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Graptolite-Derived Organic Matter and Pore Characteristics in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Black Shale of the Sichuan Basin and its Periphery

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第4期93卷 982-995页

作者： WU Jin ZHOU Wen sun shasha ZHOU Shangwen SHI Zhensheng State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059SichuanChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China National Energy Shale Gas R&D(Experiment)Centre Langfang 065007HebeiChina PetroChina Unconventional Oil&Gas Key Laboratory Langfang 065007HebeiChina

A key target of shale gas exploration and production in China is the organic-rich black shale of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its *** set of black shale contains abundant graptolites,which are mainly preserved as flattened rhabdosomes with carbonized periderms,is an important organic component of the ***,few previous studies had focused on the organic matter(OM)which is derived from graptolite and its pore *** particular,the contributions of graptolites to gas generation,storage,and flow have not yet been *** this study,focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope(FIB-SEM)was used to investigate the characteristics of the graptolite-derived OM and the micro-nanopores of graptolite *** results suggested that the proportion of OM in the graptolite was between 19.7%and 30.2%,and between 8.9%and 14.4%in the surrounding *** total organic carbon(TOC)content of the graptolite was found to be higher than that of the surrounding rock,which indicated that the graptolite played a significant role in the dispersed organic *** types of pores were developed in the graptolite periderm,including organic gas pores,pyrite moulage pores,authigenic quartz moldic pores,and *** well-developed micro-nano pores and fractures had formed an interconnected system within the graptolites which provided storage spaces for shale *** stacked layers and large accumulation of graptolites resulted in lamellation fractures openning easily,and provided effective pathways for the gas flow.A few nanoscale gas pores were observed in the graptolite-derived OM,with surface porosity lie in 1.5%–2.4%,and pore diameters of 5–20 *** sapropel detritus was determined to be rich in nanometer-sized pores with surface porosity of 3.1%–6.2%,and pore diameters of 20–80 *** to the small amount of hydrocarbon generation of the graptolite,supporting the overlying pressure was difficult,which caused

关键词： graptolite pore structure shale gas Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations Sichuan Basin

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“Exploring petroleum inside source kitchen”: Shale oil and gas in Sichuan Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2020年第7期63卷 934-953页

作者： Caineng ZOU Zhi YANG shasha sun Qun ZHAO Wenhua BAI Honglin LIU Songqi PAN Songtao WU Yilin YUAN PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083China

The Sichuan Basin is rich in shale oil and gas resources,with favorable geological conditions that the other shale reservoirs in China cannot ***,the basin is an ideal option for fully"exploring petroleum inside source kitchen"with respect to onshore shale oil and gas in *** paper analyzes the characteristics of shale oil and gas resources in the United States and China,and points out that maturity plays an important role in controlling shale oil and gas *** shale oil and gas exhibit high proportions of light hydrocarbon and wet gas,whereas Chinese marine and transitional shale gas is mainly dry gas and continental shale oil is generally heavy.A comprehensive geological study of shale oil and gas in the Sichuan Basin reveals findings with respect to the following three ***,there are multiple sets of organic-rich shale reservoirs of three types in the basin,such as the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation and Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation marine shale,Permian Longtan Formation transitional shale,Triassic Xujiahe Formation lake-swamp shale,and Jurassic lacustrine *** shale gas enrichment is mainly controlled by four elements:Deep-water shelf facies,moderate thermal evolution,calcium-rich and silicon-rich rock association,and closed roof/***,the"sweet section"is generally characterized by high total organic carbon,high gas content,large porosity,high brittle minerals content,high formation pressure,and the presence of lamellation/bedding and natural ***,the"sweet area"is generally characterized by very thick organic-rich shale,moderate thermal evolution,good preservation conditions,and shallow burial depth,which are exemplified by the shale oil and gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation,Longtan Formation,and Daanzhai Member of the Ziliujing ***,the marine,transitional,and continental shale oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin account for 50%,25%,and 30%of the res

关键词： Shale oil Shale gas Marine facies Continental facies Transitional facies Resource potential Sweet area Sweet section Source rock oil and gas Shale oil and gas revolution "Sichuan-Chongqing Daqing-Gas"

