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Functional and Neural m.chanism. of Out-of-Body Experiences: Im.ortance of Retinogeniculo-Cortical Oscillations

World Journal of Neuroscience 2016年第4期6卷 287-302页

作者： Ravinder Jerath shannon m. cearley Vernon A. Barnes m.ke Jensen Charitable m.dical Healthcare Foundation Research Augusta GA USA Georgia Prevention Institute Augusta University Augusta GA USA Graduate Program.in m.dical Illustration Augusta University Augusta GA USA

Current research on the various form. of autoscopic phenom.na addresses the clinical and neurological correlates of out-of-body experiences, autoscopic hallucinations, and heautoscopy. Yet m.st of this research is based on functional m.gnetic resonance im.ging results and focuses predom.nantly on abnorm.l cortical activity. Previously we proposed that visual consciousness resulted from.the dynam.c retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations, such that the photoreceptors dynam.cally integrated with visual and other vision-associated cortices, and was theorized to be m.pped out by photoreceptor discs and rich retinal networks which synchronized with the retinotopic m.pping and the associated cortex. The feedback from.neural input that is received from.the thalam.s and cortex via retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations and sent to the retina is m.ltifold higher than feed-forward input to the cortex. This can effectively translate into out-of-body experiences projected onto the screen form.d by the retina as it is perceived via feedback and feed-forward oscillations from.the reticular thalam.c nucleus, or “internal searchlight”. This article explores the role of the reticular thalam.c nucleus and the retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations as pivotal internal com.onents in vision and various autoscopic phenom.na.

关键词： Out-of-Body Experiences Hallucination Reticular Thalam.c Nuclei Retinogeniculo-Cortical Oscillations Unified Consciousness

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Sensory Consciousness is Experienced through Am.lification of Sensory Stim.li via Lateral Inhibition

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2017年第3期7卷 244-256页

作者： Ravinder Jerath shannon m. cearley Ruchir Paladiya Vernon A. Barnes Augusta Wom.n’s Center Augusta GA USA Georgia Prevention Institute Augusta University Augusta GA USA

At present, researchers are unclear about which activity within the brain is responsible for the em.rgence of consciousness—the subconscious or unconscious. Current literature suggests that consciousness is isolated in the brain;however, we suggest consciousness em.rges from.both—subconscious and unconscious activity, in addition to sensory consciousness. This article contends that sensory consciousness arises from.neurophysiological brain activity, intrapersonal space, sensory inform.tion, and parallel processing of the external and internal environm.nt through vision, olfaction, the integum.ntary system. gustation, and audition. Traditionally, lateral inhibition is defined as the ability for an excited neuron to laterally inhibit its neighbors, and is an integral part of neurophysiology in all senses. In this article, we are connecting the science behind the well-established physiological observations of gam.a wave activity in the interneurons of peripheral receptors with what is currently unknown regarding the functional significance of seem.ngly unrelated gam.a activity in the cortico-thalam.c gam.a oscillations. We suggest that this allows for instantaneous integration of the brain with sensory receptors. This article uses existing literature on lateral inhibition to investigate its role in sensory organs and various areas of the body. We explain how sensory consciousness is only one com.onent of unified consciousness. We propose that lateral inhibition also plays a vital role in consciousness theory, and understanding this can help illustrate the dynam.c interactions between the central and peripheral nervous system. within the body.

关键词： Sensory Consciousness Lateral Inhibition Sensory Perception Sensory Stim.li Am.lification 3D Default Space Unified Consciousness

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The Dynam.c Role of Breathing and Cellular m.m.rane Potentials in the Experience of Consciousness

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2017年第1期7卷 66-81页

作者： Ravinder Jerath shannon m. cearley Vernon A. Barnes Santiago Junca Charitable m.dical Healthcare Foundation Augusta GA USA Georgia Prevention Institute Augusta University Augusta GA USA Santiago Junca Medical Illustration Tucker GA USA

Understanding the m.chanics of consciousness rem.ins one of the m.st im.ortant challenges in m.dern cognitive science. One key step toward understanding consciousness is to associate unconscious physiological processes with subjective experiences of sensory, m.tor, and em.tional contents. This article explores the role of various cellular m.m.rane potential differences and how they give rise to the dynam.c infrastructure of conscious experience. This article explains that consciousness is a body-wide, biological process not lim.ted to individual organs because the m.nd and body are unified as one entity;therefore, no single location of consciousness can be pinpointed. Consciousness exists throughout the entire body, and unified consciousness is experienced and m.intained through dynam.c repolarization during inhalation and expiration. Extant knowledge is reviewed to provide insight into how differences in cellular m.m.rane potential play a vital role in the triggering of neural and non-neural oscillations. The role of dynam.c cellular m.m.rane potentials in the activity of the central nervous system. peripheral nervous system. cardiorespiratory system. and various other tissues (such as m.scles and sensory organs) in the physiology of consciousness is also explored. Inspiration and expiration are accom.anied by oscillating m.m.rane potentials throughout all cells and play a vital role in subconscious hum.n perception of feelings and states of m.nd. In addition, the role of the brainstem. hypothalam.s, and com.lete nervous system.(central, peripheral, and autonom.c) within the m.nd-body space com.ine to allow consciousness to em.rge and to com. alive. This concept departs from.the notion that the brain is the only organ that gives rise to consciousness.

关键词： m.m.rane Potential Unified Consciousness Respiration Thalam.s Oscillations

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