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Biochemical Fractionation of Soil Organic Matter after Incorporation of Organic Residues

Open Journal of Soil Science 2015年第6期5卷 135-143页

作者： serge-étienne parent Léon E. parent Department of Soils and Agrifood Engineering Université Laval Québec Canada

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key factor for building and maintaining soil quality. The SOM quality is commonly assessed using densitometric and sieving separation methods, but such methods do not inform on the biochemical composition of SOM. Our objective was to evaluate the van Soest extraction procedure for soluble (SOL), holocellulose (HOLO) and lignin/cutin (LIC) fractions of SOM after incorporating crop residues and animal wastes into a C-depleted loamy sand. Millet cuttings, oat straw, fresh cattle manure and cattle manure compost were dried, sieved to obtain 53 - 250 and 250 - 2000 μm size fractions and characterized biochemically using a modified NDF-ADF-ADL van Soest method. Soil was also sieved into 53 - 250 and 250 - 2000 μm fractions. On a dry mass basis, crop residues contained 60% - 70% holocellulose while animal wastes contained more than 40% ash. Each soil fraction was combined with three rates of the corresponding organic fraction (2, 4, and 6 Mg·haǃ millet forage cuttings or oat straw and 5, 10, and 15 Mg·haǃ of cattle manure or cattle manure compost). Changes in soil biochemical components were analyzed using the balance method of compositional data analysis. Amendment, application rate and size fraction influenced significantly (p < 0.05) the [SOL | HOLO] balance but did not significantly affect the [SOL,HOLO | LIC] balance. The [SOL | HOLO] increased linearly with addition rate of crop residues, and decreased linearly with addition rate of animal wastes. This approach of balancing biochemical SOM components is a promising method to monitor the changes in SOM quality after the incorporation of organic residues and to elaborate beneficial practices for managing crop residues and animal wastes in agro-ecosystems.

关键词： Soil Organic Matter Van Soest Holocellulose Lignin Compositional Data Analysis

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Short-Term Impact of Elemental Sulfur on Cranberry Nutrition and Crop Performance

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第2期13卷 83-96页

作者： Reza Jamaly serge-étienne parent Noura Ziadi Léon E. parent Department of Soils and Agri-Food Engineering Université Laval Québec City Canada Ottawa Research and Development Centre Ottawa Canada Quebec Research and Development Centre Québec City Canada

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is an ammophilous plant grown on acid soils (pH 4.0 - 5.5). Elemental sulfur is commonly applied at a recommended rate of 1120 kg S ha−1 per pH unit to acidify cranberry soils, potentially impacting the plant mineral nutrition. The general recommendation may not fit all conditions encountered in the field. Our objective was to develop an equation to predict the sulfur requirement to reach pHwater of 4.2 to tackle nitrification in acidic cranberry soils varying in initial pH values, and to measure the effect of elemental sulfur on the mineral nutrition and the performance of cranberry crops. A 3-yr experiment was designed to test the effect of elemental sulfur on soil and tissue tests and on berry yield and quality. Four S treatments (0, 250, 500 and 1000 kg S ha−1) were established on three duplicated sites during two consecutive years. We ran soil, foliar tissue, berry tissue tests, and measured berry yield, size, anthocyanin content (TAcy), Brix, and firmness. Nutrients were expressed as centered log ratios to reflect nutrient interactions. Results were analyzed using a mixed model. Soil Ca decreased while soil Mn and S increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Sulfur showed no significant effects on nutrient balances in uprights. The S impacted negatively berry B balance, and positively berry Mn and S balances. A linear regression model relating pH change to S dosage and elapsed time (R2 = 0.53) showed that to reach pHwater of 4.2 two years after S application, 250 - 1000 kg S ha−1 could be applied depending on initial soil pH value. The stratification of surface-applied elemental S in the soil profile should be further examined in relation to plant rooting and nutrient leaching.

