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The potential of glutamine supplementation in reduced-crude protein diets for chicken-meat production

Animal Nutrition 2024年第3期18卷 49-56页

作者： peter H.Selle shemil p.macelline Mehdi Toghyani Sonia Yun Liu poultry Research Foundation within the University of Sydney CamdenNSW 2570Australia Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of SydneyCamdenNSW 2570Australia School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneyCamdenNSW 2570Australia

This review explores the potential of including glutamine,a so-called non-essential amino acid,in the formulation of reduced-crude protein(Cp)diets for broiler *** is a precedent for benefits when including glycine and serine in reduced-Cp *** this is due to decreases in non-essential amino acid concentrations in reduced-Cp diets—an unavoidable consequence of reducing Cp without amino acid *** situation for glutamine is complicated because analysed dietary concentrations are very rarely provided as standard assays do not differentiate between glutamine and glutamate and are reported on a combined basis as glutamic *** dietary requirement for glutamic acid is approximately 36.3 g/kg but it is increasingly unlikely that this requirement will be met as dietary Cp levels are progressively *** is an abundant and versatile amino acid and constitutes 50.5 mg/g of whole-body chicken protein and is the dominant free amino acid in systemic plasma where it has been shown to provide 22.6%(139.9 of 620.3μg/mL)of the total in birds offered 215 g/kg Cp,wheat-based *** addition to dietary intakes,glutamine biosynthesis is derived mainly from the condensation of glutamate and ammonia(NH3)catalysed by glutamine synthetase,a reaction that is pivotal to NH3 *** and NH3 are converted to glutamine by phosphate-dependent glutaminase in the reciprocal reaction;thus,glutamine and glutamate are interchangeable amino ***,the rate of glutamine biosynthesis may not be adequate in rapidly growing broiler chickens and exogenous and endogenous glutamine levels are probably insufficient in birds offered reduced-Cp *** many functional roles of glutamine,including NH3 detoxification and maintenance of acid-base homeostasis,then become *** feeding studies were identified where dietary glutamine supplementation,usually 10 g/kg,was evaluated in birds kept under thermoneutral ***

关键词： Broiler chicken Glutamate Glutamic acid Glutamine

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progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021年第3期12卷 828-840页

作者： Sonia Yun Liu shemil p.macelline peter V.Chrystal peter H.Selle poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney Camden Campus425 Werombi RoadCamdenNSW 2570Australia School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of SydneyCamperdownNSW 2006Australia Baiada poultry pty Limited Pendle HillNSW 2145Australia Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia

The prime purpose of this review is to explore the pathways whereby progress towards reduced-crude protein(Cp)diets and sustainable chicken-meat production may be best ***-Cp broiler diets have the potential to attenuate environmental pollution from nitrogen and ammonia emissions;moreover,they have the capacity to diminish the global chicken-meat industry’s dependence on soybean meal to tangible *** variable impacts of reduced-Cp broiler diets on apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are *** more accurate identification of amino acid requirements for broiler chickens offered reduced-Cp diets is essential as this would diminish amino acid imbalances and the deamination of surplus amino *** of amino acids increases the synthesis and excretion of uric acid for which there is a requirement for glycine,this emphasises the value of so-called“non-essential”amino *** digestive dynamics and their possible impact of glucose on pancreatic secretions of insulin are discussed,although the functions of insulin in avian species require *** is probably a superior feed grain to wheat as the basis of reduced-Cp diets;if so,the identification of the underlying reasons for this difference should be *** increases in starch concentrations and condensing dietary starch:protein ratios in reduced-Cp diets may prove to be advantageous as expanding ratios appear to be aligned to inferior broiler *** is specifically examined because elevated free threonine plasma concentrations in birds offered reduced-Cp diets may be indicative of compromised *** progress in these directions can be realised,then the prospects of reduced-Cp diets contributing to sustainable chicken-meat production are promising.

