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Taphonomic and paleoenvironmental issues of the Pleistocene loessic Paleolithic sites in the Qinling Mountains, central China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第8期59卷 1519-1528页

作者： wang shejiang LU HuaYu Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and PalaeoanthropologyChinese Academy of Sciences School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing University

Hinterland intermountain basins and northern and southern piedmonts of the Qinling Mountains accumulated a large amount of loess during the Pleistocene. The loess strata not only record local paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental changes, but also contain rich hominin fossils and Paleolithic remains. In the northern piedmont of the Qinling Mountains and the lower valley of the South Luohe River, the loess strata have multi loess-paleosol sequences with aeolian loess continuously accumulating during glacial and interglacial cycles. In contrast to the northern piedmont, loess stratigraphy in the hinterland intermountain basins of the Qinling Mountains is relatively thin and contains finer loess particles. In this "mini" type of loess stratum, the density of Paleolithic remain generally is higher than the Loess Plateau in the north of the Qinling Mountains. Based on stratigraphic, chronological, and lithic artifacts analysis in recent years, it appears that the regional lithic assemblage belongs to the Oldowan(Mode I) lithic industry, and it is dominated by choppers, cores, flakes, and simple retouched flake tools from 1.15 to 0.6 Ma. Paleolithic open-air sites such as Gongwangling and Chenjiawo in the Lantian area, Shangbaichuan and Liuwan in the Luonan Basin, Qiaojiayao in the Lushi Basin, Longgangsi and Yaochangwan in the Hanzhong Basin, Guanmiao in the Ankang Basin, and the Yunxian Man Site in the Yunxian Basin are representative sites in the region; from 400 to 250 ka, the Longyadong cave site in the Luonan Basin inherited the characteristics of the local Mode I lithic industry, the stone assemblage is made up of cores, flakes, and small retouched flake tools, such as scrapers, points, and burins; during the period from 250 to 50 ka, bi-facially retouched Acheulean tools(Model II), such as hand-axes, picks, and cleavers, were commonly found in the Qinling Mountains region. The emergence of a large number of Model II artifacts indicates that local lithic industrie

关键词： Qinling Mountains Pleistocene Loess stratigraphy Paleoenvironment Lithic industry

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Drainage evolution in intermontane basins at the Qinling-Daba Mountains

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第11期64卷 1949-1968页

作者： Wanting XIE Xianyan wang Hanzhi ZHANG Quanyu LIU shejiang wang Huayu LU School of Geography and Ocean Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Colleage of Tourism and Environment Resources Ankang UniversityAnkang 725000China Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China

River capture is of great significance to landform evolution and hominine *** the Qinling-Daba Mountains,there is a viewpoint that Jialing River captured Hanjiang River,but this is still *** this paper,we discuss the drainage evolution processes in intermountain basins at the Qinling-Daba Mountains based on a combination of detrital zircon UPb geochronology and geomorphic *** suggest that the Hanjiang River gradually captured the Jialing River from east to west,accompanied by the evolution of the ancient Yangtze *** terms of geomorphic evidences,wide valleys did not match with discharge,and a series of wind gaps developed in the Shiquan-Ankang *** addition,the valley shapes and width-toheight ratios(Vf)indicate two possible rapid *** hypsometric integrals(HI)reflect that the landform gradually changes from the old stage to the youth stage from west to ***χvalues show that the drainage divide is moving to the side of the Yuehe River,and the Yuehe River is gradually *** to the sedimentary records,the zircon U-Pb age distributions indicate the provenance *** high-altitude terraces show three age peaks(200–250,400–505,and 700–900 Ma),with the dominant Indosinian age peak(200–250 Ma),while the modern fluvial sediments only show a single peak of Jinning(700–900 Ma).These data show that there are two major river captures:(1)The ancient Hanjiang River cut through the regional compression ridge,and then captured the Hanzhong Basin river system(a part of the ancient Jialing river system)from east to west,and(2)The southern tributary captured the trunk with the uplift of the divide in the Shiquan-Ankang Basin,forming the modern drainage pattern in the upper Hanjiang *** activities of the regional strike-slip fault,and the associated compression uplift played a key role in the river captures,the drainage evolution,and related landforms in the Shiquan-Ankang *** addition,it is shown that the

关键词： Geomorphic index Zircon U-Pb geochronology Drainage network pattern River capture Ankang fault Intermountain basin South Qinling

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Cosmogenic 26Al/10Be Burial Dating of the Birth of the Present Hanjiang River