关键词： Sulfur Berry Yield and Quality Compositional Data Local Diagnosis Plant Nutrition Soil Acidification

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Foliar Nutrient Balance Standards for Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>L.) at High-Yield Level

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第4期5卷 497-507页

作者： Viviane Cristina Modesto serge-étienne parent William Natale Léon Etienne parent Departamento de Solos e Adubos Unesp Universidade Estadual Paulista Jabotocabal Brazil ERSAM Department of Soils and Agrifood Engi-neering Université Laval Québec Canada

Maize is one of the most nutrient demanding staple crops. Tissue nutrient diagnosis of maize is currently conducted using critical nutrient concentration or dual ratio ranges, but such diagnoses are pathological as biased by data redundancy, sub-compositional incoherence and non-normal distribution. The use of orthogonal balances, a compositional data analysis technique, avoids such biases. Our objective was to develop foliar nutrient balance standards for maize. We collected 758 grain yields (15.5% moisture content) and foliar samples at silk stage in maize fields of southern Quebec, Canada, and analyzed ten nutrients in tissues (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe). Nutrients were arranged into ad hoc balances and computed as isometric log ratios (ilr). An optimized binary classification performed by a customized receiver operating characteristic procedure showed that a critical Mahalanobis distance of 4.21 separated balanced from imbalanced specimens about yield cut-off of 11.83 Mg grain·ha-1 with test performance of 86%. Quebec maize balance standards differed from published standards computed from DRIS norms collected in other agroecosystems. The Redfield N/P ratio in maize leaves was found to be the least variable balance across regions of the world. The DRIS dual ratios and raw concentration values were found to be geometrically inadequate for conducting diagnosis. The unbiased nutrient balance diagnosis combined the critical Mahalanobis distance and a mobile representation of nutrient balances with ilr means of true negative (TN) specimens centered at fulcrums and back-transformed ilr values of TN specimens into raw concentrations loading the buckets below. Nutrients can be appreciated as relative shortage, adequacy or excess in the concentration domain following statistical analysis and diagnosis in the unbiased balance domain.

关键词： Compositional Data Analysis Critical Range Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System DRIS Ionomics Nutrient Balance Nutrient Interactions

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Mineral Balance Plasticity of Cloudberry (<i>Rubus chamaemorus</i>) in Quebec-Labrador Bogs

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第7期4卷 1508-1520页

作者： Léon Etienne parent serge-étienne parent Valérie Hébert-Gentile Kristine Naess Line Lapointe Centre d’études de la Forêt Department of Biology Université Laval Québec Canada Centre d’études de la Forêt Department of Biology Université Laval Québec Canada Centre de Recherches Les Buissons Pointe-aux-Outardes Canada. Department of Soils and Agrifood Engineering Université Laval Québec Canada

The “ionome”, or plant elemental signature, is the elemental composition of an organisms, that may vary with genotypic traits and phenotypic plasticity. Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) is a circumboreal wild berry naturally growing in oligotrophic oceanic bogs ofQuebecandLabrador. Our objective was to relate cloudberry stand productivity to the ionomes of female ramets and explore the cause of nutrient imbalance in low-performing stands. We analyzed 13 elements in female ramets collected in 86 natural sites where crop productivity varied widely. We computed orthogonally arranged balances reflecting plant stoichiometric rules and soil biogeochemistry. Balances were expressed as isometric log ratios (ilr) between ad hoc sub-compositions. Balances were synthesized into a Mahalanobis distance optimized based on receiving operating characteristics (ROC). The critical Mahalanobis distance was found to be 5.29 for cutoff berry yield of3.8 g.m-2 with test performance of 0.88, as measured by the area under the ROC curve. Although past research on cloudberry focused mainly on the N/P ratio, this exploratory mineral balance analysis indicated that imbalance in the [P,N | S,C] and [Al | Nutrients] partitions appeared to be the factors limiting the most cloudberry productivity in the bogs. Some highly productive stands showed relatively high C fixation and K use efficiency. Due to the complexity of interactions, diagnosis should be conducted computing first a global imbalance index (Mahalanobis distance), then examining in the balance domain binary partitions departing most from reference, and finally appreciating relative shortage, sufficiency or excess of elements in the concentration domain.

