-polymer composite and their gas permeation properties

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Clean Energy 2017年第1期1卷 80-89页

作者： Anteneh Mersha Roman Selyanchyn shigenori Fujikawa Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu UniversityFukuoka 819-0395Japan WPI International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research(WPI-I2CNER) Kyushu UniversityFukuoka 819-0395Japan Center for Molecular Systems(CMS) Kyushu UniversityFukuoka 819-0395Japan Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Tokyo Institute of Technology4259 NagatsutachoMidori-kuYokohama226-8503Japan

In this work,fabrication of free-standing nanomembranes of metal oxide(MO_(x))and polymers by simple spin-coating method is ***,double-layer nanomembranes containing MO_(x) and epoxy resin of polyethyleneimine and poly[(o-cresyl glycidyl ether)-co-formaldehyde]were ***-standing nanomembranes were successfully prepared,but defects formed in the metal oxide nanolayer during sharp bending of the *** overcome fragility of MO_(x) nanolayer,poly(vinyl alcohol)nanolayers were introduced between MO_(x) nanolayers by layer-by-layer(LbL)assembly *** LbL nanomembrane was also free-standing and was highly flexible during macroscopic membrane *** after transfer of the LbL nanomembrane onto a porous support,it did not have apparent cracks,confirmed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The LbL nanomembrane sustained low gas permeance,confirming the absence of significant defects,although it shows excellent *** believe that the presented LbL nanomembrane could be a platform useful for the design of molecular nanochannels,which is the next challenge for efficient gas separation.

关键词： nanomembranes free-standing film ultrathin film layer-by-layer assembly metal oxide gas permeation

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Identifying potential field sites for production of cellulosic energy plants in Asia

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2014年第3期7卷 59-67页

作者： Nobuhito Sekiya Taiichiro Hattori Fumitaka Shiotsu Jun Abe shigenori Morita Institute for Sustainable Agro-ecosystem Services Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyo 188-0002Japan NARO Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center Kagoshima 891-3102Japan College of Agriculture Ibaraki UniversityInashikiIbaraki 300-0393Japan Department of Plant Science School of AgricultureTokai UniversityKumamoto 869-1404Japan Faculty of Agriculture Tokyo University of AgricultureKanagawa 243-0034Japan

Cellulosic bioethanol produced from non-edible plants avoids food-fuel *** such plants on marginal non-arable lands also avoids the use of *** this study,attempts were made to identify potential field sites for cellulosic bioethanol production in *** this study,GIS databases containing information about requirements such as land use,landform,and climate were *** with terrestrial constraints were then removed from the candidate field sites using a terrain slope *** remaining lands were evaluated using a net primary production(NPP)*** these areas,southern and eastern India,northeastern Thailand,and southern Sumatra(Indonesia)had high *** the 2nd phase,local information regarding infrastructure,and agriculture were ***-establishment feasibility was high for eastern India and southern *** field sites were then located in satellite images of these two *** the 3rd phase,soils around potential sites were *** residents were interviewed to estimate the cost of producing plants for biomass *** selected using this simple method are suitable for biomass production.

关键词： bioethanol biomass cellulosic energy plants geographic information system unused land

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Secular change in lifetime of granitic crust and the continental growth: A new view from detrital zircon ages of sandstones

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1099-1115页

作者： Hikaru Sawada Yukio Isozaki Shuhei Sakata Takafumi Hirata shigenori Maruyama Department of General System Studies The University of Tokyo Earth-Life Science Institute(ELSI) Tokyo Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry Gakushuin University Geochemical Research Center The University of Tokyo

U-Pb ages of detrital zircons were newly dated for 4 Archean sandstones from the Pilbara craton in Australia, Wyoming craton in North America, and Kaapvaal craton in Africa. By using the present results with previously published data, we compiled the age spectra of detrital zircons for 2.9, 2.6, 2.3,1.0, and0.6 Ga sandstones and modern river sands in order to document the secular change in age structure of continental crusts through time. The results demonstrated the following episodes in the history of continental crust：（1） low growth rate of the continents due to the short cycle in production/destruction of granitic crust during the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic（2.9-23 Ga）,（2） net increase in volume of the continents during Paleo-to Mesoproterozoic（2.3-1.0 Ga）, and（3） net decrease in volume of the continents during the Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic（after 1.0 Ga）. In the Archean and Paleoproterozoic, the embryonic continents were smaller than the modern continents, probably owing to the relatively rapid production and destruction of continental crust. This is indeed reflected in the heterogeneous crustal age structure of modern continents that usually have relatively small amount of Archean crusts with respect to the post-Archean ones. During the Mesoproterozoic, plural continents amalgamated into larger ones comparable to modern continental blocks in size. Relatively older crusts were preserved in continental interiors, whereas younger crusts were accreted along continental *** addition to continental arc magmatism, the direct accretion of intra-oceanic island arc around continental peripheries also became important for net continental growth. Since 1.0 Ga, total volume of continents has decreased, and this appears consistent with on-going phenomena along modern active arc-trench system with dominant tectonic erosion and/or arc subduction. Subduction of a huge amount of granitic crusts into the mantle through time is suggested, and this requires re-co

