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Impact of land cover change on a mountain ecosystem and its services:case study from the Phobjikha valley,Bhutan

Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2017年第9期3卷 16-28页

作者： Sunita Chaudhary Dago Tshering Tshering Phuntsho Kabir Uddin Bandana shakya Nakul Chettri Ecosystem Services International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD)KathmanduNepal Research Program Royal Society for Protection of Nature(RSPN)ThimphuBhutan Department of Geography and Planning Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia

Introduction:Mountains occupy 24%of the global land surface and are home to 12%of the world’s population;they host the world’s principal biomes and supply a diverse array of ecosystem *** they are also highly sensitive to both natural and human induced changes,which can affect service provision meant for one third of *** research on impacts of land cover change from mountains at the local scale are limited,especially in developing countries,which poses a barrier to informed planning for sustainable *** being in the forefront as contributor towards global conservation goals,a case study following a systematic research framework considering quantitative,qualitative and geospatial tools was ***:Respondents identified and ranked 24 ecosystem services,among which the provisioning services were the most important,followed by cultural,regulating,and supporting *** was the most important land cover type for services,followed by marsh,scrub,water bodies,and *** area of forest declined by 2%and marsh by 7%over the 32-year period,suggesting a potential decrease in ecosystem services,which was also observed by the local ***:It was observed that 80%of the local people are still directly dependent on the diverse ecosystems for *** subtle,the decrease in land cover has implications for livelihoods of the people and the rich biodiversity of the *** communities for local development needs guidance for identifying trade-offs in land cover types in sustainable *** integrated and holistic approach focusing on both conservation and community development should be used to manage and develop the valley and the region ***:We recommend diversifying the limited livelihood strategies(potato farming and livestock grazing)to reduce the potential vulnerability of the local community and reduce the pressure on forest and *** land use planning

关键词： forest valley Impact

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The Increase in Total Knee Replacement Surgery in China: A 10-Year Real-World Study

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Open Journal of Orthopedics（矫形学期刊） 2024年第6期 270页

作者： Hirose shakya Anjing Chen Zong-Ke Zhou

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Estimating the weight of children in Nepal by Broselow, PAWPER XL and Mercy method

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2018年第4期9卷 276-281页

作者： Karun Shrestha Prakriti Subedi Oshna Pandey Likhita shakya Kailash Chhetri Darlene R.House Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine Patan Academy of Health Sciences Department of Emergency Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine

BACKGROUND: Resuscitation of a critically-ill child requires an accurate weight for fluids and medication dosing; however, weighing children on a scale while critically ill is not always practical. The objective of this study is to determine the accuracy of three different weight estimation methods(Broselow, PAWPER XL and Mercy tape) of children presenting to Patan Hospital, ***: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study that included children presenting to the emergency department and under-fourteen outpatient clinic at Patan Hospital. Measured weight was compared to estimated weight of Broselow, PAWPER XL, and Mercy tapes. The mean percentage error and percentage of estimated weights that were within 10%(PW10) and 20%(PW20) of actual weight were calculated. Acceptable accuracy was determined as a PW10>70% and PW20>95%. A Bland-Altman analysis was done to determine agreement between each weight estimation method and actual ***: The study included 813 children. The mean age was 4.2 years(ranging from 4 days to 14 years) with 60% male. The mean percentage error(MPE) for Broselow, PAWPER XL and Mercy were –1.0%(SD 11.8), 0.7%(10.5) and 4.2%(11.9) respectively. The predicted weight within 10% was highest for the PAWPER XL(71.5%) followed by Broselow(63.2%) and Mercy(58.1%). The predicted weight within 20% of actual weight was 95.2%, 91.5% and 91.3% for PAWPER XL, Broselow and Mercy ***: The PAWPER XL tape was the only method found to be accurate in estimating the weight of Nepalese children.

关键词： Child Resuscitation Anthropometry Nepal

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Protective effect of capsaicin against methyl methanesulphonate induced toxicity in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster(hsp70-lacZ)Bg9

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Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2017年第4期15卷 271-280页

作者： Saba Khanam Ambreen Fatima Rahul Smita Jyoti Fahad Ali Falaq Naz Barkha shakya Yasir Hasan Siddique Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory Section of GeneticsDepartment of ZoologyFaculty of Life SciencesAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarhUttar Pradesh 202002India

Capsaicin(trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the main component in hot peppers, including red chili peppers, alapenos, and habanero, belonging to the genus Capsicum. Capsaicin is a potent antioxidant that interferes with free radical activities. In the present study, the possible protective effect of capsaicin was studied against methyl methanesulphonate(MMS) induced toxicity in third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster(hsp70-lacZ)Bg^9. The third instar was allowed to feed on the diet having different doses of capsaicin and MMS separately and in combination. The results suggested that the exposure of third instar larvae to the diet having MMS alone showed significant hsp70 expression as well as tissue DNA and oxidative damage, whereas the larvae feed on the diet having MMS and capsaicin showed a decrease in the toxic effects for 48-h of exposure. In conclusion, capsaicin showed a dose-dependent decrease in the toxic effects induced by MMS in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster.