关键词： Amino acids Broiler chickens Glucose Insulin protein Starch Threonine

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protein sources and starch-protein digestive dynamics manipulate growth performance in broiler chickens defined by an equilateraltriangle response surface design

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第2期9卷 204-213页

作者： shemil p.macelline peter V.Chrystal peter H.Selle Sonia Y.Liu poultry Research Foundation The University of SydneyCamden NSW 2570Australia School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneySydney NSW 2006Australia Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of SydneySydney NSW 2006Australia

A total of 360 male,off-sex Ross 308 chicks were offered 10 dietary treatments from 14 to 35 d post ehatch in an equilateral-triangle response surface design feeding study in order to confirm the importance of protein and amino acid digestive dynamics in broiler *** 3 apical diets were nutritionally-equivalent containing either soybean meal,non-bound amino acids or whey protein concentrate as the major source of dietary protein and amino *** blends of the 3 apical diets comprised the balance of 7 diets and each dietary treatment was offered to 6 replicate cages with 6 birds per *** performance,nutrient utilisation,apparent protein and starch digestibility coefficients were determined in 4 small intestinal *** optimal weight gain(2,085 g/bird)and feed conversion ratios(FCR,1.397)were generated by Diet 50S50W which included a 50:50 blend of apical diets rich in whey protein concentrate and soybean *** chickens offered Diet 50S50W also had the highest experimental and predicted jejunal digestibility(0.685 in proximal jejunum and 0.823 in distal jejunum).FCR was not correlated with apparent distal ileal digestibility coefficient(p>0.05)of protein but was correlated with apparent protein digestibility in proximal jejunum(r=-0.369,p=0.040)and distal jejunum(r=-0.316,p=0.015).Surplus dietary starch was correlated with increased fat pad weight(r=0.781,p?0.008).The findings confirmed the relevance of protein digestion rate,reflected by jejunal digestibility,on feed conversion of broiler chickens.A balance between protein-bound and non-bound crystalline or synthetic amino acids may be required for optimal growth and protein digestion.

关键词： Amino acid Digestive dynamics Glucose protein Starch

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Identifying the shortfalls of crude protein-reduced,wheat-based broiler diets

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第4期11卷 181-189页

作者： peter H.Selle shemil p.macelline Shiva Greenhalgh peter V.Chrystal Sonia Y.Liu poultry Research Foundation Within the University of Sydney Camden 2570NSWAustralia Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of SydneyCamden 2570NSWAustralia School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneyCamperdown 2006NSWAustralia Complete Feed Solutions Pakurangao2140 AucklandNew Zealand

The objective of this review is to identify the shortfalls of wheat-based,crude protein(Cp)-reduced diets for broiler chickens as wheat is inferior to maize in this context but to inconsistent *** factors in wheat may be compromising gut integrity;these include soluble non-starch polysaccharides(NSp),amylase trypsin inhibitors(ATI)and *** NSp in wheat induce increased gut viscosities,which can lead to compromised gut integrity,which is not entirely ameliorated by NSp-degrading feed *** ATI probably compromise gut integrity and may also have the capacity to increase endogenous amino acid flows and decrease apparent starch and protein *** inclusions of 20 g/kg in a maize-soy diet depressed weight gain and feed intake and higher gluten inclusions have been shown to activate inflammatory cytokine-related genes in broiler *** research is required,perhaps particularly in relation to wheat *** protein content of wheat is typically higher than maize;importantly,this results in higher inclusions of non-bound amino acids in Cp-reduced broiler *** higher inclusions could trigger post-enteral amino acid imbalances,leading to the deamination of surplus amino acids and the generation of ammonia(NH3)which,if not adequately detoxified,results in compromised growth performance from ***,alternatives to nonbound amino acids to meet amino acid requirements in birds offered Cp-reduced,wheat-based diets merit *** digestion of wheat starch is more rapid than that of maize starch which may be a disadvantage as the provision of some slowly digestible starch in broiler diets may enhance ***,slowly digestible starch may result in more de novo ***,it may prove instructive to evaluate Cp-reduced diets based on maize-wheat and/or sorghum-wheat blends rather than entirely *** would reduce non-bound amino acid inclusions by lowering dietary Cp derived

关键词： Biomarkers Broiler chickens Reduced-crude protein diets Wheat

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The influence of dietary crude protein concentrations,grain types and arginine:lysine ratios on the performance of broiler chickens