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Reservoir characteristics and genetic mechanisms of gas-bearing shales with different laminae and laminae combinations: A case study of Member 1 of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale in Sichuan Basin, SW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2020年第4期47卷 888-900页

作者： SHI Zhensheng DONG Dazhong WANG Hongyan sun shasha WU Jin PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China National Energy Shale Gas R&D(Experiment)Center Langfang 065007China

Based on thin-section,argon-ion polished large-area imaging and nano-CT scanning data,the reservoir characteristics and genetic mechanisms of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale layers with different laminae and laminae combinations in the Sichuan Basin were *** is found that the shale has two kinds of laminae,clayey lamina and silty lamina,which are different in single lamina thickness,composition,pore type and structure,plane porosity and pore size *** clayey laminae are about 100μm thick each,over 15%in organic matter content,over 70%in quartz content,and higher in organic pore ratio and plane *** have abundant bedding fractures and organic matter and organic pores connecting with each other to form a *** contrast,the silty laminae are about 50μm thick each,5%to 15%in organic matter content,over 50%in carbonate content,higher in inorganic pore ratio,undeveloped in bedding fracture,and have organic matter and organic pores disconnected from each *** formation of mud lamina and silt lamina may be related to the flourish of silicon-rich *** mud lamina is formed during the intermittent period,and silt lamina is formed during the bloom period of silicon-rich *** mud laminae and silt laminae can combine into three types of assemblages:strip-shaped silt,gradating sand-mud and sand-mud thin *** strip-shaped silt assemblage has the highest porosity and horizontal/vertical permeability ratio,followed by the gradating sand-mud assemblage and sand-mud thin interlayer *** difference in the content ratio of the mud laminae to silt laminae results in the difference in the horizontal/vertical permeability ratio.

关键词： gas-bearing shale lamina reservoir characteristics genetic mechanism Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Sichuan Basin

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Influence of Beta-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Tin Phenylphosphonate on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Composites

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2022年第12期10卷 3119-3130页

作者： Yongming Chen Shuai Huang Han Zhao Ru Yang Yining He Tianyu Zhao Yunlong Zhang Qinghong Kong shasha sun Junhao Zhang School of the Environment and Safety Engineering Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang212013China Zhenjiang Electric Power Supply Company State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co.Ltd.Zhenjiang212000China School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiang212003China

To enhance the thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy resin(EP),beta-cyclodextrin(β-CD)is successfully introduced into the layered tin phenylphosphonate(SnPP),which is incorporated into EP matrix for preparing EP/β-CD@SnPP *** results indicate that the addition ofβ-CD@SnPP obviously improve the thermal stability and residual yield of EP composites at higher *** the amount ofβ-CD@SnPP is only 4 wt%,EP/4β-CD@SnPP composites pass V-1 rating,and LOI value is up to 30.8%.Meanwhile,β-CD@SnPP effectively suppress the heat release and reduce the smoke production of EP/β-CD@SnPP composites in combustion,and the peak heat release rate(PHRR),total heat release(THR),smoke production rate(SPR)of EP/6β-CD@SnPP composites reduce by 28.4%,33.0%and 44.8%by comparison with those of pure *** good flame retardancy and smoke suppression are ascribed to the synergistic effect of excellent carbon-forming capability and fire retardancy ofβ-CD@SnPP.

关键词： Epoxy resin tin phenylphosphonate beta-cyclodextrin synergistic effect flame retardancy smoke suppression

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Stratigraphic framework of theWufeng-Longmaxi shale in and around the Sichuan Basin,China:Implications for targeting shale gas

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Energy Geoscience 2020年第3期1卷 124-133页

作者： Hongyan Wang Zhensheng Shi Qun Zhao Dexun Liu shasha sun Wei Guo Feng Liang Changmu Lin Xuefan Wang Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development PetroChinaLangfangHebei065007China National Energy Shale Gas R&D(Experiment)Center LangfangHebei065007China