关键词： Capsaicin Methyl methanesulphonate Drosophila melanogaster Toxicity

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One Day Polyethylene Glycol-3350 for Bowel Preparation in Pediatrics: A Literature Review

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2015年第3期5卷 279-284页

作者： Shristi shakya Sumisti shakya Zhongyue Li Department of Gastroenterology Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China

Bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children is a challenging procedure. Wide variety of preparation protocols exist, varying with the hospital. Unlike in adults, there is a lack of uniform bowel preparation protocol in children. Ideally, the bowel preparation agents are assessed by their safety, efficacy and tolerability. Unfortunately, none of the preparations currently available meets all of these criteria. However, since last decade, Polyethylene Glycol-3350 (PEG-3350) is gaining popularity for bowel preparation with reported safety, efficacy, and tolerability. The only major drawback of PEG-3350 without electrolyte was 4 days long preparation time thus raising the question if the duration of preparation time could be minimized and yet have same efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the medicine. Hence, one day PEG-3350 regimen was introduced eventually and is now being studied with increased dosage or combined with other laxatives. This is the first review which compiles the study so far conducted on one day PEG-3350 without electrolyte as colonoscopy bowel preparation in children and tries to summaries if this regimen can be commonly used in children for colonoscopy bowel preparation.

关键词： Bowel Preparation One Day Preparation Pediatrics PEG-3350

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A Two-Dimensional Mathematical Model to Analyze Thermal Variations in Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Region of Human Limb during Surgical Wound Healing

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Applied Mathematics 2016年第2期7卷 145-158页

作者： Namrata Gupta Madhvi shakya Department of Applied Mathematics Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal India

During wound healing, the metabolic activity associated with each phase must occur in the proper sequence, at a specific time, and continue for a specific duration at an optimal intensity. Any disturbance in appropriate thermal environment may complicate the wound healing process and may give rise to wound infection. In the presented paper a transient state two-dimensional mathematical model has been developed to analyse thermal variations in skin and subcutaneous tissue (SST) region of human limb. Due to circular shape of human limb, model has been developed in polar coordinates. The domain of the study consists of two types of tissues: abnormal tissues and normal tissues. The post surgery peripheral tissue of human limb during healing time is considered as abnormal tissues. The effect of variable density of blood vessels in dermal layer of both tissues on the physical and physiological parameters is incorporated in the model. The effect of healing on physiological parameters of abnormal tissue is incorporated by considering the physiological parameters to be function of time “t”. The effect of different climatic conditions is considered in the model. Taking into account the variable core temperature due to anatomy of arteries and variable physiological parameters in dermal layer of peripheral region, the well known Pennes’ bio heat equation is used to analyse the time-dependent temperature distribution of both normal and abnormal tissues. Comparison between temperature profiles of both normal and abnormal tissue has been done using finite element approach with bilinear shape functions in polar coordinates. A computer program in MATLAB has been developed to simulate the results.

关键词： Bio-Heat Equation Surgical Wound Healing Finite Element Technique Crank-Nicolson Method Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Region

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Multi-dimensional visualization for the morphology of lubricant stearic acid particles and their distribution in tablets

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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2020年第1期15卷 60-68页

作者： Liu Zhang Shailendra shakya Li Wu Jiangtao Wang Guanghui Jin Huimin Sun Xianzhen Yin Lixin Sun Jiwen Zhang School of Pharmacy Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang 110016China Center for Drug Delivery Systems Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203China Weihai Disu Pharmaceutical Manufacturer Weihai 264200China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 100050China

The shapes of particles and their distribution in tablets, controlled by pretreatment and tableting process, determine the pharmaceutical performance of excipient like lubricant. This study aims to provide deeper insights to the relationship of the morphology and spatial distribution of stearic acid(SA) with the lubrication efficiency, as well as the resulting tablet property. Unmodified SA particles as flat sheet-like particles were firstly reprocessed by emulsification in hot water to obtain the reprocessed SA particles with spherical morphology. The three-dimensional(3 D) information of SA particles in tablets was detected by a quantitative and non-invasive 3 D structure elucidation technique, namely, synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography(SR-μCT). SA particles in glipizide tablets prepared by using unmodified SA(GUT), reprocessed SA(GRT), as well as reference listed drug(RLD) of glipizide tablets were analyzed by SR-μCT. The results showed that the reprocessed SA with better flowability contributed to similarity of breaking forces between that of GRT and RLD. SA particles in GRT were very similar to those in RLD with uniform morphology and particle size, while SA particles in GUT were not evenly distributed. These findings not only demonstrated the feasibility of SR-μCT as a new method in revealing the morphology and spatial distribution of excipient in drug delivery system, but also deepened insights of solid dosage form design into a new scale by powder engineering.