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第1期94卷 214-215页

作者： XU Xinghua LU Chengqiu LU Yiming TU Hua wang shejiang SUN Xuefeng School of Geography and Ocean Science Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Wuhan 430077China BGEG School of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China

Objective Structural lows and major rift systems provide the basis for the creation of large *** uplift of the Qinling and Daba Mountains structural belts and Tibetan Plateau would have provided the basis for the origin and northwest–southeast flow of the ancient Hanjiang River(Lu et al.,2018).After a long-term evolution,the present pattern of Hanjiang River has been *** to six river terraces in the Hanzhong and Yunxian basins along the flanks of Hanjiang River valleys had been identified and some terraces had been dated by using optically stimulated luminescence(OSL),paleomagnetic,and electron spin resonance(ESR)dating methods,and correlating the pedostratigraphy and magnetic susceptibility with the Luochuan loess section by our team(Sun et al.,2016,2017).These terraces are composed of fluvial deposits overlaid with eolian deposits,and record the evolution history of the Hanjiang River.(Fig.1).This study is aimed to deduce the birth time of the present Hanjiang River by using 26Al/10Be burial dating method to date the highest fluvial terraces of the Hanjiang River.

关键词： Be Burial Dating of the Birth of the Present Hanjiang River Cosmogenic

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The earliest evidence for a microblade adaptation in the remote,high altitude regions of the Tibetan Plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第5期67卷 1561-1573页

作者： Yingshuai JIN Xiaoling ZHANG shejiang wang Junyi GE Wei HE Wa DA Yunyao TAN Ziyi YANG Christopher MORGAN Xing GAO Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Cultural Relics Conservation Institute of the Xizang Autonomous Region Lhasa 850000China Nagqu Culture and Tourism Bureau Nagqu 852000China University of Nevada Reno 89557USA

Microblade assemblages are among the most common prehistoric archaeological materials found on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)and are thought to indicate large scale migration to and settlement of the *** microblade sites,however,have been systematically excavated,especially in the remotest,highest-elevation regions of the *** timing of the large-scale arrival,spread,and permanent settlement of people on the TP therefore remains *** this paper,we report on a recently excavated site,Locality 3 of the Nwya Devu Site(ND3),located at 4600 meters above sea level(masl),near the shore of Ngoin Lake,on the interior *** analyses reveal a fairly typical microblade technological orientation and two types of microblade cores:wedge-shaped and semi-conical,which are similar to those found throughout North *** Optically Stimulated Luminescence(OSL)dating and AMS^(14)C dating,the age of ND3 ranges from 11 to 10 *** date range indicates ND3 is the oldest microblade site yet recorded in the remote,high-elevation regions of the TP and thus provides important information about when and how hunter-gatherers using microblades began exploiting the higher altitudes of the *** together,studies at ND3 and throughout the TP suggest that a microblade adaptation is associated with the first prolonged human occupation of the plateau and that microblades played a significant role in mediating the risks and facilitating the mobility necessary to permanently inhabit the TP.

关键词： The interior of Tibetan Plateau Nwya Devu locality 3 Microblade Early Holocene High altitude adaption

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Evidence of Middle Pleistocene hominin migration in the Qinling Mountains(central China)from the Miaokou Paleolithic site

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2022年第2期32卷 358-374页

作者： LIU Dengke SUN Xuefeng HU Xuzhi YI Liang GUO Xiaoqi wang Yichao wang shejiang LU Huayu School of Geography and Ocean Science Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyCASBeijing 100044China CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing 100044China

The Qinling Mountain Range(QMR)spans a large region in China and is an important area of hominin *** Paleolithic sites are found in Bahe,South Luohe,and Hanjiang river valleys in the northern,eastern,and southern part of the range,*** Danjiang River valley acts as a channel connecting these valleys and stretches from the north to the south of the *** previous dating of the Paleolithic sites in the Danjiang valley mainly relied on geomorphologic comparison,stratigraphic correlation,fossil characteristics,and Paleolithic artifacts,indicating a lack of absolute *** this study,we conducted a detailed geochronological investigation of the entire valley,and selected an ideal site—the Miaokou *** on the identification of the loess-paleosol sequences,optically stimulated luminescence,and magnetostratigraphy,the Paleolithic artifacts of the Miaokou site located within the S5 and S6 layers of the profile belong to~0.6-0.7 *** suggests that the Paleolithic site is an old site in the Danjiang River valley,and this period also witnessed a rapid increase in the number of hominin sites during the Middle *** our results with previous reports across the QMR,we propose that the Danjiang River valley might have been a corridor for hominin migration,and is worthy of further investigation.