关键词： Detrital zircon U-Pb age Continental growth Subduction erosion Preservation bias

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Antistatic PVC-graphene Composite through Plasticizer-mediated Exfoliation of Graphite

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2018年第12期36卷 1361-1367页

作者： Zi-Bo Wei Yang Zhao Chao Wang shigenori Kuga Yong Huang Min Wu Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Multilayer graphene was prepared by mechanical exfoliation of natural graphite with dioctyl phthalate （DOP） as milling medium without solvent. The obtained mixture could be directly mixed with poly（vinyl chloride）（PVC） for melt-forming, with DOP acting as plasticizer and graphene acting as conductive filler for antistatic performance. The composite showed surface resistance of 2.5 ×10 6 Ω/ at 1 wt% carbon additive, significantly lower than approx. 7 wt% of raw graphite required for achieving the same level. This value is low enough for practical antistatic criterion of 3 × 10 8 Ω/ . The effect of filler addition on mechanical performance was minimal, or even beneficial for the milled carbon in contrast to the case of raw graphite.

关键词： Antistatic composite Poly(vinyl chloride) Graphene Mechanical exfoliation Electrical property

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Analysis of antioxidant prenylflavonoids in different parts of Macaranga tanarius,the plant origin of Okinawan propolis

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2014年第1期7卷 16-20页

作者： shigenori Kumazawa Masayo Murase Noboru Momose Syuichi Fukumoto Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka52-1 YadaSuruga-kuShizuoka 422-8526.Japan Pokka Sapporo Food and Beverage 45-2 JuunisoKumanoshouKitanagoya-cityAichi 481-8515Japan

Objective:To analyze the antioxidant prenylilavonoids in different parts of Macaranga tanarius(***)(Euphorbiaceae)including the leaf,petiole,stem,leaflet,flower and fruit(only in female plant),and to evaluate their antioxidant ***:Methanol extracts of each part of *** were prepared and five prenylilavonoids in them were quantitatively analyzed using *** fruits from female plant were further separated into seed,pericarp,and glandular *** the quantitative analyses of prenylflavonoids in each part of ***,antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-l-picryI-hydrazyl(DPPH)radical scavenging ***:The leaf of *** contained two prenylflavonoids as main components in both male and female *** flowers(male and female)contained five kinds of *** the petiole,stem and leaflet of both male and female plants,the prenylflavonoids were not delected or their amounts were very *** kinds of prenylflavonoids were detected in the seed,pericarp and glandular trichome of female *** particular,the glandular trichome had the highest level of total prenylflavonoids(235 mg/g of fresh plant).DPPH radical scavenging activity of all parts was more than 30%.Conclusions:We found that different parts of *** contained antioxidant *** particular,not only the glandular trichome but also the leaf contained prenylflavonoids,which indicated that *** may be developed as a functional plant,because the leaves of this plant can be easily collected.

关键词： Macaranga tanarius Antioxidant Prenylflavonoid Propolis Plant origin Okinawa

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A possible anorthositic continent of early Mars and the role of planetary size for the inception of Earth-like life

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1085-1098页

作者： James M.Dohm shigenori Maruyama Motoyuki Kido Victor R.Baker The University Museum The University of Tokyo Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology International Research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku University Lunar and Planetary Laboratory The University of Arizona

The Moon has an anorthositic primordial continental crust. Recently anorthosite has also been discovered on the Martian surface. Although the occurrence of anorthosite is observed to be very limited in Earth＇s extant geological record,both lunar and Martian surface geology suggest that anorthosite may have comprised a primordial continent on the early Earth during the first 600 million years after its formation. We hypothesized that differences in the presence of an anorthositic continent on an Earthlike planet are due to planetary size. Earth likely lost its primordial anorthositic continent by tectonic erosion through subduction associated with a kind of proto-plate tectonics（PPT）. In contrast, Mars and the Moon, as much smaller planetary bodies, did not lose much of their anorthositic continental crust because mantle convection had weakened and/or largely stopped, and with time, they had appropriately cooled down. Applying this same reasoning to a super-Earth exoplanet suggests that, while a primordial anorthositic continent may briefly form on its surface, such a continent will be likely transported into the deep mantle due to intense mantle convection immediately following its formation. The presence of a primordial continent on an Earth-like planet seems to be essential to whether the planet will be habitable to Earth-like life. The key role of the primordial continent is to provide the necessary and sufficient nutrients for the emergence and evolution of life. With the appearance of a ＂trinity＂ consisting of（1） an atmosphere,（2） an ocean, and（3） the primordial continental landmass, material circulation can be maintained to enable a ＂Habitable Trinity＂ environment that will permit the emergence of Earth-like life. Thus, with little likelihood of a persistent primordial continent, a super-Earth affords very little chance for Earth-like life to emerge.

关键词： Anorthosite on Mars Moon Habitable trinity Super-Earth Plate tectonics Origin of life

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