关键词： Al Toxicity Cloudberry Compositional Data Analysis Isometric Log Ratio Nutrient Balance Ionome

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Potential of using forest residue to offset coal use in co-fired coal power plants in the eastern United States

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2014年第4期7卷 99-105页

作者： Jason parent Marcello Graziano Xiusheng Yang Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of ConnecticutStorrsCT 06269-4087USA Department of Geography University of ConnecticutStorrsCT 06269-1063USA

The global transition from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources will be most effective,for at least the near future,by utilizing local resources and existing *** many areas of the eastern United States,forest residue is abundant and can be used in existing facilities to supplement coal in coal-fired power *** forest residue has potential as a renewable energy source that could be effectively utilized in the near *** study uses GIS to estimate the potential quantity of forest residue available for use in coal-fired power plants in the eastern United *** costs limit the distance over which it is feasible to transport forest residue to the power plants and these costs may fluctuate depending on economic ***,we consider three scenarios in our analysis assuming the maximum feasible transport distances to be 60,80,and 100 *** the eastern U.S.,the total annual forest residue available to coal plants is approximately 29.4,40.2,and 48.2 million dry tons,respectively,for maximum transport distances of 60,80,and 100 *** an 80 km transport distance,forest residue has the potential to reduce coal consumption by 22.3 million tons per *** this scenario,greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced by almost 58.1 million tons per year,and NOx and SOx emissions would be reduced by 69.3 and 122.6 thousand tons *** analysis suggests that by offsetting coal use,forest residue has the potential to substantially reduce power plant emissions.

关键词： forest residue coal biofuel co-firing GIS alternative energy

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Peat Accumulation and Early Carboniferous Environments of the Kizel Coal Basin,the Urals,Russia

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第3期96卷 1098-1112页

作者： serge V.NAUGOLNYKH Geological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences Pyzhevsky per.7119017 MoscowRussia

The lithological and geochemical composition and conditions of formation of the coal-bearing deposits of the Kizel Coal Basin in the Perm region of the Urals(central Russia)are described using the two most representative sections,Gubakha-Stary Most and Krestovaya Mountain,based on a detailed“layer-by-layer”*** characteristics of the Lower Carboniferous paleosols from fossil paleosol(FPS-)profiles of the studied region are *** attention is paid to the parent vegetation of the coal-forming processes,based on an analysis of both plant macrofossils and *** peat accumulation in conditions of permanent incoming of clastic material from the Paleo-Urals to the Kizel Basin was probably effective only in more or less stable environments,when the accumulated organic matter produced by plant mortmass was not dissolved by clastic ***,the conditions of coal-forming are reconstructed as a forest swamp,where the main dominants are represented by lycopodiopsids of the order Lepidodendrales,predominantly Lepidodendron *** plants in particular were the source of the initial organic matter for the peat(and later coal)of the Kizel Coal Basin.

关键词： paleobotany palynology coal lithology paleogeography Viséan Urals

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The History of the Basal Ganglia: The Contribution of Karl Friedrich Burdach

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2012年第4期3卷 374-379页

作者： André parent Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences Faculté de Medicine Université Laval Québec (Québec) Canada.