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第3期14卷 259-268页

作者： shemil p.macelline peter V.Chrystal Chanon Inanan Mehdi Toghyani peter H.Selle Sonia Yun Liu School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneyCamperdown2006NSWAustralia poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydne Camden2570NSWAustralia Complete Feed Solutions Howick2145New Zealand Sydney School of Veterinary Science Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneyCamden2570NSWAustralia

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein(Cp)concentrations,grain types and arginine:lysine ratios on performance parameters of broiler *** 2×2×2factorial array of dietary treatments harnessed two Cp concentrations(210 and 170 g/kg),two feed grains(wheat and sorghum),and two arginine:lysine ratios(104 and 110).Each dietary treatment was offered to 7 replicates of 14 birds per floor pen,a total of 784 off-sex male,Ross 308 broilers,from 14 to 35 d *** dietary Cp reduction compromised weight gain by 10.0%(2078 versus 2310 g/bird)as a main effect and FCR by 7.51%(1.474 versus 1.371),subject to an *** a three-way interaction(p=0.008),expanded arginine:lysine ratios improved FCR by 2.30%in 170 g/kg Cp,sorghum-based diets but compromised FCR by 2.12%in corresponding wheat-based *** was the more suitable feed grain in reduced-Cp diets as sorghum generated significant advantages in weight gain of 7.59%(2154versus 2002 g/kg)and FCR of 6.94%(1.421 versus 1.527)in birds offered 170 g/kg Cp *** dietary Cp and feed grain generated significant and divergent impacts in apparent ileal digestibility coefficients for the majority of 16 assessed amino *** Cp reductions increased non-bound amino acid inclusions(NBAA)in wheat-based diets(48.96 versus 9.80 g/kg)to a greater extent than sorghum-based diets(35.3 versus 9.50 g/kg)and increasing dietary NBAA inclusions were linearly associated with compromised weight gain(r=-0.834;ppplasma concentrations were linearly(r=-0.466;p=0.004)related to improvements in *** implications of the observed outcomes are discussed and possible explanations are advanced.

关键词： Amino acid Broiler chickens Energy protein Sorghum Wheat

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The influence of non-bound amino acid inclusions and starch-protein digestive dynamics on growth performance of broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets with two crude protein concentrations

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第4期15卷 399-408页

作者： shemil p.macelline Michael T.Kidd peter V.Chrystal Mehdi Toghyani peter H.Selle Sonia Y.Liu poultry Research Foundation The University of SydneyCamden NSW 2570Australia School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneySydney NSW 2006Australia Center of Excellence for poultry Science University of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA Complete Feed Solutions Howick2145New Zealand Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of SydneySydney NSW 2006Australia

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of high and low inclusions of nonbound amino acid(NBAA)in standard and reduced-crude protein(Cp),wheat-based diets on growth performance in broiler *** treatments were formulated to either 210 or 180 g/kg ***210 g/kg Cp diets contained either 12.1 or 21.1 g/kg NBAA and 180 g/kg Cp diets contained either 44.0 or55.5 g/kg *** formulations also generated different dietary starch:protein ratios which impacted on starch-protein digestive *** of the four dietary treatments were offered to 7 replicates of15 birds housed in floor pens from 14 to 35 days post-hatch or a total of 420 male Ross 308 *** performance,relative abdominal fat-pad weights,breast muscle and leg shank yields were *** starch and protein(N)digestibility coefficients,disappearance rates and starch:protein disappearance rate ratios were *** ileal digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of 16 amino acids were determined at 35 days post-hatch and free concentrations of 20 amino acids in systemic plasma were determined at 34 days *** transition from 210 to 180 g/kg Cp diets depressed weight gain by 11.3%(1742 versus 1964 g/bird)and FCR by 10.4%(1.606 versus 1.455),although both parameters were subject to treatment *** treatment interaction(pproved FCR by 4.17%(1.424 versus1.486)in birds offered 210 g/kg Cp diets,but significantly depressed FCR by 3.36%(1.632 versus 1.579)in180 g/kg Cp diets.A quadratic relationship(r=0.860;pple linear regression(r=0.913;pprotein ratios were significantly(p<0.001)related to ***