关键词： Stearic acid Morphology Spatial distribution SR-μCT Glipizide tablets

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Virtual surgical planning is a useful tool in the surgical management of mandibular condylar fractures

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2022年第3期25卷 151-155页

作者： Shubhechha shakya Kai-De Li Dou Huang Zuo-Qiang Liu Xiao Zhang Lei Liu State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases&National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases&Dept of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041China

Purpose:The aim of this study is to evaluate the application value of virtual surgical planning in the management of mandibular condylar fractures and to provide a reliable ***:This was a prospective randomized controlled study and recruited 50 patients requiring surgical treatment for their mandibular condylar *** inclusion criteria were patients(1)diagnosed with a condylar fracture by two clinically experienced doctors and required surgical treatment;(2)have given consent for the surgical treatment;and(3)had no contraindications to the *** were excluded from this study if:(1)they were diagnosed with a non-dislocated or only slightly dislocated condylar fracture;(2)the comminuted condylar fracture was too severe to be treated with internal reduction and fixation;or(3)patients could not complete follow-up for 3 *** were 33 male and 17 female patients with 33 unilateral condylar fractures and 17 bilateral condylar fractures *** 50 patients were randomly(random number)divided into control group(25 patients with 35 sides of condylar fractures)and experimental group(25 patients with 32 sides of condylar fractures).Virtual surgical planning was used in the experimental group,but only clinical experience was used in the control *** patients were followed up for 1,3,6 and 12 months after *** including the rate of perfect reduction by radiological analysis,the average distance of deviation between preoperative and postoperative CT measurements using Geomagic software and postoperative clinical examinations(e.g.,mouth opening,occlusion)were investigated for outcome *** 19 was adopted for data ***:The average operation time was 180.60 min in the experimental group and 223.2 min in the control *** week postoperatively,CT images showed that the anatomic reduction rate was 90.63%(29/32)in the experimental group and 68.57%(24/35)in the control group,revealing significant d

关键词： Virtual surgical planning Condylar fractures Surgical management Anatomical reduction Average distance of deviation

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Mini suture anchor: An effective device for reduction and fixation of displaced temporomandibular joint disc with intracapsular condylar fracture

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2022年第1期25卷 49-53页

作者： Shubhechha shakya Kai-De Li Dou Huang Zuo-Qiang Liu Zhi-Ru Liu Lei Liu State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases&National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041China

Purpose::The main aim is to provide clinical reference for the application of mini suture anchor in the reduction and fixation of displaced temporomandibular joint(TMJ)disc with intracapsular condylar ***::From October 2018 to October 2019,21 patients(31 sides)with intracapsular condylar fractures and articular disc displacement from West China Hospital of Stomatology,Sichuan University were *** selection criteria were:(1)mandibular condylar fractures accompanied by displacement of the TMJ disc,confirmed by clinical examination,CT scan and other auxiliary examinations;(2)indication for surgical treatment;(3)no surgical contraindications;(4)no previous history of surgery in the operative area;(5)no facial nerve injury before the surgery;(6)informed consent to participate in the research program and(7)complete *** without surgical treatment were *** employed patients were followed up at 1,3,6 and 12 months after *** were assessed by success rate of operation,TMJ function and radiological examination results at 3 months after *** were expressed as number and percent and analyzed using SPSS ***::All the surgical procedures were completed successfully and all the articular discs were firmly attached to the *** articular disc sufficiently covered the condylar head after the *** fixation remained stable when the mandible was moved in each direction by the *** complications *** functions of the TMJ were well-recovered postoperatively in most *** scan revealed that the screws were completely embedded in the bone without loosening or ***::Mini suture anchor can provide satisfactory stabilization for the reduced articular disc and also promote the recovery of TMJ functions.

关键词： Intracapsular condylar fracture Displacement of temporomandibular joint disc Disc reduction Disc fixation Mini suture anchor

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Constellation Size Optimization of MPSK and MQAM for Short-Range Wireless Communications

Constellation Size Optimization of MPSK and MQAM for Short-R...

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2006 10th International Conference on Communication Technology（ICCT 2006）

作者： shakya Mukesh Wireless Technology Innovation Institute Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Haidian District. Xitucheng Road No.10 Mailbox 92 Beijing China P.C.100876

This paper presents a technique to improve energy efficiency of a short-range ad-hoc wireless network by optimizing constellation size of MPSK and MQAM in the non-frequency selective slow Rayleigh fading channel and A...

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