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Relationships between Terrain Features and Forecasting Errors of Surface Wind Speeds in a Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Model

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第6期41卷 1161-1170页

作者： Wenbo XUE Hui YU shengming tang Wei HUANG Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101408China Shanghai Typhoon Institute/CMA Shanghai 200030China Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Tropical Cyclone/CMA Shanghai 200030China

Numerical weather prediction(NWP)models have always presented large forecasting errors of surface wind speeds over regions with complex *** this study,surface wind forecasts from an operational NWP model,the SMS-WARR(Shanghai Meteorological Service-WRF ADAS Rapid Refresh System),are analyzed to quantitatively reveal the relationships between the forecasted surface wind speed errors and terrain features,with the intent of providing clues to better apply the NWP model to complex terrain *** terrain features are described by three parameters:the standard deviation of the model grid-scale orography,terrain height error of the model,and slope *** results show that the forecast bias has a unimodal distribution with a change in the standard deviation of *** minimum ME(the mean value of bias)is 1.2 m s^(-1) when the standard deviation is between 60 and 70 m.A positive correlation exists between bias and terrain height error,with the ME increasing by 10%−30%for every 200 m increase in terrain height *** ME decreases by 65.6%when slope angle increases from(0.5°−1.5°)to larger than 3.5°for uphill winds but increases by 35.4%when the absolute value of slope angle increases from(0.5°−1.5°)to(2.5°−3.5°)for downhill *** sensitivity experiments are carried out with a model output statistical(MOS)calibration model for surface wind speeds and ME(RMSE)has been reduced by 90%(30%)by introducing terrain parameters,demonstrating the value of this study.

关键词： surface wind speed terrain features error analysis MOS calibration model

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Large eddy simulation of flow over a three-dimensional hill with different slope angles

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第1期18卷 98-111页

作者： Liang LI Deqian ZHENG Guixiang CHEN Pingzhi FANG Wenyong MA shengming tang School of Civil Engineering Henan University of TechnologyZhengzhou 450001China Henan International Joint Laboratory of Modern Green Ecological Storage System Zhengzhou 450001China Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Storage Facility and Safety Zhengzhou 450001China Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration Shanghai 200030China Wind Engineering Research Center Shijiazhuang Tiedao UniversityShijiazhuang 050043China

Slope variation will significantly affect the characteristics of the wind field around a *** paper conducts a large-eddy simulation(LES)on an ideal 3D hill to study the impact of slope on wind field *** slopes ranging from 10°to 45°at 5°intervals are considered,which covers most conventional hill *** inflow turbulence for the LES is generated by adopting a modified generation method that combines the equilibrium boundary conditions with the Fluent inherent vortex method to improve the simulation *** time-averaged flow field and the instantaneous vortex structure under the eight slopes are comparatively *** accuracy of the present method is verified by comparison with experimental *** slope can affect both the mean and fluctuating wind flow fields around the 3D hill,especially on the hilltop and the leeward side,where a critical slope of 25°can be *** fluctuating wind speeds at the tops of steep hills(with slope angles beyond 25°)decrease with increasing slope,while the opposite phenomenon occurs on gentle *** increasing slope,the energy of the high-speed descending airflow is enhanced and pushes the separated flow closer to the hill surface,resulting in increased wind speed near the wall boundary on the leeward side and inhibiting the development of *** vortex shedding trajectory in the wake region becomes wider and longer,suppressing the growth of the mean wind near the wall boundary and enhancing the turbulence intensity.

关键词： large eddy simulation inflow turbulence topographic wind field critical slope flow mechanism

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Multiscale interaction analysis of Landfall Typhoon Lekima (2019) based on vorticity equation diagnosis

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TROPICAL CYCLONE RESEARCH AND REVIEW 2024年第2期13卷 136-146页

作者： Xue, Wenbo Yu, Hui tang, shengming Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci Beijing Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing Peoples R China Shanghai Typhoon Inst China Meteorol Adm Shanghai Peoples R China