Stratigraphic division and correlation are crucial for the identification of sweet spots and drilling design of shale *** this study,a stratigraphic division and correlation was carried out for the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations in southern China from the prospective of lithostratigraphy,sea level changes,and biostratigraphy using data from seismic investigation,wells,and *** Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations were respectively divided into four members,Wu 1 and Wu2 for the former and Long 1 and Long 2 for the *** the members,Long 1 was subdivided and its first subdivision(Long 11)was further divided into 4 layers(Long 1^(1)_(1),Long 1^(2)_(1),Long 1^(3)_(1),and Long 1^(4)_(1)).Three eustatic cycles were recognized in the Wufeng-Longmaxi *** I corresponds to the Wufeng Formation with the maximum flooding surface at the top ofWu *** II corresponds to Long 1,with the maximum flooding surface at the top of Long 1^(3)_(1).CycleⅢⅢcorresponds to Long ***,4 graptolite biozones(WF1 to WF4)were identified in the Wufeng Formation and 9 graptolite biozones(LM1 to LM9)in the Longmaxi ***1-2 and WF3-4 correspond to Wu 1 and Wu 2,respectively;and LM1,LM2-4,LM5,LM6,and LM7-9 correspond to Long 1^(1)_(1),Long 1^(2)_(1),Long 1^(3)_(1),Long 1^(4)_(1),and Long 12 and Long 2,*** shales mainly occur in the Wufeng Formation and Long *** major intervals that should be investigated with regards to shale gas production include LM1eLM5(10m thick)in the Weiyuan Block and WF1eLM5(20e35m thick)in the Changning *** 1^(1)_(1)is believed to be an optimal target for drilling due to its high TOC content,siliceous content,porosity,microfracture density,and horizontal/vertical permeability ratio.

关键词： Stratigraphic division Graptolite Black shale Wufeng formation Longmaxi formation

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Characterization of natural fractures in deep-marine shales: a case study of the Wufeng and Longmaxi shale in the Luzhou Block Sichuan Basin, China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第1期17卷 337-350页

作者： shasha sun Saipeng HUANG Enrique GOMEZ-RIVAS Albert GRIERA ΒοLIU Lulu XU Yaru WEN Dazhong DONG Zhensheng SHI Yan CHANG Yin XING PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient Development Ministry of EducationNortheast Petroleum UniversityDaqing 163318China Departament de Mineralogia Petrologia i Geologia AplicadaFacultat de Ciències de la TerraUniversitat de Barcelona(UB)c/Martíi Franquès s/nBarcelona 08028Spain Departament de Geologia Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra 08193Cerdanyola del VallèsSpain Hubei Geological Survey Wuhan 430034China School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering Suzhou University of Science and TechnologySuzhou 215009China

Natural fractures are of crucial importance for oil and gas reservoirs,especially for those with ultralow permeability and *** deep-marine shale gas reservoirs of the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations are typical targets for the study of natural fracture *** descriptions of full-diameter shale drill core,together with 3D Computed Tomography scans and Formation MicroScanner Image data acquisition,were carried out to characterize microfracture morphology in order to obtain the key parameters of natural fractures in such *** fracture type,orientation,and their macroscopic and microscopic distribution features are *** results show that the natural fracture density appears to remarkably decrease in the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations with increasing the burial *** trends have been observed for fracture length and ***,the natural fracture density diminishes as the formation thickness *** are three main types of natural fractures,which we interpret as(I)mineral-filled fractures(by pyrite and calcite),i.e.,veins,(II)those induced by tectonic stress,and(III)those formed by other processes(including diagenetic shrinkage and fluid overpressure).Natural fracture orientations estimated from the studied natural fractures in the Luzhou block are not consistent with the present-day stress *** difference in tortuosity between horizontally and vertically oriented fractures reveals their morphological *** addition,natural fracture density,host rock formation thickness,average total organic carbon and effective porosity are found to be important factors for evaluating shale gas *** study also reveals that the high density of natural fractures is decisive to evaluate the shale gas *** results may have significant implications for evaluating favorable exploration areas of shale gas reservoirs and can be applied to optimize hydraulic fracturing for permeability enhancement.