关键词： Danjiang River valley Miaokou site loess-paleosol sequence magnetostratigraphy hominin routeway

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New dating indicates intermittent human occupation of the Nwya Devu Paleolithic site on the high-altitude central Tibetan Plateau during the past 45,000 years

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第2期67卷 531-551页

作者： Junyi GE Xiaoling ZHANG shejiang wang Linhui LI Wei HE Yingshuai JIN Peiqi ZhANG Bing XU Chenglong DENG John WOLSEN Zhengtang GUO Xing GAO Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Tibetan Cultural Relics Conservation Institute Lhasa 850000China Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences.Beijing 100029China State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China School of Anthropology University of ArizonaTucson85721USA

The timing and mechanisms of the human occupation of the demanding high-altitude Tibetan Plateau environment are of great ***,we report on our reinvestigations and dating of the Nwya Devu site,located nearly 4600 meters above sea level on the central Tibetan Plateau.A new microblade techno-complex was identified on a lower lake shore at this site,distinct from the previously reported blade tool *** two lithic assemblages were dated to 45.6±2.6 and10.3±0.5 ka using optically stimulated luminescence and accelerator mass spectrometry^(14)C *** represent,respectively,the earliest known Paleolithic and microlithic sites on the interior Tibetan Plateau,indicating multiple occupation episodes of hunter-gatherers during the past 45 *** studies reveal that relatively stable depositional conditions and a paleoenvironment characterized by a comparatively warm climate facilitated these multiple occupations at Nwya *** contemporaneous occurrence of the Upper Paleolithic blade technology on the Tibetan Plateau and most of Eurasia between 50 and 40 ka indicates rapid,large-scale dispersals of humans that profoundly affected human demography on a large *** new archaeological evidence and previously reported genetic data,we conclude that the Tibetan Plateau provided a relatively stable habitat for Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers,which may have contributed to the complex and multiple-origin gene pool of present-day Tibetans.

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Paleolithic Nwya Devu High-altitude adaptation Microblade industry Early Upper Paleolithic OSLdating AMS^(14)C dating

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洛南盆地旷野旧石器地点群石制品的拼合观察

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考古与文物 2007年第5期 57-64页

作者：王社江陕西省考古研究所

The Luonan Basin locates in the Qinling Mountains,which form a geographic boundary between North and South *** 1995,268 open-air sites identified from the Luonan Basin,Shaanxi Province,and a total of 13 581 lithic artefacts collected from those sites during 1995-2004.A systematic refitting analysis was carried out on the stone artefacts collected from those Open-air sites in the Luonan *** refitting produced 31 refitted *** refitted lithic sets included 64 elements,made up of two cores,nine complete flakes,44 broken flakes,and nine *** raw materials range from various coloured quartzite(cream,red,and dark grey colour),quartz,greywacke,and silicious *** refitting rate in open-air sites is about 0.47%.The highest refitting rate in single site is 21.05%,it occurs at Shangling site(03LP242).Uunfortunately,it not produced any refitted group cross the *** the lithic artefacts in the open-air sites were mostly surface collections,no stratigraphic determination could be made on the assemblages,however,a refitted broken flakes group at scene from Angou site(02LP201) is quiet longer with the rectilinear distance at least 35m *** higher refitting rates on some sites imply that the lithic artefacts exposed on the ground are not for a long time since the site under severe land-surface erosion in historic period.

关键词：旧石器时代石制品地点盆地 19世纪末期技术行为早期人类考古学研究

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Earth surface processes and their effects on human behavior in monsoonal China during the Pleistocene-Holocene epochs

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2017年第11期27卷 1311-1324页

作者： LU Huayu ZHUO Haixin ZHANG Wenchao wang shejiang ZHANG Hongyan SUN Xuefeng JIA Xin XU Zhiwei wang Xianyan School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101 China Joint Laboratory of Human Evolution and Archaeometry Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology CAS Beijing 100044 China