To investigate the multiscale interaction characteristics of Landfall Typhoon Lekima (2019), this study analyzed the characteristics of the different scale vortex structure and interactions among different scales based on vorticity equation diagnosis. The analysis is based on the simulation results of the WRF model which has been thoroughly verified. The main results are as follows: the original vorticity dominated by the meso-alpha scale vorticity increases with height and then decreases, with maximum vorticity distributed at 900 hPa. The meso-beta scale vorticity varies significantly with altitude, while the meso-gamma scale vorticity field exhibits obvious positive vorticity below 850 hPa. The meso-alpha scale vorticity tendency primarily maintains negative, contributing significantly to the overall reduction in the original vorticity field over time. The increase in mid-to-upper-level (above 550 hPa) original vorticity is mainly related to the variations in the meso-beta and meso-gamma scale vorticity fields. The original vorticity dominated by the meso-alpha scale vorticity increases with height and then decreases, and the whole layer vorticity decreases over time. The meso-beta scale vorticity varies significantly with altitude and time, while the meso-gamma scale vorticity field consistently exhibits significant positive vorticity below 850 hPa. The vorticity equation diagnosis revealed that the primary source terms of the vorticity tendencies are the twisting and stretching terms, and the main sink terms being horizontal and vertical vorticity transport terms below 900 hPa. The source terms and sink terms exchange above 850 hPa. Scale separation results show that the primary contributions of all impact factors originate from the meso-alpha and meso-gamma scale fields (accounting for over 80% of the total), with the contribution of the meso-alpha scale being less than that of the meso-gamma scale and a notable contribution over 35.5% of the interactions betwe

关键词： Tropical cyclone Multiscale interaction Vorticity equation diagnosis TROPICAL CYCLONES TOPOGRAPHY

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The weakening effect of urbanization on tropical cyclone surface winds : An observational study for Shanghai

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TROPICAL CYCLONE RESEARCH AND REVIEW 2024年第1期13卷 15-23页

作者： Zhang, Lechuan Yu, Hui Ao, Xiangyu tang, shengming Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci Beijing Peoples R China China Meteorol Adm Shanghai Typhoon Inst Shanghai Peoples R China

The observation -reanalysis difference method (OMR) and wind pro fi le fi tting method were used to analyze the in fl uence urbanization has on the near -surface wind speed in Shanghai during tropical cyclone events. The data used include daily wind speed data from the Shanghai Meteorological Observatory Station collected from 1991 to 2020, hourly wind speed data from 100 m high wind towers from 2017 to 2019, and reanalysis data that covered the same period. The results indicated that during tropical cyclone occurrence, the wind speed of the OMR in the central urban region was signi fi cantly lower than that in the suburban area, and the OMR declined more obviously over the year, down to - 8 m/s in 2020. Urbanization leads to the increase of average wind weakening rate to be higher than the maximum wind weakening rate, causing the maximum weakening rate of the central urban region to the average wind over 80%, while maximum wind speed was less than 80%. The weakening rate of both the average and maximum wind speeds during tropical cyclone impacts is greater than the rate that the annual average wind speed was reduced. A logarithmic variation was visible in the wind pro fi le of the island station during tropical cyclone occurrence, with an average friction velocity U * of 0.9389 m/s and an average rough length Z 0 of 0.4915 m. The wind speed during tropical cyclone events was higher than the three-year average wind speed within each layer. The suburban stations show a linear variation, and every hundred meters of height results in an increase of 5 - 6 m/s in the wind speed change rate. At 100 m of altitude, the wind speed in the suburban region is reduced by approximately 40%. (c) 2024 The Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communication Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY -NC -ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： Urbanization Tropical cyclone Shanghai Wind speed SPEED

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一次强下坡风爆发机制分析

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气象学报 2024年第1期82卷 68-79页

作者：余静梅胡非汤胜茗中国气象局上海台风研究所上海200030 中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室北京100029

应用地面观测站、ERA5再分析资料和高分辨率的WRF模式分析了一次美国博尔德(Boulder)的强下坡风事件,此次强下坡风暴爆发的机制是高空急流带断裂导致动量下传到背风坡山脚处。进一步分析表明,强下坡风的爆发与天气尺度系统高压脊过境及... 详细信息

应用地面观测站、ERA5再分析资料和高分辨率的WRF模式分析了一次美国博尔德(Boulder)的强下坡风事件,此次强下坡风暴爆发的机制是高空急流带断裂导致动量下传到背风坡山脚处。进一步分析表明,强下坡风的爆发与天气尺度系统高压脊过境及局地的背风坡重力波有关。在焚风的作用下,背风坡持续变暖导致重力波加强并转竖,侵蚀对流层顶的急流带,最终导致急流带断裂,高空动量下传至地面,强下坡风暴在背风坡爆发。