关键词： Amino acid Broiler Non-bound amino acid Reduced-crude protein

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protein digestive dynamics of meat and bone meals in broiler chickens

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Animal Nutrition 2020年第4期6卷 521-528页

作者： shemil p.macelline Leon R.Mc Quade Bernie V.Mclnerney Amy F.Moss peter H.Selle Sonia Y.Liu School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia poultry Research Foundation The University of SydneyCamdenNSW2570Australia Australian proteome Analysis Facility Macquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia

This study determined the variations in protein digestibilities and digestion rates in broiler chickens offered diets containing 7 different meat and bone meals(MBM).A total of 252 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were offered 7 atypical diets largely based on maize and MBM from 24 to 28 d *** experimental diet was offered to 6 replicates with 6 birds per replicate *** were collected in their entirety from 25 to 27 d post-hatch and on 28 d *** samples were collected from the proximal jejunum,distal jejunum,proximal ileum and distal *** digestibilities of protein were determined in each segment and apparent digestibilities of amino acids were measured in the distal *** were significant differences in apparent protein digestibility coefficients in the proximal jejunum(p=0.006),where broiler chickens offered the high ash beef meal(diet 7)generated the lowest protein digestibility in the proximal jejunum(0.318).Similarly,there were significant differences in apparent digestibility coefficients in the distal jejunum(ppproximal *** pronounced differences were found in the disappearance rate of protein and there were significant differences in all 4 segments of the small intestine(pprotein disappearance rate(ppredicted protein digestion rate(p=0.486)but chickens offered the high ash beef meal had the lowest potential digestible protein(0.662,p=0.034)whereas the highest potential digestible protein(0.739)was detected in diet 5(containing a beef meal).This study contributed to the establishment of a preliminary database to include digestion rates of starch and protein into practical diet formulation.

关键词： Amino acid Digestibility Digestive dynamics Meat and bone meal protein digestion rate

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Graded methionine dietary inclusions influence growth performance and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates in broiler chickens

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第1期8卷 160-168页

作者： shemil p.macelline peter V.Chrystal Leon R.McQuade Bernard V.Mclnerney Yangsu Kim Yumin Bao peter H.Selle Sonia Y.Liu poultry Research Foundation The University of SydneyCamdenNSW2570Australia School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia Baiada poultry Ltd Pendle HillNSW2145Australia Australian proteome Analysis Facility Macquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia CJ Bio 330Dongho-roJung-guSeoul100-400Republic of Korea Redox pty Ltd MintoNSW2566Australia Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of SydneyCamdenNSW2570Australia

Graded quantities of 1.38,2.76 and 4.14 g/kg L-methionine were included in a control diet formulated to contain 3.07 g/kg digestible *** of the 4 dietary treatments was offered to 6 replicate cages(initially 8 birds per cage)from 1 to 21 d *** parameters assessed included growth performance,nutrient utilisation(apparent metabolisable energy[AME],AME:GE ratios,N retention,Ncorrected apparent metabolisable energy[AMEn]),apparent digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of amino acids in the distal *** also included free amino concentrations in systemic plasma(brachial vein)at 20 d postehatch and in hepatic tissue at 14 and 21 d *** L-methionine inclusions quadratically influenced weight gain(r=0.688;p=0.001)and FCR(r=0.780;ppported maximum weight gain of 1,036 g/kg and 3.50 g/kg L-methionine minimum FCR of 1.193,from 1 to 21 d *** control diet contained specified levels of 3.07 g/kg digestible methionine and 13.0 g/kg digestible ***,an inclusion of 3.465 g/kg L-methionine corresponded to a total of 6.535 g/kg methionine or a methionine-to-lysine ratio of 50.3,which is higher than standard *** implications of this and other outcomes of the present study are reported and discussed.