关键词： marine shale natural fracture filled fracture tortuosity

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Characteristics of shale gas reservoirs in Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation in Well WX2,northeast Chongqing

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Petroleum Research 2017年第4期2卷 324-335页

作者： Jin Wu Feng Liang Wen Lin Hongyan Wang Wenhua Bai Chao Ma shasha sun Qun Zhao Xiaojiang Song Rongze Yu PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Langfang 065007China National Energy Shale Gas R&D(Experiment)Centre Hebei 065007China PetroChina Unconventional Oil&Ges Key Laboratory Hebei 065007China

To further understand shale reservoir characteristics of Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation in the Wuxi area,northeast Chongqing,based on drilling data of Well WX2,and taking the graptolite biostratigraphy as the standard marker of stratigraphic division and comparison,the geochemistry,petrology,reservoir space and properties of organic-rich black shale were well investigated,and its gasbearing capacity and controlling factors were also *** result shows that in the Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation of Well WX2,the organic-rich shale is 89.8 m thick and is characterized by good kerogen type,high organic abundance,moderate maturity and favorable hydrocarbongeneration condition,and the graptolite sequence is developed completely and continuously;the organic abundance is influenced by depositional rate,and the slow depositional rate is favorable for accumulation of organic matter in the black graptolite shale;from top to bottom,content of siliceous minerals increases and content of clay minerals decrease,therefore the brittleness increases;the organicrich siliceous shale and clay siliceous shale are favorable lithofacies for development of shale reservoirs;the nanopore is dominated by the parallel-plate pore with four open sides and has good connectivity;the pore size distribution curve has the multimodal characteristic,and the pore diameter mainly is in the range of 0.42e0.62 nm and the range of 3e5 nm;organic pores and interlayer pores of clay minerals make the greatest contribution to the total pore volume,while pores of brittle minerals have the least contribution;from top to bottom,organic pores gradually increase while interlayer pores of clay minerals gradually decrease;the on-site core gas content exceeds 8 m3/t,and the gas-bearing capacity is jointly controlled by hydrocarbon generation,reservoir and preservation conditions;and the WF2-LM6 biozone of the Katian to the early Aeronian is the high-quality shale reservoir,where the LM1 biozone o

关键词： Shale gas reservoirs Graptolite biozone Micropore Gas-bearing capacity Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation Northeast Chongqing

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Geochemical characteristics of produced fluids from CBM wells and their indicative significance for gas accumulation in Daning-Jixian block,Ordos Basin

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第3期17卷 661-678页

作者： Taotao YAN Chao YANG Shuai ZHENG Yadong BAI Wei CHEN Yanfei LIU Wenguang TIAN shasha sun Shangwen JIN Jiahang WANG Zhenxing LIU Huifang YAO College of Mining Engineering Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China Coal Reservoir Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center of CBM Development&Utilization China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China China Coal Geology Group Co. LtdBeijing 100043China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development(Northwest) PetroChinaLanzhou 730000China Beijing Furuibao Energy Technology Company Beijing 100176China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083China Engineering Institute of SINOPEC Shanghai Offshore Oil&Gas Company Shanghai 200120China Exploration and Development Research Institute of PetroChina Huabei Oilfield Company PetroChinaRenqiu 062552China

The Daning-Jixian block,the eastern edge of the Ordos Basin,is one of the most potential areas for CO_(2)geological storage,enhanced coalbed methane recovery(ECBM)exploration and production in China in recent *** ionic composition and total dissolved solids(TDS)of the produced water,coal organic matter maturity,molecular composition and carbon isotope characteristics of the produced gas were utilized to analyze the hydrogeological condition,CBM generation and migration characteristics in this *** CBM enrichment patterns and the geological impacts on gas well production characteristics were *** optimal area for CBM development and CO_(2)geological storage in the study area were also *** by the Xueguan reverse fault zone,the hydraulic unit in this area can be divided into two parts(i.e.,the recharge-runoff zone in the east and the weak runoff-stagnation zone in the west).The thermogenic gas is dominating CBM genesis in this *** biogenic gas replenishment is only distributed in the eastern margin area,where theδ13C1 value is less than the thermal simulation results as an influence of hydrodynamic ***,two models of CBM formation and accumulation were proposed,1)thermogenic CBM migrated by hydrodynamic and resorbed for preservation at impermeable fault boundaries;2)thermogenic CBM trapped by fault and accumulated by hydrodynamic in slope *** gas production performance,generally increased from east to west,is mainly dominated by hydrogeological ***,the west side of the fault zone is the enrichment and high-yield area for ECBM development and CO_(2)geological storage in the study area.