There is a wide diversity of landforms in China. The topography of three major ter- races, decreasing in height stepwise from west to east, was formed by the early Miocene. With the commencement of the Great Northern Hemisphere Glaciations （GHGs） and the glacial-interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene, thick loess deposits accumulated in north China, and fluvial terraces were formed and lakes expanded and contracted in eastern and central China. The earliest evidence of hominins in China is dated to ~1.7 Ma; they occupied the monsoon-dominated region for a long interval, until the late Pleistocene, ~50 ka. In this study, we investigated a large area rich in the relics and artifacts of early man. The results indicate that the early humans occupied riverine areas, especially medium-sized fluvial basins, and lake shores. Even in the relatively recent geological past, the occupation and abandonment of settlements were directly forced by the shifting of sand dune fields in the desert-loess transi- tional zone, which in turn was closely associated with variations in the monsoon climate and vegetation patterns. Our observations indicate that landforms were one of the main determi- nants of early human behavior, in that loess tableland, large alluvial plains, desert-Gobi areas, and the Tibetan Plateau, were not suitable environments for early human settlement. We infer that the early humans in China adapted their behavior to specific landforms and landform processes. The monsoon climate, which shapes the large-scale step-like pattern of fluvial landforms, promotes vegetation coverage and dominates soil formation, provides a crucial context for early human adaptation. The adaptation of early humans to earth surface proc- esses in East Asia is investigated for the first time in this study. Future investigations will provide further information that will increase our understanding of the linkage between early human behavior and landform processes in East Asia.

关键词： earth surface processes early human behavior monsoon Pleistocene Holocene China

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Newly discovered Palaeolithic artefacts from loess deposits and their ages in Lantian,central China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2014年第7期59卷 651-661页

作者： shejiang wang Huayu Lu Hongyan Zhang Xuefeng Sun Shuangwen Yi Yingyong Chen Gaike Zhang Luda Xing Weigang Sun Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology The Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Institute for Climate and Global Change Research Nanjing University Guizhou Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology

Eight new Palaeolithic open-air sites were identified and 770 stone artefacts were collected from 2009 to 2011 in the Lantian area of the Bahe River valley, central China. Because the famous Homo erectus fossils were unearthed at the Gongwangling and Chenjiawo localities, and more than 30 Palaeolithic open-air sites were investigated in the 1960s in this region, the catchment of Bahe River is regarded as one of the most important hominin sites from the late early Pleistocene to the middle Pleistocene. These eight newly discovered open-air sites are located at the second(n = 6), third(n = 1) or higher terraces(n = 1) of the Bahe River. The Diaozhai section on the second terrace was sampled in detail. Two samples were collected for optically stimulated luminescence dating(OSL). The OSL results suggest that a buried lithic artefact layer at the Diaozhai site spans approximately 70–30 ka. The lithic assemblage analysis suggests that the stone artefacts were made of local pebbles/cobbles such as greywacke, quartz, sandstone and igneous rocks. The main percussion techniques that were used were direct hard hammer percussion and bi-polar techniques. The lithic artefacts comprise hammer stones, cores, flakes, retouched tools and flaking debris. Acheulian-type large cutting tools(LCTs) such as hand-axes, picks and cleavers were indentified in the Lantian region as well. This is the first time Acheulian-type LCTs from the late Pleistocene have been identified in this region. This study distinguishes age gaps between Western world and East Asian Acheulian-type tools.

关键词：旧石器时代蓝田地区黄土沉积年龄文物中国古人类遗址晚更新世

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Cosmogenic nuclide burial dating of Liuwan Paleolithic site in the Luonan Basin, Central China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2019年第3期29卷 406-416页

作者： wang Kexin XU Xinghua SUN Xuefeng TU Hua ZENG Qiongxuan LU Yiming LU Huayu wang shejiang School of Geography and Ocean Science Nanjing University BGEG School of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology CAS CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment

The Luonan Basin is a key region of early human settlement in Central China with more than 300 discovered Paleolithic sites. Artifact layer 1 of the Liuwan site was dated to approximately 0.6 million years (Ma) based on correlation with the well-dated loess-paleosol sequence of the central Chinese Loess Plateau. This study reassessed the age of the Liuwan artifact layer via an absolute dating method, namely, 26Al/10Be burial dating. We determined the burial age of artifact layer 1, which was most likely at least 0.60 ± 0.12 Ma (1ơ), using three simple burial ages. The new burial age confirmed the previous estimated age and provided a considerably accurate age range. Therefore, we suggest the use of the 26Al/10Be burial dating method in thin loess-covered Paleolithic sites around the Qinling Mountain Range is helpful to understand the early human behavior.

关键词： Luonan Basin loess Paleolithic artifact Middle Pleistocene Cosmogenic nuclides

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