关键词： Amino acid Broiler chicken Methionine

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Implications of excreta uric acid concentrations in broilers offered reduced crude protein diets and dietary glycine requirements for uric acid synthesis

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Animal Nutrition 2021年第4期7卷 939-946页

作者： peter H.Selle David I.Cantor Leon R.McQuade Bernard V.McInerney Juliano Cesar de paula Dorigam shemil p.macelline peter V.Chrystal Sonia Y.Liu poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney CamdenNSW 2570Australia Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia Australian proteome Analysis Facility Macquarie UniversitySydneyNSW 2109Australia Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH Hanau-Wolfgang 63547Germany School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia Baiada poultry pty Limited Pendle HillNSW 2145Australia

In a previous experiment,male Ross 308 broiler chickens were offered dietary treatments with 3 levels of crude protein(222,193,165 g/kg)and 3 feed grains(ground maize,ground wheat,whole wheat)from 7 to 35 d ***-based diets supported superior growth performance in comparison to wheatbased *** acid concentrations in excreta were retrospectively determined and related to total nitrogen(N)excreta *** acid concentrations ranged from 28.5 to 69.4 mg/g and proportions of uric acid-N to total excreta-N ranged from 27.4%to 42.6%in broiler chickens offered the 3×3 factorial array of dietary *** of uric acid-N to total N in excreta in birds offered the165 g/kg Cp,maize-based diet were significantly lower by 10.6 percentage units(27.4%versus 38.0%;p=0.00057)than their wheat-based *** excreta analysed had been collected from 35 to37 d post-hatch when feed intakes and excreta outputs were *** were linear relationships between proportions of uric acid-N to total N in excreta in birds offered the three 165 g/kg Cp diets with weight gain(r=-0.587;p=0.010),feed intake(r=-0.526;p=0.025)and feed conversion ratios(r=0.635;p=0.005).The possibility that increasing uric acid-N proportions in excreta is indicative of excessive ammonia accumulations compromising growth performance is *** mean proportion of dietary glycine involved in uric acid excretion was 49.2%across all dietary treatments but ranged from 25.0%to 80.9%.Thus,the appropriate amount of dietary glycine is variable and largely dependent on the volume of uric acid synthesised and excreted.

关键词： Ammonia Broiler chicken Glycine Reduced crude protein diet Uric acid

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Assessment of four different dietary amino acid profiles recommended for ISA Brown layer hens: A validation study

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第2期17卷 438-446页

作者： Mehdi Toghyani shemil macelline Juliano C.de paula Dorigam peter V.Chrystal peter H.Selle Sonia Y.Liu School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science The University of Sydney poultry Research Foundation The University of Sydney Evonik Operations GmbH

The current feeding study was designed to validate the two dietary essential amino acid profiles(EAAp)established based on linear broken-line(LBL) and quadratic broken-line(QBL) models, in a previous study, against Evonik(AMINOHen) and breeder recommendations for ISA Brown layers for peak production(pp, 20 to 44 weeks of age), and post peak production(post pp, 44 to 75 weeks of age). The EAAp based on LBL models on average had 19.5% and 26.0% lower digestible AA(Lys, Met + Cys, Thr, Trp, Ile and Val), than the EAAp based on QBL models for pp and post pp, respectively. The EAAp based on AMINOHen and breeder recommendation had lower digestible AA than QBL, and higher EAAp than LBL models for both production phases. At 20 weeks of age, 224 ISA Brown layer hens were weighed and randomly allocated to individual battery cages. Each of the four diets was replicated 8 times with 7 birds per replicate. Egg production was recorded daily, and egg weights were measured at the end of each week. Feed consumption was measured at the end of each period. The egg production rate was not significantly affected by the diets and remained at around 98.0%(pp) and 95.0%(post pp)(p > 0.05). Birds fed diets based on LBL recommendation consistently laid smaller eggs, resulting in a lower egg mass(59.8 vs. 62.0 g egg/hen per day during pp, and 60.3 vs. 63.0 g egg/hen per day during post pp; p p > 0.05). The highest feed conversion ratio(FCR) during pp(p = 0.067) and post pp(p p tested in this study support an above average egg production rate. However, the EAAp based on LBL models may potentially decrease the input feed cost per kilogram of eggs but are not set to optimise FCR and maximise egg mass.

关键词： Ideal amino acid profile Regression model Egg production Egg mass

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