关键词：强下坡风地形重力波高空急流动量下传焚风

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Numerical and experimental study of the aerodynamic characteristics around two-dimensional terrain with different slope angles

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2019年第4期13卷 705-720页

作者： Pingzhi FANG Deqian ZHENG Liang LI Wenyong MA shengming tang Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration Shanghai 200030China School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Henan University of TechnologyZhengzhou 450001China Wind Engineering Research Center Shijiazhuang Tiedao UniversityShijiazhuang 050043China

Complicated terrain was considered and simplified as two-dimensional(2D)terrain in a dynamical downscaling model and a parametric wind field model for typhoons developed by the Shanghai Typhoon *** 2D terrain was further modeled as uphill and downhill segments with various slope angles relative to the incoming *** wind speed ratios and pressure characteristics around the 2D terrain were numerically and experimentally investigated in this *** characteristics of the 2D terrain with a limitedlength upper surface were first investigated in the wind tunnel with sheared incoming *** corresponding numerical investigation was also conducted by using the commercial computational fluid dynamics code FLUENT with the realizable k-ε turbulence *** efforts were made to maintain the inflow boundary conditions throughout the computational *** characteristics were then investigated for the ideal 2D terrain with an unlimited-length upper surface by using a numerical method with uniform incoming *** of the different terrain models and incoming flows from the above studies show that the wind pressure coefficients and the wind speed ratios are both affected by the slope angle.A negative peak value of the wind pressure coefficients exists at the escarpment point,where flow separation occurs,for the uphill and downhill terrain models with slope angles of 40°and 30°,***,the streamwise wind speed ratios at the points above the escarpment point for the uphill terrain model increase with increasing slope angle,reach their peak values at the slope angle of a=40°and decrease when the slope angle increases *** the downhill terrain model,similar trends exist at the points above the escarpment point with the exception that the critical slope angle is a=30°.

关键词： numerical simulation wind tunnel test aerodynamic characteristics critical slope angle

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Validation of Doppler Wind Lidar during Super Typhoon Lekima (2019)

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2022年第1期16卷 75-89页

作者： shengming tang Yun GUO Xu WANG Jie tang Tiantian LI Bingke ZHAO Shuai ZHANG Yongping LI Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration Shanghai 200030China Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Tropical Cyclones China Meteorological AdministrationShanghai 200030China State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering Chongqing Jiaotong UniversityChongqing 400074China

This study undertook verification of the applicability and accuracy of wind data measured using a WindCube V2 Doppler Wind Lidar(DWL).The data were collected as part of a field experiment in Zhoushan,Zhejiang Province(China),which was conducted by Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration during the passage of Super Typhoon Lekima(2019).The DWL measurements were compared with balloon-borne GPS radiosonde(GPS sonde)data,which were acquired using balloons launched from the DWL *** showed that wind speed measured by GPS sonde at heights of100 m)was found for DWL-measured wind speed time-averaged during the ascent of the GPS sonde from the ground surface to the height of 270 m(correlation coefficient:0.82;root mean square(RMS):2.19 m·h^(-1)).Analysis revealed that precipitation intensity(PI)exerts considerable influence on both the carrier-to-noise ratio and the rate of missing DWL data;however,PI has minimal effect on the wind speed bias of DWL ***,the rate of missing DWL data increased with increasing measurement height and *** PI classed as heavy rain or less(PI90 m·h^(-1)),only data below 100 m were *** to the height of 300 m,the RMS of the DWL measurements was nearly half that of wind profile radar(WPR)estimates(4.32 m·s^(-1)),indicating that DWL wind data are more accurate than WPR data under typhoon conditions.

关键词： Lidar WindCube GPS sonde Super Typhoon Lekima precipitation

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Impact of physical representations in CALMET on the simulated wind field over land during Super Typhoon Meranti(2016)

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2019年第4期13卷 744-757页

作者： Sui HUANG shengming tang Hui YU Wenbo XUE Pingzhi FANG Peiyan CHEN Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081China Shanghai Typhoon Institute China Meteorological AdministrationShanghai 200030China Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Tropical Cyclones China Meteorological Administration Shanghai 200030China The Joint Laboratory for Typhoon Forecasting Technique Applications between Shanghai Typhoon Institute and Wenzhou Meteorological Bureau Wenzhou 325000China

A WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)/CALMET(California Meteorological Model)coupled system is used to investigate the impact of physical representations in CALMET on simulations of the near-surface wind field of Super Typhoon Meranti(2016).The coupled system is configured with a horizontal grid spacing of 3 km in WRF and 500 m in CALMET,*** model performance of the coupled WRF/CALMET system is evaluated by comparing the results of simulations with observational data from 981 automatic surface stations in Fujian *** root mean square error(RMSE)of the wind speed at 10 m in all CALMET simulations is significantly less than the WRF simulation by 20%^30%,suggesting that the coupled WRF/CALMET system is capable of representing more realistic simulated wind speed than the mesoscale model *** impacts of three physical representations including blocking effects,kinematic effects of terrain and slope flows in CALMET are examined in a specified local region called Shishe *** results show that before the typhoon landfall in Xiamen,a net downslope flow that is tangent to the terrain is generated in the west of Shishe Mountain due to blocking effects with magnitude exceeding 10 m/***,the blocking effects seem to take no effect in the strong wind area after typhoon *** being affected by the typhoon strong wind or not,the slope flows move downslope at night and upslope in the daytime due to the diurnal variability of the local heat flux with magnitude smaller than 3 m/*** kinematic effects of terrain,which are speculated to play a significant role in the typhoon strong wind area,can only be applied to atmospheric flows in stable conditions when the wind field is quasinondivergent.

关键词： physical representations CALMET wind field Super Typhoon Meranti

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Insight into the Permeability and Microstructure Evolution Mechanism of the Sliding Zone Soil: A Case Study from the Huangtupo Landslide, Three Gorges Reservoir, China

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第3期35卷 941-954页

作者： Qianyun Wang Huiming tang Pengju An Kun Fang Junrong Zhang Minghao Miao Qingwen Tan Lei Huang shengming Hu Badong National Observation and Research Station of Geohazards China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Faculty of Engineering China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Institute of Rock Mechanics Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211China National and Provincial Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Hydraulic Engineering Safety and Efficient Utilization of Water Resources of Poyang Lake Basin Nanchang Institute of TechnologyNanchang 330099China

A large number of laboratory investigations related to the permeability have been conducted on the sliding *** little attention has been paid to the particular sliding zones of the slideprone Badong ***,we experimentally investigate the permeability nature and the mechanism of seepage in the viscous sliding zone of the Huangtupo *** seepage tests have been performed first with consideration of six dry densities and thirteen hydraulic gradients,in conjunction with the mercury intrusion porosimetry test and scanning electron microscopy test for the microstructure analysis after *** results show that seepage in the sliding zone soil does not follow Darcy’s Law,since there is a threshold hydraulic gradient(i0)below which no flow is observed and a critical hydraulic gradient(icr)over which the hydraulic conductivity(K)tends to be *** percentage of bound water could be responsible for the occurrence of i0 and ***,pore size distributions(PSD)less than 0.6µm and between 10 and 90µm exhibit positive and negative correlations with the i0,respectively,indicating that the i0 is related to the *** mechanism accounting for this result is that pore water pressure forces fine clay particles into the surrounding large pores and converts arranged particles to discretely distributed ones,thereby weakening the connectivity of *** seepages in the sliding zones behave differently from that in the sliding mass and sliding bed in response to the permeability.

关键词： reservoir landslides sliding zone soil permeability microstructure seepage.

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热带气旋在陆地上重新加强的数值模拟

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同济大学学报（自然科学版） 2016年第5期44卷 800-806页

作者：汤胜茗顾明同济大学土木工程防灾国家重点实验室上海200092

以2006年1月澳大利亚北部地区热带气旋"NT2006"为例,以宾夕法尼亚州立大学和美国国家气象研究中心联合研制开发的中尺度模式(MM5)为基础,通过轴对称的观点对其登陆后的重新加强进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,由于"NT2006"的高度不对称性,... 详细信息

以2006年1月澳大利亚北部地区热带气旋"NT2006"为例,以宾夕法尼亚州立大学和美国国家气象研究中心联合研制开发的中尺度模式(MM5)为基础,通过轴对称的观点对其登陆后的重新加强进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,由于"NT2006"的高度不对称性,其"涡热塔"的融合并不呈现明显的轴对称化,因此采用Hendricks的"涡热塔"机制来解释其在陆地上重新加强的机理存在一定困难.通过基于方向平均的绝对角动量面分析,认为Smith的绝对角动量径向辐合机制能较成功地解释"NT2006"在陆地上重新加强和衰减的原因.

关键词：热带气旋陆地加强涡热塔绝对角动量

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