关键词： produced water and gas gas accumulation geochemical parameter CBM production CO_(2)geological storage Daning-Jixian block

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Shale Gas Formation and Occurrence in China： An Overview of the Current Status and Future Potential

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第4期90卷 1249-1283页

作者： ZOU Caineng YANG Zhi PAN Songqi CHEN Yanyan LIN Senhu HUANG Jinliang WU Songtao DONG Dazhong WANG Shufang LIANG Feng sun shasha HUANG Yong WENG Dingwei Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Langfang Branch of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Langfang 065007 Hebei China Geosciences and Technology Institute of Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China

Shale gas is one of the most promising unconventional resources both in China and abroad. It is known as a form of self-contained source-reservoir system with large and continuous dimensions. Through years of considerable exploration efforts, China has identified three large shale gas fields in the ruling, Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin, and has announced more than 540 billion m3 of proven shale gas reserves in marine shale systems. The geological theories for shale gas development have progressed rapidly in China as well. For example, the new depositional patterns have been introduced for deciphering the paleogeography and sedimentary systems of the Wufeng shale and Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin. The shale gas storage mechanism has been widely accepted as differing from conventional natural gas in that it is adsorbed on organic matter or a mineral surface or occurs as free gas trapped in pores and fractures of the shale. Significant advances in the techniques of microstructural characterization have provided new insights on how gas molecules are stored in micro- and nano-scale porous shales. Furthermore, newly-developed concepts and practices in the petroleum industry, such as hydraulic fracturing, microseismic monitoring and multiwell horizontal drilling, have made the production of this unevenly distributed but promising unconventional natural gas a reality. China has 10-36 trillion m3 of promising shale gas among the world＇s whole predicted technically recoverable reserves of 206.6 trillion m3. China is on the way to achieving its goal of an annual yield of 30-50 billion m3 by launching more trials within shale gas projects.

关键词： shale gas organic-rich shale unconventional system fine-grained sediments micro-nano pores core area

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Microfacies types and distribution of epicontinental shale: A case study of the Wufeng–Longmaxi shale in southern Sichuan Basin, China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第1期50卷 57-71页

作者： WANG Hongyan SHI Zhensheng sun shasha ZHAO Qun ZHOU Tianqi CHENG Feng BAI Wenhua PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083China National Energy Shale Gas R&D(Experiment)Center Langfang 065007China

For black shales,laminae and bedding are hard to identify,grain size is difficult to measure,and trace fossils do not *** the Ordovician Wufeng–Silurian Longmaxi shale in southern Sichuan Basin,China,as an example,the types,characteristics and models of microfacies in epicontinental shale are analyzed by means of full-scale observation of large thin sections,argon-ion polishing field emission-scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),and kerogen *** epicontinental sea develops delta,tidal flat and shelf facies,with black shale found in microfacies such as the underwater distributary channel and interdistributary bay under delta front facies,the calcareous and clayey flats under intertidal flat facies,the calcareous and clayey shelfs under shallow shelf facies,the deep slope,deep plain and deep depression under deep shelf facies,and the overflow under gravity flow ***,silty lamina decreases and clayey lamina increases,the grain size changes from coarse silt to fine mud,the silica content increases from about 20%to above 55%,the carbonate and clay minerals content decreases from above 40%to around 10%,and the kerogen type changes from type II2 to type II1 and type *** and topography dominate the types and distribution of shale *** underwater distributary channel,interdistributary bay,clayey flat,clayey shelf,and overflow microfacies are developed in areas with sufficient sediment *** calcareous flat and calcareous shelf are developed in areas with insufficient sediment *** deep shelf shale area is divided into deep slope,deep plain,and deep depression microfacies as a result of three *** formation of epicontinental shale with different microfacies is closely related to the tectonic setting,paleoclimate,and sea level *** relatively active tectonic setting increases the supply of terrigenous clasts,forming muddy water fine-grained *** warm and humid paleoclimate is conducive to the enric

关键词： shale gas shale microfacies sedimentary model epicontinental deep shelf Wufeng Formation Longmaxi Formation southern Sichuan Basin Sichuan Basin

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