It took many centuries for the basal ganglia (BG) to be recognized as specific brain entities involved in the control of psychomotor behavior. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) was the first to delineate this set of structures, but he did not name them nor payany attention to their functional significance. This was left to the English physician Thomas Willis (1621-1675), who used the term corpus striatum (striated or chamfered body) to designate the largest BG constituent, which he considered a major sensorimotor integration center. Willis’s pioneering description influenced markedly some 18th and 19th centuries scholars, particularly the German physician and anatomist Karl Friedrich Burdach (1776-1847). Burdach’s insightful studies of the human brain are summarized in a three-volume treatise entitled Vom Baue und Leben des Gehirns (1819-1826). This landmark opus provides a description of the BGwhose originality has largely been overlooked. Burdach’s careful investigation allowed him to differentiate the caudate nucleus from the putamen, which he respectively termed Streifenhügel (elongated hillock) and Schale (shell). He also called the putamen Linsenkern (lens-shaped nucleus), a term that he admittedly borrowed from his compatriot Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813). He further identified a paler structure (blasser Klumpen) within the inner portion of the lentiform nucleus that he called globus pallidus, and correctly identified its inner and outer segments (innern und ?ussern Theil). He aptly pointed out that the major BG nuclei are separated from one another by fibers fascicles that he termed inner and ?ussre Capsel (internal and external capsules). Burdach also referred to the substantia nigra (schwarzgraue Schicht or stratum nigrum) and claustrum (Vormauer), but gave full credit to the French anatomist Félix Vicq-d’Azyr (1748-1794) for their discovery. Although Burdach did not comment much on BG function, his anatomical description was sufficiently cogent to be still

关键词： Basal Ganglia Movement Disorders Striatum Globus Pallidus Putamen Neuroscience History

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Louis Pierre Gratiolet (1815-1865) and His Contribution to the Study of Cerebral Convolutions in Primates

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2014年第1期5卷 1-8页

作者： André parent Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine Université Laval Québec City Canada

Louis Pierre Gratiolet (1815-1865) was one of the first modern anatomists to pay attention to cerebral convolutions. Born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde), he moved to Paris in 1834 to study medicine, as well as comparative anatomy under Henri de Blainville (1777-1850). In 1842, he accepted de Blainville’s offer to become his assistant at the Muséum d’histoire naturelle and progressively abandoned medicine for comparative anatomy. He undertook a detailed study of brains of human and nonhuman primates and soon realized that the organizational pattern of cerebral convolutions was so predictable that it could serve as a criterion to classify primate groups. He noted that only the deepest sulci exist in lower primate forms, while the complexity of cortical folding increases markedly in great apes and humans. Gratiolet provided the first cogent description of the lobular organization of primate cerebral hemispheres. He saw the insula as a central lobe around which revolved the frontal, parietal, temporal (temporo-sphenoidal) and occipital lobes. He correctly identified most gyri and sulci on all brain surfaces, introduced the term “plis de passage” for some interconnecting gyri, and provided the first description of the optic radiations. In the early 1860s, Gratiolet fought a highly publicized battle against Paul Broca (1824-1880) on the relationship between brain and intelligence. Gratiolet agreed that the brain was most likely the seat of intelligence, but he considered human cognition far too subtle to have any direct relationship with brain size. He argued that a detailed study of the human brain architecture would be more profitable than Broca’s vain speculations on the relationship between brain weight and intelligence, which he considered a monolithic entity. Despite remarkable scientific achievements and a unique teaching capacity, Gratiolet was unable to secure any academic position until three years before his sudden death in Paris at age 49.

关键词： Humans Primates Cerebral Hemispheres Cerebral Convolutions Cerebral Cortex Neuroscience History

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HAVE LESS,BE MORE Five Easy Steps for Cleaning Out Your Wardrobe

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城市漫步（上海版、英文） 2017年第3期 30-31页

作者： Timothy parent 不详

Is it possible to have too many clothes?While there's no correct answer;I'd argue that having more clothes doesn't necessarily mean yoifll be happier or better *** fact,it may make it harder to find what you're looking for And I don't just mean asking your ayi where that one t-shirt *** having too many choices makes it difficult to maintain a cohesive sense of self.

关键词： looking dress And

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FASHION RULES NotAII Fashion Shows Are Created Equal

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城市漫步（上海版、英文） 2017年第5期 32-33页

作者： Timothy parent 不详

The idea of a'fashion show' is a rather loose *** are innumerable ways to present a new collection,so the fashion show itself has become another mode through which designers can communicate their vision and *** while most brands and platforms stick with the defaults,some designers are pushingthe boundaries of what a fashion show is and could be.

关键词： Create fashion communicate

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