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Equilibrium State of Anatase to Rutile Transformation for Titanium Dioxide Film Prepared by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Technique

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materials Sciences and Applications 2011年第6期2卷 700-705页

作者： ghassem.Kavei Auppatham Nakaruk Charles Chris Sorrell 不详

Titanium dioxide thin films were deposited on (0001) α-quartz substrate by spray pyrolysis method. The method which an aerosol of Titanium Butoxide, generated ultrasonically, was sprayed on the substrate at temperature of 400°C, kept at this temperature for periods of 3, 13, 19 and 39 hours. The developed films at a crystal phase correspond to the TiO2 anatase and rutile phases. Their surface roughness increased by annealing the samples at 600, 800 and 1000°C. Deposited film annealed at 1000°C showed preferable orientation in (110) direction. The crystal evolution and crystallographic properties of this material was studied by Lotgering method, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron microscopy (SEm). The study revealed that the deposition process was nearly close to the classical Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) technique that is generally employed to produce films with smooth surface and good crystalline properties with a thickness of about 1 μm, as measured by Focused Ion Beam.

关键词： Titanium Dioxide Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Annealing Treatment Phase Transformation Focused Ion Beam (FIB)

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modeling sustainability:population,inequality,consumption,and bidirectional coupling of the Earth and Human Systems

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National Science Review 2016年第4期3卷 470-494页

作者： Safa motesharrei Jorge Rivas Eugenia Kalnay ghassem.R.Asrar Antonio J.Busalacchi Robert F.Cahalan mark A.Cane Rita R.Colwell Kuishuang Feng Rachel S.Franklin Klaus Hubacek Fernando miralles-Wilhelm Takemasa miyoshi matthias Ruth Roald Sagdeev adel Shirmohammadi Jagadish Shukla Jelena Srebric Victor m.Yakovenko Ning Zeng University of maryland College Park Institute for Global Environment and Society 3. Joint Global Change Research Institute College Park 4. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 5. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University 8. Spatial Structures in the Social Sciences/Population Studies and Training Center Brown University RIKEN advanced Institute for Computational Science School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs and Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNortheastern University 11. Department of AtmosphericOceanicand Earth SciencesGeorge Mason University

Over the last two centuries,the impact of the Human System has grown dramatically,becoming strongly dominant within the Earth System in many diferent ***,inequality,and population have increased extremely fast,especially since about 1950,threatening to overwhelm the many critical functions and ecosystems of the Earth *** in the Earth System,in turn,have important feedback efects on the Human System,with costly and potentially serious ***,current models do not incorporate these critical *** argue that in order to understand the dynamics of either system,Earth System models must be coupled with Human System models through bidirectional couplings representing the positive,negative,and delayed feedbacks that exist in the real *** particular,key Human System variables,such as demographics,inequality,economic growth,and migration,are not coupled with the Earth System but are instead driven by exogenous estimates,such as United Nations population *** makes current models likely to miss important feedbacks in the real Earth–Human system,especially those that may result in unexpected or counterintuitive outcomes,and thus requiring diferent policy interventions from current *** importance and imminence of sustainability challenges,the dominant role of the Human System in the Earth System,and the essential roles the Earth System plays for the Human System,all call for collaboration of natural scientists,social scientists,and engineers in multidisciplinary research and modeling to develop coupled Earth–Human system models for devising efective science-based policies and measures to beneit current and future generations.

关键词： Earth and Human System models population migration inequality data assimilation bidirectional couplings and feedbacks sustainability

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