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Influence of grazing exclosure on vegetation biomass and soil quality

International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2017年第1期5卷 62-68页

作者： shagufta qasim Shamim Gul Maria Hussain Shah Fayyaz Hussain Sarfraz Ahmad Muhammad Islam Gulbano Rehman Muhammad Yaqoob Syed qasim Shah Department of Plant Sciences Sardar Bahadur Khan Women UniversityQuettaBalochistanPakistan Department of Botany University of BalochistanSarab roadQuettaBalochistanPakistan Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University QCCanada Land Resources Research Institute National Agricultural Research CentrePakistan Agriculture Research CouncilIslamabadPakistan Rangeland Research Centre National Agricultural Research CentrePakistan Agriculture Research CouncilIslamabadPakistan Small Ruminant Production Scientist Diversification&Sustainable Intensification of Production System Program(DSIPSP)International Center for Agriculture Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA)Pakistan OfficeNational Agricultural Research CenterPark RoadIslamabadPakistan Department of Chemistry University of BalochistanQuettaPakistan

This study investigated the influence of sixteen years exclosure from unmanaged grazing on aboveground vegetation biomass,soil organic matter(SOM),soil aggregation and nitrogen(N)mineralization in arid shrubland of Baluchistan,*** was carried out from three sites along the chronosequence of secondary *** site was located at open-for-grazing area(grazed site)and the other two sites were located in the area that is protected since *** of the protected site is more remote from grazing(protected site 1)where the land is less disturbed and has thick vegetation than the other protected site(protected site 2).Results showed a significant difference for aboveground vegetation biomass across sites and was in the order of protected site 1>protected site 2>grazed *** organic matter was 53% and 46% higher in protected sites than grazed *** larger than 2 mm size were not detected in soil from grazed site but represented 4.5% and 3% of the sample soil profile at the protected site 1 and protected site 2,*** of N mineralization was lower in soils at the grazed site as compared to soils at the protected *** moisture contents were significantly lower at grazed site and showed a strong positive correlation with aboveground vegetation *** study demonstrates that unmanaged grazing severely affected aboveground vegetation biomass,soil organic matter,large-sized soil aggregates,nitrogen mineralization and soil moisture *** term exclosure from grazing(~16 years)can enhance aboveground vegetation biomass and soil quality in terms of soil organic matter accumulation,soil aggregation,retention of soil moisture and nitrogen mineralization in this arid rangeland.

关键词： Rangeland Grazing Soil organic matter Aggregation Nitrogen mineralization

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Changing Characteristic of Romantic Poetry in the 19th Century

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Sino-US English Teaching 2011年第4期8卷 260-265页

作者： Muhammad qasim Bughio shagufta Jabeen University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan English Government College for Woman Sargodha Pakistan

Change is the law of nature. Every writer enriches literature by coining new ideas. As Aristotle disagreed with Plato by saying that poetry is not blind but creative imitation, and emotions if remain pent up in mind, would erupt sooner or later like a volcano. Later on Classics have written poetry either to praise kings and queens, or to reform the society, but Romantics like Aristotle ushered against Classics and penned down writings bearing entirely different characteristics than earlier poetry with creative imagination. This paper is captivating study of the meanings and changing characteristics of romantic poetry during 19th century. Romanticism means having a visionary, imaginative or emotional appeal, to give emotions upper hand over reason. It was not a sudden movement, tends and tendencies were already there, which reached to its climax in hands of Blake, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats and Byron, who awakened against Pope, Swift and Johnson. Romanticism has its origin in French revolution. The distinctive features of French revolution are freedom, brotherhood and equality. Romanticism was a revolt against the system through which they tried to change the status of common men. William Blake was foremost among romantics who believed that this vegetable world is, but only a shadow of the real world which is of imagination and attempted to convey the celestial message of love everywhere. In the poetry of Wordsworth and Coleridge, the naturalistic tendency remained more prominent, whereas Keats＇ and Shelley＇s poetry in a more specified sense was romantic marked by the emphasis on love of the supernatural, the marvelous and the exotic mythological world. Victorian poetry was not original like Romantics. Romantics introduced poetry bearing entirely different character than earlier poetry, with original ideas, whereas Victorian poets had written about social problems. Romantics were individualistically supreme in their ideas. Tennyson and Arnold took themes of their poe

关键词： romanticism definition history changes

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