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Virtual Pitch and Pitch Shifts in Church Bells

Open Journal of Acoustics 2017年第3期7卷 52-68页

作者： William A. Hibbert shahram taherzadeh David B. Sharp School of Engineering and Innovation Open University Milton Keynes UK

It is well established that musical sounds comprising multiple partials with frequencies approximately in the ratio of small integers give rise to a strong sensation of pitch even if the lowest or fundamental partial is missing—the so-called virtual pitch effect. Experiments on thirty test subjects demonstrate that this virtual pitch is shifted significantly by changes in the spacing of the constituent partials. The experiments measured pitch by comparison of sounds of similar timbre and were automated so that they could be performed remotely across the Internet. Analysis of the test sounds used shows that the pitch shifts are not predicted by Terhardt’s classic model of virtual pitch. The test sounds used were modelled on the sounds of church bells, but a further experiment on seventeen test subjects showed that changes in partial amplitude only had a minor effect on the pitch shifts observed, and that a pitch shift was still observed when two of the lowest frequency partials were removed, so that the effects reported are of general interest.

关键词： Virtual Pitch Pitch Measurement Church Bell Missing Fundamental Residue Pitch Pitch Shift

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Partial Frequencies and Chladni’s Law in Church Bells

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Open Journal of Acoustics 2014年第2期4卷 70-77页

作者： William A. Hibbert David B. Sharp shahram taherzadeh Robert Perrin Department of Engineering and Innovation Open University Milton Keynes UK Institute of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand

The rim partials of a church bell (those with an antinode at the soundbow) generate the strike pitch or perceived note of the bell. The spacing in frequency of the higher rim partials has an important effect on the tonal quality of the bell. Investigations into the partial frequencies of 2752 bells, both bronze and steel, of a wide variety of dates, founders and sizes, show a simple and unexpected relationship between the frequencies of the rim partials. This relationship explains why attempts to tune the higher rim partials independently have failed. A modified version of Chladni’s law provides insight into the musical relationship of the partials, and predicts the partials of individual bells well, but fails to give a simple model of the spacing between the partials seen in bells with different profiles.

关键词： Church Bell Partial Frequencies Chladni’s Law Timbre Virtual Pitch Strike Pitch

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Circuit breakers in HVDC systems: state-of-the-art review and future trends

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Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 2023年第3期8卷 16-31页

作者： Erfan taherzadeh Hamid Radmanesh shahram Javadi G.B.Gharehpetian Department of Electrical Engineering Islamic Azad University Central Tehran BranchTehranIran Electrical Engineering Department Amirkabir University of Technology(Tehran Polytechnic)Tehran ***Iran

High voltage direct current(HVDC)systems are efficient solutions for the integration of large-scale renewable energy sources with the main power *** rapid development of the HVDC grid has resulted in a growing interest in DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).A fast and reliable circuit breaker is a necessary requirement in the development of large scale HVDC *** paper provides a comprehensive review and survey of the HVDC CBs and discusses potential research *** principles and the main features of various DCCBs are described and their merits and shortcomings are also highlighted.

关键词： DC circuit breakers(DCCBs) High voltage direct current(HVDC)system Multi-terminal HVDC(MT-HVDC) Fault current isolation Renewable energies Voltage clamping

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